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Resolution 29-23
RECORD OF RESOLUTIONS GOVERNMENT FORMS & SUPPLIES 844-224-3338 FORM NO. 30045 Resolution No 29-23 Passed , 20 A RESOLUTION ACCEPTING THE DUBLIN AREA HOUSING STUDY AND STRATEGY WHEREAS, it is necessary from time to time to evaluate local and national trends to ensure the City is addressing the needs of our community and thoughtfully planning for the changing needs; WHEREAS, the City of Dublin actively participated in the Regional Housing Strategy that was undertaken by the Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission. The City of Dublin subsequently committed to conducting a local housing study that expanding on the efforts; WHEREAS, the study provided an thorough analysis of existing conditions including demographic and employment trends, housing supply, market analysis, comparisons to peer communities and a future demand analysis; WHEREAS, the Dublin Area Housing Study and Strategy provides a data inventory of housing choices in the City of Dublin and allows the City to contemplate future direction of our housing needs as part of the Community Plan Update. NOW, THEREFORE, BEIT RESOLVED by the Council of the City of Dublin, State of Ohio, of the elected members concurring that: Section 1. The City Council hereby accepts the attached Dublin Area Housing Study and Strategy. Section 2. Pursuant to Section 4.04 of the Charter, this resolution shall take effect immediately upon passage. Passed this | Ve day of Loe | , 2023. YF Mayor(/ Presiditig Officer To: Members of Dublin City Council From: Megan O’ Callaghan, P.E., City Manager Date: April 4, 2023 Initiated By: Jennifer M. Rauch, AICP, Director of Planning Tammy Noble, Senior Planner Christopher Will, AICP, Planner II Re: Resolution 29–23 – Acceptance of the Dublin Area Housing Study and Strategy Summary Staff and the consultant team, Urban Partners, presented their final analysis of the Dublin Area Housing Study and Strategy to City Council at the February 6, 2023 Work Session. The presentation included an overview of the two-phase initiative, addressed questions posed by City Council at the previous presentation on September 26, 2022, and concluded with draft action strategies. At the meeting in February, City Council supported the findings presented by the Dublin Area Housing Study and Strategy, and acknowledged how this statistical information provides a strong foundation for the Community Plan Update. City Council requested that Urban Partners utilize the study report to solidify the City’s long-standing land use policy for balanced growth to target 60 percent residential development and 40 percent non-residential development, add more strategies that focus on sustainability practices and transportation and mobility, address policy direction for residential development including discouraging these uses along interstates and encouraging quality open space, clarify that the study provides data regarding the projected demand for residential units as opposed to required number of units, provide innovative options for senior housing, and identify areas that are suitable, and more importantly not suitable, for residential development. Staff has worked with Urban Partners to address these comments. Background The City of Dublin contracted with Urban Partners to conduct the Dublin Area Housing Study that began in December 2021. Dublin’s study is a result of the discussions and recommendations from the Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission’s (MORPC) Regional Housing Strategy. The Dublin Area Study is intended to provide data collection, analysis and strategies that will be a resource to help inform Dublin’s role in addressing the housing needs within Central Ohio regional and provide essential statistical baseline information for the Community Plan Update. Phase I of the study provided a demographic analysis of the City’s population, including statistical information that indicated the largest segment of the population growth is school-aged children ranging from 5 to 17 years old and the largest cohort of growth in the same decade was residents over 65 years of age which grew approximately 5%. It included an employment analysis that identified that Dublin continues to be a preferred employer within the region and showed growth of 10,118 jobs from 2002 to 2019 to reach 48,007 within the City of Dublin. The data also indicated that a majority of our employees commute from other parts of the region with only 7.4% of our population working and living in the City of Dublin. Phase I also included an analysis of our housing Office of the City Manager 5555 Perimeter Drive • Dublin, OH 43017-1090 Phone: 614-410-4400 • Fax: 614-410-4490 Memo Memo re. Resolution 29-23 -Acceptance of the Dublin Area Housing Study and Strategy April 4, 2023 Page 2 of 3 supply and found that our inventory is primarily single-family residential homes and that all housing inventory (condominiums, duplexes, single-family residential homes, and multi-unit complexes) continue to grow in size and price. The analysis compared how Dublin relates to neighboring communities including Delaware, Hilliard, Marysville, New Albany, Powell, Upper Arlington, Westerville and Worthington. It also included two regional comparisons including Franklin, Tennessee and Carmel, Indiana. Lastly, Urban Partners provided a thorough overview of stakeholder interviews and what residents, developers, stakeholder groups, realtors and public officials are considering when discussing housing needs. Phase II included a market demand analysis, specifically population projections, and an analysis of future housing needs and concluded with preliminary housing strategies for City Council’s consideration. The Market Demand Analysis projects the needs of our community and expands upon the analysis provided by MORPC. The analysis concludes that the current boundaries of the City of Dublin will grow by more than 11,000 persons to 60,500 by 2040. The analysis further outlines a potential total demand of 4,850 units over a twenty year period of time based on expanding populations. Both phases concluded in a final document, which includes four action themes each outlining a set of strategies and key takeaways based on the study analysis and stakeholder findings. The draft themes are categorized into four themes which include Enhancing the Sense of Community, Ensuring Economic Competitiveness, Planning for Future Growth, and Expanding Housing Options for Seniors. Under each theme, our consultant provided key findings that highlight statistical data to support the theme, as well as potential strategies. The analysis and strategies included within the final report will be used to inform the Community Plan update currently underway. Update City Council provided input at the February 6, 2023 Work Session regarded additional clarifications and strategies to address housing needs in the City of Dublin and the study area. Council recognized that the housing recommendations would provide an important foundation to the Community Plan Update and wanted to further emphasize where residential development may be appropriate in Dublin and where residential development may not be appropriate. Staff has added an additional strategy to Theme 3 on page 97 that addresses this request. Strategy 3.6 was added statings “Addressing how growth occurs is equally important as where growth occurs. Ensuring that residential land uses are sensitively placed in areas that do not compete with economically feasible corridors (including interstates), environmentally sensitive area or other similar considerations should be evaluated as part of future land use recommendations.” City Council also recognized the need for balanced growth and requested that the Housing Study solidify the City’s policy to target 60 percent residential development and 40 percent non-residential development. Staff added an introductory paragraph to Theme 3 on page 97 that states “Ensuring a healthy balance of land uses including the City’s long-standing land use policy to target 60 percent residential development and 40 percent non-residential development will be a key component of this consideration”. In addition, Council requested that the Housing Study continue to highlight important City initiatives including adding language that addresses sustainability practices and transportation and mobility. To highlight sustainability practices as it relates to residential development, staff has added Memo re. Resolution 29-23 -Acceptance of the Dublin Area Housing Study and Strategy April 4, 2023 Page 3 of 3 Strategy 1.5 to Theme 1 on page 93 that states “Encourage sustainable building and energy conservation practices for all type of development, including residential development.” This allows the City to continue to implement and promote sustainable practices. To further highlight transportation and mobility, staff added several sections related to efforts associated with aiding the needs of our workforce community, as well as our aging community and individuals with disabilities. Staff added Strategies 2.6 and 2.7 to Theme 2 on page 95 that states “Promote the Dublin Connector and other potential first- and-last mile solutions for workforce mobility needs” and “Continuously monitor and evaluate the mobility needs of the business and workforce community.” Staff also included Strategies 4.6 and 4.7 to Theme 4 on page 100 that state “Promote the Senior Circulator service for older adults and individuals with disabilities” and “Continuously monitor and evaluate the mobility needs of older adults and individuals with disabilities.” These strategies highlight the existing efforts of the City of Dublin and seek opportunities to expand services, where needed. In terms of the demand analysis, City Council discussed the need to clarify that the study provides data regarding the projected demand for residential units in Dublin as opposed to required number of units. Staff inserted clarifying language to the conclusion paragraph to the housing needs assessment on page 91 that states that of the 4,850 units referenced in the report that this “is the projected number of units that Dublin can consider to address growth demands,” and “These are land use considerations that each community will need to consider in their future land use patterns for their community.” Lastly, Council noted that the study should reference more innovative options for housing, specifically senior housing. Staff added Strategy 4.3 to Theme 4 on page 100 that states “Incorporate recommendations for innovative site design recommended in the Neighborhood Design Standards, as well as work with developers to integrate sensitive design for senior housing projects highlighting walkability, social interaction, and necessary structural accommodations.” This allows staff to utilize recent efforts regarding the Neighborhood Design Standards, and work with the development community to integrate best practices for evaluating the design of projects as they are presented to the City of Dublin. Recommendation Staff recommends Council approval of Resolution 29-23 accepting the Dublin Area Housing Study and Strategy. Housing Study & Strategy City of Dublin, OH Submitted to: City of Dublin, OH Prepared by URBAN PARTNERS 123 S. Broad Street, Suite 2042 Philadelphia, PA 19109 March 2023 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 2 Table of Contents 1. STUDY BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................................... 4 – Glossary of Housing Terms ............................................................................. 6 2. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS .............................................................................................................................. 9 – Population and Household Characteristics ................................................................... 10 – Household Income & Poverty Characteristics ............................................................... 14 3. EMPLOYMENT TRENDS .............................................................................................................................. 17 – Jobs Located in Dublin ............................................................................................ 17 – Employed Dublin Residents .......................................................................... 20 4. HOUSING SUPPLY ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................... 23 – Income-Restricted Communities in the Study Area ...................................................... 27 5. HOME BUILDING ACTIVITY ........................................................................................................................ 28 – Residential Building Permits Issued in Dublin ............................................................... 28 – Comparison of Dublin’s Permitting Activity to Franklin County’s ................................... 30 6. FOR-SALE HOUSING MARKET ANALYSIS............................................................................................... 31 – Summary of Recently Sold Homes ............................................................................... 31 – Single-Family Detached Homes ................................................................................... 33 o Single-Family Home Sales within the Study Area ................................................... 33 o Single-Family Home Sales within the City of Dublin ............................................... 34 o Single-Family Home Builder Sales ......................................................................... 35 o Single-Family Home Sales by Home Size .............................................................. 35 o Newly Constructed Single-Family Home Sales ...................................................... 38 – Condominiums ........................................................................................................ 39 – Months of Inventory, For-Sale Homes .......................................................................... 41 7. RENTAL HOUSING MARKET ANALYSIS ................................................................................................... 44 – Multi-Family Rental Housing Complexes ...................................................................... 44 o Age of Complexes .................................................................................... 55 o Number of Units ....................................................................................... 61 o Rents ...................................................................................................................... 61 o Availability ......................................................................................................... 62 – Individual Apartments for Rent ....................................................................... 63 o Condominiums ......................................................................................... 64 o Detached Homes .............................................................................................. 65 o Duplexes ........................................................................................................... 65 o Townhomes ...................................................................................................... 66 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 3 8. PEER COMMUNITIES COMPARISON ........................................................................................................ 67 – General Demographics ........................................................................................... 67 – Housing Value and Affordability .............................................................................. 76 – Jobs and Employment ............................................................................................ 83 – Summary Comparison ............................................................................................ 85 9. POPULATION PROJECTIONS, FUTURE HOUSING NEEDS ............................................................................. 86 – Population Growth Assumptions & Housing Demand ................................................... 86 – Population Growth by Age Group ........................................................................................ 88 – Components of Housing Demand ........................................................................... 89 10. Housing Strategies………………………………………………………………… APPENDIX 1: SUMMARY OF STAKEHOLDER INTERVIEWS ....................................................................... 94 – Home Builders and Developers .................................................................................... 94 – Realtors - Residential ............................................................................................. 98 – Realtors - Commercial ................................................................................. 100 – School District Officials ................................................................................ 103 – Employers ............................................................................................................. 106 – Regional Partners and Neighboring Municipalities .............................................................. 111 – Mobility and Transportation Partners .......................................................................... 117 – Social Service Agencies and Advocacy Groups .................................................................. 119 – Neighborhood Associations .................................................................................. 122 APPENDIX 2: RESIDENTIAL TAPESTRY SEGMENTATION ....................................................................... 125 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 4 1. Study Background The City of Dublin is known as a high-quality, single-family residential suburb in the Columbus Region with primarily large lots and an abundance of parks and open space that includes 1,136 acres of undeveloped parkland, 60 developed parks, and 100 miles of bike paths. Dublin is also known for corporate headquarters, research, and technology companies. More recently, Dublin has integrated a more urban mix of residential development, retail, restaurant, office, and services uses creating a unique “urban core” for the City within the Bridge Street District. With 80 percent of future housing needs projected to be one and two person households with no children, the Bridge Street District is targeted to help fulfill this future need. The Bridge Street District provides one- to three-bedroom homes, including condominium units, that focus on empty nesters and young professionals. Figure 1: Bridge Park District Photo Credit: MKSK Other areas of the city that provide varied housing options including the Historic District that provides two-dwelling housing and live work units that typically appeal to young professionals. Housing more suited for aging residents include residential developments with housing dedicated to dense patio homes that contain less square footage than a typical suburban house and have less maintenance needs of outdoor space. Dublin also has unique residential care communities that provide a range of housing types and associated care options that allow older adults to transition from independent living units to a full care housing facility all within the same community. These housing projects have assisted the City in providing additional housing options for the residents and the City strives to continue this objective through this Housing Study. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 5 Figure 2: Dublin’s Historic District Photo Credit: City of Dublin The primary goal of this study is to further the objectives of several regional housing analyses including Insight 2050 and the Regional Housing Strategy completed by the Mid -Ohio Regional Planning Commission (MORPC). Housing has also been discussed in more localized studies including the Historic District Task Force recommendations and the Dublin 2035 Framework Plan. Following the completion of the MORPC Regional Housing Strategy, Dublin’s City Council directed staff to conduct their own assessment of housing variety and attainability within the city, as well as define strategies for implementation and metrics to measure success. To guide the City in this effort, the City of Dublin retained Urban Par tners as a consultant to complete the study. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 6 Glossary of Housing Terms The following are housing terms used throughout this document. Affordable: housing is generally considered affordable if the occupant is paying no more than 30 percent of gross income for housing costs, including utilities. American Community Survey (ACS): a national survey by the U.S. Census Bureau that collects information such as age, race, income, commute time to work, home value, veteran status and other important household data. It is collected more regularly than the Decennial Census but has a larger margin of error because it’s derived from a smaller sample. Cost burden: policymakers and advocates consider a household “cost burdened” if more than 30% of their income goes towards housing costs. Being housing cost burdened is an indicator that a household may be unable to afford other critical and nondiscretionary costs such as health and childcare, education, food, and transportation. Decennial Census: undertaken by the U.S. Census Bureau every ten years ending in zero. It provides a count of the population and housing units for the entire United States. Its primary purpose is to provide the population counts that determine how seats in the U.S. House of Representatives are apportioned between the states. Group Quarters: places where people live or stay in a group living arrangement. Examples include group homes, nursing homes, university student housing (e.g., residence halls, fraternity/sorority houses), and correctional facilities. Household: all the people who occupy a housing unit. A household includes the related family members and all the unrelated people. A person living alone in a housing unit, or a group of unrelated people sharing a housing unit such as partners or roomers, is also counted as a household. HUD: the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is a cabinet department in the executive branch of the U.S. federal government that supports community development and homeownership. HUD enforces the Fair Housing Act and offers housing assistance through the Community Development Block Grant, Housing Choice Voucher program, and other programs. Housing Subsidy: policy tool designed to make the cost of housing affordable to low - income households. The most common housing subsidies include the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit, Housing Choice Vouchers (also known as Section 8 Vouchers), and HUD Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly. Developments that utilize these subsidies are required to rent to low-income households (usually below 50% or 60% of the AMI). Ohio Housing Finance Agency: OHFA is the state housing agency that administers and allocates various state and federal housing assistance programs, such as the Low Income Housing Tax Credits. Market-Rate Housing: homes offered at the prevailing cost (rent or sale price) for the local market. It is set by the landlord/seller without restrictions. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 7 Workforce Housing: the Urban Land Institute defines it as housing affordable to households earning between 60 and 120 percent of area median income (AMI). Workforce housing targets middle-income workers which include professions such as police officers, firefighters, teachers, health care workers, retail clerks, and the like (Matthew J. Parlow, 2015). Zoning: a planning control tool for regulating the built environment and creating functional real estate markets. It does so by dividing land that comprises the statutory area of a local authority into sections, permitting particular land uses on specific sites to shape the layout of towns and cities and enable various types of development. The purpose of zon ing is to allow local and national authorities to regulate and control land and property markets to ensure complementary uses (The World Bank). Area Median Income (AMI) The AMI is the estimated median income, adjusted for family size, by metropolitan area (or county, in nonmetropolitan areas). AMI is updated annually by HUD and used as the basis of eligibility for most housing assistance programs. For income-restricted rental communities that are subsidized by Low Income Housing Tax Credits and other government subsidies, the income cut-off is generally 50% or 60% of the AMI. The following table shows the AMI for Dublin: 1 person 2 person 3 person 4 person 5 person 6 person 7 person 8 person Median Income 100% of AMI $65,600 $75,000 $84,400 $93,700 $101,200 $108,700 $116,200 $123,700 Low Income 80% of AMI $52,500 $60,000 $67,500 $74,950 $80,950 $86,950 $92,950 $98,950 60% of AMI $39,360 45,000 $50,640 $56,220 $60,720 $65,220 $69,720 $74,220 Very Low Income 50% of AMI $32,800 37,500 $42,200 $46,850 $50,600 $54,350 $58,100 $61,850 30% of AMI $19,700 $22,500 $25,300 $28,100 $30,350 $32,600 $34,850 $37,100 Max Housing Costs for 80% AMI Maximum Annual Housing Cost $17,700 $16,800 $17,700 $20,976 $22,668 $24,348 $26,028 $27,708 Maximum Monthly Rent/Mortgage $1,225 $1,400 $1,575 $1,748 $1,889 $2,029 $2,169 $2,309 Maximum Mortgage Amount $230,816 $263,789 $296,763 $329,517 $355,896 $382,275 $408,654 $435,032 ** at current 30-year mortgage interest rates (4.9%), $4,700 in property tax annually and $500 hazard insurance. Downpayment not factored. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 8 Residential Housing Types The following residential housing types are discussed throughout the report. Each of the housing types can be offered to the public as for-sale and/or for-rent products. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 9 2. Demographic Trends The starting point for a housing market analysis is an examination of key demographic trends to identify the composition of the market’s residents as they relate to its housing stock. Specific elements of these trends include population and household characteristics, and income and poverty rates. Detailed analyses of the housing stock and housing market conditions will be discussed in subsequent sections of this study. The primary data sources for this demographic analysis are the U.S. Census Bureau’s Decennial Census —providing actual counts for the years 2010 and 2020 when available, and the American Community Survey—providing data based on calculated estimates for 2010 and 2019, the latest year for which detailed data is available for most demographic trends. The geographic study areas analyzed and compared for this analysis include the City of Dublin; surrounding Delaware, Franklin, and Union Counties; and a Study Area composed of multiple Census Tracts that fall within each of those jurisdictions (see Figure 3). While some of the actual tracts changed with the new 2020 Redistricting Dataset, the Study Area has remained the same for the Decennial Census and American Community Survey data. Figure 3: Map of Study Area Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 10 Population and Household Characteristics The 2020 Census reported a total of 136,345 residents for the Study Area, an increase of 27,766 residents, or 25.6% from 2010 (see Table 1). This rapid growth resulted from robust productions of new residential communities in high growth areas within the Study Area. During the same period, the City of Dublin increased by 7,577 residents, or 18.1%. In comparison, Delaware County grew by 22.9%, adding 39,910 residents from 2010 to 2020, while Franklin County grew by 13.8% (160,393 residents), and Union County by 20.0% (10,484 residents). Table 1: Population Trends, 2010-2020 2010 Census 2020 Census Change (2010-2020) % Change (2010-2020) Study Area 108,579 136,345 27,766 25.6% City of Dublin 41,751 49,328 7,577 18.1% Delaware County 174,214 214,124 39,910 22.9% Franklin County 1,163,414 1,323,807 160,393 13.8% Union County 52,300 62,784 10,484 20.0% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Urban Partners As shown on Table 2 below, the area’s household growth trends were similar to the population growth from 2000 to 2020. The Study Area’s households increased by 25.4% from 2010 to 2020—again, likely the result of rapid housing production. The City of Dublin’s households grew by 16.4% during the same deca de. The growth of households for the three counties also closely mirrored the rates of population growth for their respective geographies. Table 2: Household Trends, 2010-2020 2010 Census 2020 Census Change (2010-2020) % Change (2010-2020) Study Area 43,889 55,027 11,138 25.4% City of Dublin 14,984 17,435 2,451 16.4% Delaware County 62,760 77,713 14,953 23.8% Franklin County 477,235 540,369 63,134 13.2% Union County 18,065 21,807 3,742 20.7% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Urban Partners Contrary to national trends, the Study Area experienced a slight net increase in average household size from 2010 to 2019, according to the American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates (ACS), expanding from 2.51 to 2.52 (see Table 3 on the following page). This was the second lowest among the geographies examined. Renter -occupied household size also increased slightly while owner-occupied households declined slightly. In the City of Dublin, average household size decreased slightly overall, from 2.76 to 2.75, while it s tayed the same for renters and grew rather significantly (6.7%) for renters. While average household size among renters also increased notably in the three counties, only Union County experienced a net overall decrease (-1.1%) due to its decrease in size of owner-occupied households. Table 3: Average Household Size, 2010-2019 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 11 All 2010 ACS Owner Renter All 2019 ACS Owner Renter % Change (2010-2019) All Owner Renter Study Area 2.51 2.65 2.24 2.52 2.64 2.26 0.5% -0.4% 0.9% Dublin City 2.76 2.92 2.09 2.75 2.92 2.23 -0.4% 0.0% 6.7% Delaware County 2.67 2.77 2.16 2.84 2.97 2.27 6.4% 7.2% 5.1% Franklin County 2.44 2.55 2.30 2.47 2.57 2.35 1.2% 0.8% 2.2% Union County 2.68 2.81 2.22 2.65 2.71 2.41 -1.1% -3.6% 8.6% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Urban Partners The Study Area had only 0.4% of its residents living in non-household group quarters in 2019, just slightly above the City of Dublin at 0.3% and well below the Counties (see Table 4). The portion of the population living in family versus non-family households among the examined geographies was quite varied. In the Study Area, 82.6% of its households were family households—the second lowest. To the contrary, Dublin City had the highest proportion of family households at 91.1%. Table 4: Population by Household Type, 2019 Study Area Dublin City Delaware County Franklin County Union County Total Population 121,435 45,559 197,008 1,275,333 55,654 In Households 120,926 45,408 194,387 1,247,164 52,455 In Households (% of Total Population) 99.6% 99.7% 98.7% 97.8% 94.3% In Family Households (% of Households) 82.6% 91.1% 89.6% 77.5% 87.2% In Non-Family Households (% of Households) 17.4% 8.9% 10.4% 22.5% 12.8% In Group Quarters (% of Total Population)1 0.4% 0.3% 1.3% 2.2% 5.7% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Urban Partners The ethnic/racial composition of the Study Area and region’s population is predominantly White, though the region has grown more diverse since 2010 (see Table 5 shown on the following page). In the Study Area in 2020, the White population was just below 70%, d own from 77.8% in 2010. The second highest percentage of the Study Area’s 2020 population was Asian at 15.8%, followed by the Hispanic population at 5.6%. Dublin City had the highest 2020 Asian proportion of its population at 20.4% while Franklin County had the highest African American and Hispanic proportions among the geographies examined (22.4% and 6.9%, respectively). Almost no American Indian, Alaskan Native, or Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders live in the region. 1 The Census Bureau classifies all people not living in housing units (house, apartment, mobile home, rented rooms) as living in Group Quarters, of which there are two types: 1) Institutional, such as correctional facilities, nursing homes, or mental hospitals; and 2) Non- Institutional, such as college dormitories, military barracks, group homes, missions, or shelters. Table 5: Ethnic/Racial Composition, 2010-2020 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 12 White Alone Black or African American Alone American Indian & Alaska Native Alone Asian Alone Native Hawaiian & Other Pac Islander Alone Some other Race Alone Two or More Races Hispanic (All Races) Study Area 2010 77.8% 3.6% 0.1% 11.9% 0.0% 0.2% 2.1% 4.2% 2020 69.1% 4.5% 0.1% 15.8% 0.0% 0.5% 4.4% 5.6% Dublin City 2010 79.3% 1.7% 0.1% 15.3% 0.0% 0.1% 1.7% 1.8% 2020 70.6% 1.9% 0.1% 20.4% 0.0% 0.3% 3.8% 2.9% Delaware County 2010 88.4% 3.3% 0.1% 4.2% 0.0% 0.1% 1.7% 2.1% 2020 80.1% 3.6% 0.1% 8.5% 0.0% 0.4% 4.1% 3.3% Franklin County 2010 67.3% 21.0% 0.2% 3.8% 0.1% 0.2% 2.6% 4.8% 2020 59.5% 22.4% 0.2% 5.6% 0.0% 0.5% 4.9% 6.9% Union County 2010 92.1% 2.3% 0.2% 2.7% 0.0% 0.1% 1.3% 1.3% 2020 84.9% 2.0% 0.1% 6.4% 0.0% 0.3% 3.7% 2.4% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Urban Partners Table 6 and Figure 4 compare the age distribution patterns between the Study Area, City of Dublin, and the surrounding counties. The largest age cohort in 2019 in the Study Area, according to the ACS, is school-aged children (5 to 17 years old) at 17.7%. However, this figure declined by two percentage points since 2010. This is followed closely by the population aged 25 to 34 at 17.5%, which experienced a slight increase in the Study Area since 2010. Table 6: Distribution of Age, 2010-2019 Under 5 5 to 17 18 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 65 to 74 75 to 84 85 & Over Study Area 2010 6.1% 19.7% 7.8% 17.0% 15.0% 15.5% 10.6% 4.2% 2.5% 1.5% 2019 6.4% 17.7% 5.5% 17.5% 15.5% 13.8% 11.4% 7.4% 3.3% 1.4% Dublin City 2010 6.4% 23.7% 5.1% 10.3% 18.5% 17.0% 11.4% 4.2% 2.2% 1.1% 2019 5.9% 22.4% 4.8% 8.3% 17.7% 15.8% 13.0% 7.5% 3.1% 1.6% Delaware County 2010 7.8% 21.1% 6.4% 12.0% 17.6% 15.3% 10.7% 5.3% 2.8% 0.9% 2019 6.2% 20.5% 7.8% 9.8% 15.3% 15.2% 12.1% 8.2% 3.6% 1.3% Franklin County 2010 7.1% 17.0% 11.6% 16.6% 14.0% 13.8% 9.9% 5.3% 3.3% 1.3% 2019 7.1% 16.3% 9.8% 18.2% 13.4% 12.1% 11.4% 7.1% 3.2% 1.4% Union County 2010 6.9% 20.7% 7.1% 13.5% 17.1% 15.7% 9.8% 5.3% 3.0% 1.0% 2019 6.2% 18.5% 7.9% 12.8% 15.3% 15.1% 12.2% 7.4% 3.2% 1.4% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 13 As with the Study Area, the City of Dublin’s largest age cohort is also school-aged children— comprising 22.4% of the City’s population—but also experienced a decrease in percentage. The same holds true for Delaware, Franklin, and Union Counties. At the same time, in each jurisdiction examined, the proportion of older residents have increased —with seniors 65 years-of-age and older growing from about 8% of the population in 2010 to more than 12% in 2019 in both the Study Area and Dublin City. Figure 4: Comparison of Age Distribution - City of Dublin, Study Area, 2019 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Urban Partners The Study Area in 2019 had a significantly higher educational attainment level of residents over the age of 25 than the surrounding Counties, but lower than the City of Dublin (see Table 7 shown on the following page). Over 69% of the residents aged 25 and above in the Study Area had bachelor’s degrees or graduate/professional degrees as the highest educational attainment, up from 64.1% in 2010—compared to 78.1% and 75.8%, respectively, in Dublin City. In the Study Area, City, and Delaware County, residents with bachelor’s degrees made up the largest proportion of their respective populations in 2019. In Franklin and Union Counties, the highest proportion had high school diplomas as the highest attainment, though this figure decreased as more residents received higher degrees since 2010. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 14 Table 7: Educational Attainment for Population 25 Years and Over, 2010-2019 Less Than 9th Grade 9th to 12th Grade, No Diploma High School Graduate (Includes Equiv.) Some College, No Degree Associate's Degree Bachelor's Degree Graduate/ Professional Degree Study Area 2010 1.2% 2.4% 14.6% 17.7% 6.4% 36.9% 20.9% 2019 1.2% 2.3% 12.3% 15.0% 6.1% 38.2% 24.9% Dublin City 2010 1.0% 0.6% 8.4% 14.2% 4.9% 42.6% 28.2% 2019 0.7% 2.3% 7.5% 10.9% 4.1% 42.7% 31.9% Delaware County 2010 1.3% 3.2% 20.7% 18.0% 7.4% 32.5% 17.0% 2019 0.8% 2.8% 18.3% 17.2% 6.6% 34.4% 19.9% Franklin County 2010 3.2% 7.9% 27.0% 20.5% 6.3% 22.8% 12.2% 2019 2.9% 5.9% 24.6% 19.6% 6.9% 25.3% 14.8% Union County 2010 1.9% 7.8% 37.6% 18.7% 6.7% 19.7% 7.7% 2019 1.5% 5.1% 32.0% 19.1% 6.8% 23.0% 12.5% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Urban Partners Household Income & Poverty Characteristics As shown in Figure 5, Study Area households —with a median household income of $105,347— were wealthier than households in Franklin and Union Counties, according to the 2019 ACS. However, median household income in Dublin City (with the high est among the examined jurisdictions at $137,867) and Delaware County exceeded that of the Study Area. Figure 5: Median Household Income, 2019 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 15 In the Study Area in 2019, almost 48% of the households earned more than $100,000 annually, compared to 66.8% in Dublin City (see Figure 6). The largest income category in the Study Area was $100,000 to $149,000 (20.1%), compared to $200,000 or more in Dublin City (29.8%). Figure 6: Distribution of Median Household Income - City of Dublin, Study Area, 2019 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Urban Partners According to the 2019 ACS, 6,858 Study Area residents (or 5.5%) were living below the poverty level, compared to just 2.5% in the City of Dublin (see Table 8). As a comparison, the poverty rate for Delaware County was slightly lower than the Study Area at 4.8%, Union County slightly higher at 5.9%, and Franklin County significantly higher at 15.7%. Table 8: Population Living Below Poverty Level, 2019 Study Area Dublin City Delaware County Franklin County Union County Population Living Below Poverty Level 6,858 1,162 9,530 197,950 3,143 Population Living Below Poverty Level (%) 5.5% 2.5% 4.8% 15.7% 5.9% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Urban Partners At the same time, 17.7% of owner-occupant households in the Study Area pay more than 30% of their income toward housing costs (and thus are “cost -burdened”), and 32.0% of renter households are cost burdened (see Table 9 shown on the following page). Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 16 Table 9: Tenure by Housing Costs - Study Area, 2019 Owner Occupants % Renter Occupants % All Household Income Levels 30,947 - 19,692 - Less than 20% 17,850 57.7% 7,825 39.7% 20 to 29% 7,579 24.5% 4,839 24.6% 30% or more 5,480 17.7% 6,306 32.0% Zero or negative income/no cash rent 38 0.1% 722 3.7% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Urban Partners The most cost burdened households in 2019 in the Study Area are renters with annual household incomes under $35,000 (see Table 10). A total of 4,242 such renter households resided in the Study Area and 4,055 (or 95.6%) were cost burdened.2 At earnings greater than $35,000 annually, owner-and renter-occupied households have a much more even burden of housing costs as a percentage. Households with annual earnings greater than $75,000 are effectively free of housing cost burdens, particularly among renter-occupants. Table 10: Tenure by Housing Costs as a Percentage of Household Income - Study Area, 2019 Owner Occupants % Renter Occupants % Households earning less than $20,000 1,089 1,810 Less than 30% (not cost burdened) 34 3.1% 38 2.1% 30% or more (cost burdened) 1,055 96.9% 1,772 97.9% Households earning $20,000 to $34,999 1,210 2,432 Less than 30% (not cost burdened) 212 17.5% 149 6.1% 30% or more (cost burdened) 998 82.5% 2,283 93.9% Households earning $35,000 to $49,999 1,859 2,717 Less than 30% (not cost burdened) 946 50.9% 1,295 47.7% 30% or more (cost burdened) 913 49.1% 1,422 52.3% Households earning $50,000 to $74,999 4,633 4,352 Less than 30% (not cost burdened) 3,329 71.9% 3,744 86.0% 30% or more (cost burdened) 1,304 28.1% 608 14.0% Households earning $75,000 or more 22,118 7,659 Less than 30% (not cost burdened) 20,908 94.5% 438 97.1% 30% or more (cost burdened) 1,210 5.5% 221 2.9% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Urban Partners 2 This figure includes 1,772 renter households earning less than $20,000 and 2,283 renter households earning between $20,000 and $34,999. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 17 3. Employment Trends The correlation between job growth (or decline) and the local housing market is complex and beyond the scope of this housing study, but simply stated —as a region or municipality adds new jobs, it attracts new workers and their households that will need housing. The increase in new workers will increase demand for homes and will result in a more competitive marketplace for housing. Conversely, the opposite will occur when a region or municipality loses jobs. The following is an examination of employment patterns for the City of Dublin and its residents from 2002 to 2019. The data source for this analysis is the OnTheMap application from the U.S. Census Bureau’s Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics Program, which uses employer payroll tax information to geo-locate jobs within a defined area. Jobs Located in Dublin According to the OnTheMap application, the City of Dublin reported a total of 48,007 jobs, adding 10,108 jobs from 2002 to 2019, a growth of 26.7% (see Figure 7). Apart from 2008 to 2010 when the number of jobs dipped during the Great Recession, Dublin consistently added new workers during the examination period. Figure 7: Jobs Located in the City of Dublin (2002-2019) Source: U.S. Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies, Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 18 Detailed in Table 11 below, three industrial sectors experienced robust job growth in Dublin from 2002 to 2019—Health Care & Social Assistance sector added 4,878 net new jobs (growth rate of 156.7%); Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services sector added 3,593 net new jobs (growth rate of 84.9%); and Management of Companies and Enterprises sector added 2,043 net new jobs (growth rate of 85.0%). Of the sectors that experienced job losses, the contraction of the Retail Trade sector was the most significant. In 2002, there were 4,924 jobs in the Retail Trade sector, more than any other sector in Dublin. Between 2002 and 2019, Dublin shed 1,777 Retail Trade jobs, which represents a decline of 36.1%. Other sectors reporting job losses in this period include Administrative & Support, Waste Management/Remediation 3 (loss of 564 jobs, or 12.3% decline); Manufacturing (loss of 535 jobs, or 32.5% decline); and Real Estate and Rental & Leasing (loss of 490 jobs, or 40.7% decline). Table 11: Jobs Located in the City of Dublin by Industry Sectors, 2002-2019 Jobs in 2002 % Jobs in 2019 % Change 2002-2019 All Sectors 37,899 100.0% 48,007 100.0% 10,108 Health Care and Social Assistance 3,112 8.2% 7,990 16.6% 4,878 Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services 4,233 11.2% 7,826 16.3% 3,593 Management of Companies and Enterprises 2,404 6.3% 4,447 9.3% 2,043 Admin & Support, Waste Mgmt/Remed. 4,594 12.1% 4,030 8.4% -564 Finance and Insurance 3,390 8.9% 3,467 7.2% 77 Accommodation and Food Services 2,696 7.1% 3,257 6.8% 561 Retail Trade 4,924 13.0% 3,147 6.6% -1,777 Wholesale Trade 2,052 5.4% 3,032 6.3% 980 Information 2,234 5.9% 2,779 5.8% 545 Educational Services 1,636 4.3% 1,828 3.8% 192 Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation 444 1.2% 1,137 2.4% 693 Manufacturing 1,648 4.3% 1,113 2.3% -535 Other Services (excluding Public Administration) 928 2.4% 1,089 2.3% 161 Construction 1,118 2.9% 1,008 2.1% -110 Transportation and Warehousing 830 2.2% 728 1.5% -102 Real Estate and Rental and Leasing 1,204 3.2% 714 1.5% -490 Public Administration 327 0.9% 371 0.8% 44 Utilities 96 0.3% 44 0.1% -52 Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting 9 0.0% 0 0.0% -9 Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction 20 0.1% 0 0.0% -20 Source: U.S. Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies, Urban Partners 3 Top occupations in the Administrative & Support, Waste Management/Remediation sector include: janitors and cleaners, laborers; freight, stock, and material movers; landscaping and groundskeeping workers; office clerks; and security guards. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 19 In terms of commuting, the OnTheMap application reports that the number and the percentage of workers living and working in Dublin have increased from 1,745 (4.6%) in 2002 to 3,575 (7.4%) in 2019 (see Figure 8). Though making up a slightly smaller percentage of the employment base, the number of individuals commuting from outside of Dublin has increased from 36,154 workers in 2002 to 44,432 workers in 2019. Figure 8: Percentage of Dublin Residents Working in the City, 2002-2019 Source: U.S. Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies, Urban Partners Workers “reverse-commuting” from Columbus make up the largest block of the labor force in Dublin (16,434 workers, or 34.2% of the total), followed by residents of Dublin (3,575 workers, 7.4% of all workers in the city). Workers commuting from Hilliard have increased significantly, comprising 3.0% of Dublin’ workforce in 2019 (a total of 1,460 workers. See Table 12). Table 12: Top 10 Commuting Origins for Dublin Workers, 2002-2019 Jobs in 2002 % Jobs in 2019 % % Change 2002-2019 Columbus 10,083 26.6% 16,434 34.2% 63.0% Dublin 1,745 4.6% 3,575 7.4% 104.9% Hilliard 641 1.7% 1,460 3.0% 127.8% Delaware 800 2.1% 855 1.8% 6.9% Marysville 703 1.9% 810 1.7% 15.2% Westerville 551 1.5% 784 1.6% 42.3% Powell 483 1.3% 578 1.2% 19.7% Gahanna 315 0.8% 476 1.0% 51.1% Reynoldsburg 368 1.0% 373 0.8% 1.4% Cincinnati 448 1.2% 321 0.7% -28.3% Toledo 404 1.1% 230 0.5% -43.1% All Other Locations 21,358 56.4% 22,111 46.1% 3.5% Source: U.S. Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies, Urban Partners 2002 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 20 Employed Dublin Residents According to the OnTheMap application, there were a total of 24,592 employed residents of Dublin in 2019, an increase of 13,185 persons (115.6%) from 2002 (see Table 13). Employment in all 20 sectors grew, with the following five sectors representing the top five sectors in which Dublin residents were employed in 2019: Health Care & Social Assistance; Educational Services; Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services; Retail Trade; and Finance & Insurance. Table 13: Jobs of Dublin Residents by Industry Sectors, 2002-2019 Jobs in 2002 % Jobs in 2019 % Change 2002-2019 All Sectors 11,407 100.0% 24,592 100.0% 13,185 Health Care and Social Assistance 1,079 9.5% 3,158 12.8% 2,079 Educational Services 1,156 10.1% 3,073 12.5% 1,917 Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services 1,137 10.0% 3,051 12.4% 1,914 Retail Trade 1,251 11.0% 1,923 7.8% 672 Finance and Insurance 979 8.6% 1,875 7.6% 896 Accommodation and Food Services 738 6.5% 1,710 7.0% 972 Admin & Support, Waste Mgmt/Remed. 690 6.0% 1,446 5.9% 756 Manufacturing 944 8.3% 1,388 5.6% 444 Management of Companies and Enterprises 342 3.0% 1,283 5.2% 941 Wholesale Trade 520 4.6% 1,122 4.6% 602 Transportation and Warehousing 341 3.0% 796 3.2% 455 Information 424 3.7% 792 3.2% 368 Public Administration 605 5.3% 731 3.0% 126 Other Services (excluding Public Administration) 362 3.2% 668 2.7% 306 Construction 346 3.0% 559 2.3% 213 Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation 182 1.6% 467 1.9% 285 Real Estate and Rental and Leasing 217 1.9% 342 1.4% 125 Utilities 81 0.7% 151 0.6% 70 Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting 9 0.1% 43 0.2% 34 Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction 4 0.0% 14 0.1% 10 Source: U.S. Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies, Urban Partners The OnTheMap application reports that 3,575 out of the 24,592 employed Dublin residents (14.5%) work inside the city, meaning that 85.5% of employed city residents commute elsewhere for work. In 2002, 84.7% of employed city residents commuted to locations outside of Dublin for work. In 2019, 43.6% of all employed Dublin residents commuted to Columbus for work, followed by those staying in Dublin (14.5%), and those commuting to Westerville (2.7%) and Hilliard (2.5%. See Table 14 on the following page). Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 21 Table 14: Top Commuting Destinations for Employed Dublin Residents, 2002-2019 Jobs in 2002 % Jobs in 2019 % % Change 2002-2019 Columbus 5,311 46.6% 10,732 43.6% -6.3% Dublin 1,745 15.3% 3,575 14.5% -5.0% Westerville 250 2.2% 674 2.7% 25.1% Hilliard 301 2.6% 608 2.5% -6.3% Gahanna 178 1.6% 432 1.8% 12.6% Worthington 358 3.1% 396 1.6% -48.7% Marysville 278 2.4% 381 1.5% -36.4% Upper Arlington 196 1.7% 338 1.4% -20.0% All Other Locations 2,790 24.5% 7,456 30.3% 24.0% Source: U.S. Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies, Urban Partners Figure 9 is a graphic illustration of commuting patterns for employed Dublin residents. There are two significant employment nodes for out-commuters from Dublin: 1) Downtown Columbus; and 2) the Ohio State University campus. Figure 9: Map of Commuting Destinations for Employed Dublin Residents Source: U.S. Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies, Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 22 Commuting distances have increased slightly among employed Dublin residents. In 2002, 45.8% of employed Dublin residents traveled less than 10 miles for work and 10.1% lived more than 50 miles from their work locations. In 2019, 43.3% of employed Dublin residents reported commutes of less than 10 miles, while the percentage of Dublin residents commuting more than 50 miles increased to 11.9% (see Figure 10). Figure 10: Percentage of Employed Dublin Residents by Commuting Distances, 2002-2019 Source: U.S. Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies, Urban Partners Figure 11 shows the percentage of employed residents who live more than 50 miles from their place of employment from 2002 to 2019. Compared to the state average, a slightly smaller percentage of employed Dublin residents commute more than 50 miles (11.9% compared to 13.1%)—though from 2006 to 2007 the rates exceeded the state average before falling again starting in 2008. Figure 11: Percentage of Workers that Live More than 50 Miles from Work, 2002-2019 Source: U.S. Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies, Urban Partners Ohio Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 23 4. Housing Supply Analysis From 2010 to 2019, the total number of housing units in the City of Dublin grew by 16.0%, which was a slightly higher growth rate than the Study Area’s increase of 14.9%. Even as the overall supply of housing has been increasing, the vacancy rates have been falling. In 2010, the U.S. Census Bureau reported 914 vacant homes in Dublin which represented a vacancy rate of 6.1%. In 2019, there were 642 vacant homes reported for a 3.7% vacancy rate. The Study Area’s vacancy rate also dropped from 7.8% in 2010 to 5.0% in 2019 (see Table 15). Table 15: Total Housing Units and Occupancy Status, 2010-2019 2010 ACS % 2019 ACS % % Change 2010-2019 City of Dublin 15,057 - 17,472 - 16.0% Occupied Units 14,143 93.9% 16,830 96.3% 19.0% Vacant Units 914 6.1% 642 3.7% -29.8% Study Area 46,379 - 53,300 - 14.9% Occupied Units 42,754 92.2% 50,639 95.0% 18.4% Vacant Units 3,625 7.8% 2,661 5.0% -26.6% Source: U.S. Census Bureau The 2019 ACS specifies that in Dublin, 46.9% of the vacant units were “available for rent,” while another 12.0% were “rented but not yet occupied.” The Study Area’s vacancy characteristics mirrors Dublin’s, with slight variations in the “for rent” segment (41.1%) and “for seasonal use” category (16.1%). “Other vacant” units in Dublin accounted for 12.0% of all vacant units, compared to 14.0% for the Study Area as a whole4 (see Table 16). Table 16: Vacancy Status, 2019 City of Dublin % Study Area % Total 642 2,661 For rent 301 46.9% 1,094 41.1% Rented, not occupied 77 12.0% 353 13.3% For sale only 69 10.7% 270 10.1% Sold, not occupied 42 6.5% 143 5.4% For seasonal use 76 11.8% 428 16.1% For migrant workers 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Other vacant 77 12.0% 373 14.0% Source: U.S. Census Bureau 4 “Other Vacant” units includes: foreclosed properties; units vacant due to the owners’ preferences and/or personal situation (owner does not want to rent/sell, owner is staying with family, owner is in assisted living, etc.); units vacant due to legal issues or disp utes; unoccupiable properties (abandoned/condemned); units needing repairs before they can be sold or rented, and units being repaired; and units used for storage of household furniture. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 24 Table 17 describes changes in tenure, or owner/renter characteristics. In Dublin, the number of renter-occupied units increased by 1,313 units between 2010 and 2019 to comprise 23.9% of the housing stock. This is substantially lower than Study Area’s 40.3% renter rate in 2019 — though the growth of renter-occupied units from 2010 to 2019 in the Study Area was slower than the City Dublin’s (24.7% compared to 48.6%, respectively). Table 17: Housing Tenure, 2010-2019 2010 ACS % 2019 ACS % % Change 2010-2019 City of Dublin 14,143 - 16,830 - 19.0% Owner-Occupied Units 11,439 80.9% 12,813 76.1% 12.0% Renter-Occupied Units 2,704 19.1% 4,017 23.9% 48.6% Study Area 41,390 - 48,572 - 17.4% Owner-Occupied Units 25,717 62.1% 29,020 59.7% 12.8% Renter-Occupied Units 15,673 37.9% 19,552 40.3% 24.7% Source: U.S. Census Bureau Compared to the Study Area, the City of Dublin reports a smaller proportion of newer housing stock. According to the 2019 ACS, 8.7% of all housing units in the City of Dublin were built after 2010, compared to 10.9% in the Stud y Area. The percentage of homes built prior to 1970 are similar (6.0% for the City of Dublin and 6.3% for the Study Area. See Table 18). Table 18: Age of Housing Stock, 2019 City of Dublin % Study Area % Built 2014 or later 679 4.0% 3,084 5.8% Built 2010 to 2013 784 4.7% 2,749 5.2% Built 2000 to 2009 3,747 22.3% 8,372 15.7% Built 1990 to 1999 5,153 30.6% 12,637 23.7% Built 1980 to 1989 4,319 25.7% 16,399 30.8% Built 1970 to 1979 1,132 6.7% 6,682 12.5% Built 1960 to 1969 418 2.5% 1,675 3.1% Built 1950 to 1959 367 2.2% 755 1.4% Built 1940 to 1949 45 0.3% 187 0.4% Built 1939 or earlier 186 1.1% 760 1.4% Source: U.S. Census Bureau Summarized in Table 19 shown on the following page, 87.2% of all housing units in the City were built after 1980. The U.S. Census Bureau also reports that renter -occupied homes are newer than owner-occupied homes (18.3% of the renter -occupied housing were built in 2010 or later, compared to 5.7% of owner-occupied homes). Table 19: Age of Housing Stock by Tenure - City of Dublin, 2019 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 25 All Units % Owner- Occupied % Renter- Occupied % Built 2014 or later 679 4.0% 394 3.1% 285 7.1% Built 2010 to 2013 784 4.7% 334 2.6% 450 11.2% Built 2000 to 2009 3,747 22.3% 2,922 22.8% 825 20.5% Built 1990 to 1999 5,153 30.6% 3,951 30.8% 1,202 29.9% Built 1980 to 1989 4,319 25.7% 3,727 29.1% 592 14.7% Built 1970 to 1979 1,132 6.7% 771 6.0% 361 9.0% Built 1960 to 1969 418 2.5% 324 2.5% 94 2.3% Built 1950 to 1959 367 2.2% 224 1.7% 143 3.6% Built 1940 to 1949 45 0.3% 45 0.4% 0 0.0% Built 1939 or earlier 186 1.1% 121 0.9% 65 1.6% Source: U.S. Census Bureau Compared to the Study Area, the City of Dublin’s housing stock is significantly more dominated by one-unit structures. According to the 2019 ACS, 81.6% of all housing units in the City of Dublin were one-unit structures, compared to 63.9% in the Study Area. On the flipside, the U.S. Census Bureau reports that 7.9% of Dublin’s total housing stock are in structures with ten or more units, compared to 14.7% for the Study Area (see Table 20). Table 20: Units in Structure, 2019 City of Dublin % Study Area % 1 Unit, detached 11,716 69.6% 19,021 51.0% 1 Unit, attached 2,013 12.0% 4,821 12.9% 2 Units 81 0.5% 661 1.8% 3 or 4 Units 672 4.0% 3,175 8.5% 5 to 9 Units 883 5.2% 4,101 11.0% 10 to 19 Units 507 3.0% 2,346 6.3% 20 to 49 Units 413 2.5% 1,165 3.1% 50 or more Units 402 2.4% 1,986 5.3% Mobile home 143 0.8% 39 0.1% Boat, RV, van, etc. - - - - Source: U.S. Census Bureau According to the 2019 ACS, 97.3% of the homeowners live in residential structures with just one unit (see Table 21 shown on the following page). Renter households are more evenly distributed in terms of units in structure, with the largest segment of renters (810 households, or 20.2% of all rental units) living in structures with 5 to 9 units. Just under ten percent (9.6%) of all renter households reside in buildings with 50 or more units. Table 21: Units in Structure by Tenure - City of Dublin, 2019 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 26 All Units % Owner- Occupied % Renter- Occupied % 1 Unit, detached 11,716 69.6% 11,017 86.0% 699 17.4% 1 Unit, attached 2,013 12.0% 1,445 11.3% 568 14.1% 2 Units 81 0.5% 0 0.0% 81 2.0% 3 or 4 Units 672 4.0% 52 0.4% 620 15.4% 5 to 9 Units 883 5.2% 73 0.6% 810 20.2% 10 to 19 Units 507 3.0% 38 0.3% 469 11.7% 20 to 49 Units 413 2.5% 30 0.2% 383 9.5% 50 or more Units 402 2.4% 15 0.1% 387 9.6% Mobile home 143 0.8% 143 1.1% 0 0.0% Source: U.S. Census Bureau Table 22 and Figure 12 below summarize the distribution of rental homes by units in structure in the City of Dublin. According to the 2019 ACS, rental homes in single-family structures (both detached and attached) constituted 31.5% of the rental market in Dublin, a decrease from 35.2% reported in 2010. The number of units in larger structures with 20 or more units increased from 390 in 2010 to 770 in 2019. Table 22: Units in Structure for Rental Homes - City of Dublin, 2010-2019 2010 ACS % 2019 ACS % All Rental Homes 2,704 - 4,017 - 1 Unit, Detached 322 11.9% 699 17.4% 1 Unit, Attached 631 23.3% 568 14.1% 2 Units 62 2.3% 81 2.0% 3 or 4 Units 289 10.7% 620 15.4% 5 to 9 Units 517 19.1% 810 20.2% 10 to 19 Units 480 17.8% 469 11.7% 20 to 49 Units 104 3.8% 383 9.5% 50 or more Units 286 10.6% 387 9.6% Mobile home 13 0.5% - - Source: U.S. Census Bureau Figure 12: Distribution of Units in Renter-Occupied Structures – City of Dublin, 2010-2019 0.5% 3.8% 10.6% 2010 0.0% 9.6% 2019 35.2% 1 Unit 2 to 4 Units 9.5% 31.5% 1 Unit 2 to 4 Units 5 to 19 Units 5 to 19 Units 36.9% 20 to 49 Units 31.8% 20 to 49 Units 13.0% 50 or More Units 17.5% 50 or More Units Other Other Source: U.S. Census Bureau Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 27 Income-Restricted Communities in the Study Area Table 23 is a detailed list of the five income-restricted communities in the Study Area that total 604 units. These units currently represent approximately 3% of the total rental market in the Study Area. The 227 units located within the City of Dublin (at Avondale II, Avondale Woods of Dublin, and Stoneridge Court) represent approximately 6% of Dublin’s rental market. With the exception of Seton Square North, all the income -restricted communities listed below are managed by National Church Residences (formerly known as Ohio Church Residences) which is one of t he largest non-profit senior housing providers in the country. Table 23: List of Income-Restricted Communities – Study Area, 2019 Name Address Location Type Subsidized Units Earliest Expiration Date 1 Abbey Church Village 2914 Bishops Retreat Pl City of Columbus LIHTC 159 2026 2 Avondale II 5215 Avery Rd City of Dublin LIHTC 100 2033 3 Avondale Woods of Dublin 6516 Delta Loop City of Dublin LIHTC 80 2028 4 Seton Square North 1776 Drew Ave City of Columbus HUD MF – Section 8 218 2040 5 Stoneridge Court 4105 Stoneridge Ln City of Dublin HUD MF – Senior 47 2021 Source: HUD, PolicyMap, Urban Partners Figure 13: Avondale Source: National Church Residences Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 28 5. Home Building Activity Residential Building Permits Issued in Dublin5 Shown below in Figure 14 are the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development’s data on the number of authorized residential building permits in the City of Dublin. From 2000 to 2020, Dublin issued a total of 6,013 permits, equivalent to 300 units per year. The pace of permitting prior to the Great Recession (2000 to 2007) was approximately 440 units per year. During the Great Recession and the subsequent years of recovery (2008 to 2010), Dublin authorized as few as 81 building permits (in 2008). Aside from 2016-2017 when large numbers of multi-family units were permitted, Dublin has been permitting approximately 160 units per year since 2011. Figure 14: Building Permits Issued (Total Units), 2000-2020 Source: HUD State of the Cities Data Systems (SOCDS), Urban Partners The peak period for single-family permitting was 2003 to 2004 when 926 units were permitted. Starting in 2006, however, the permitting of single-family homes started to drop precipitously until hitting an average of 72 units per year during the Great Recession and the recovery period (2008 to 2011). From 2012 to 2020, Dublin permitted an average of 160 single -family units per year (see Figure 15 on the following page). 5 Though small portions of the City of Dublin are situated in Delaware and Union Counties, this analysis is limited to the Franklin County portion of the City. 406 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 29 Figure 15: Building Permits Issued (Single-Family Dwellings), 2000-2020 Source: HUD State of the Cities Data Systems (SOCDS), Urban Partners As illustrated in Figure 16 below, Dublin permitted an average of 76 units annually in multi- family dwellings from 2000 to 2020. There were multiple years when very few or no multi - family permits were issued —including 2019 to 2020 —and there were other years when large numbers of units were permitted (i.e., 381 units in 2015, 153 units in 2006, 136 units in 2011, and 482 units in 2016). Figure 16: Building Permits Issued (Multi-Family Dwellings), 2000-2020 Source: HUD State of the Cities Data Systems (SOCDS), Urban Partners 50 82 80 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 30 Comparison of Dublin’s Permitting Activity to Franklin County’s Figure 17 shows Dublin’s share of the building permits issued in Franklin County. In 2020, building permits issued in Dublin represented just 1% of all residential permits issued in the county—which is significantly lower than the 5% average for 2000 to 2020. The two high points in 2005 (10%) and in 2016 (11%) mirror the issuance of large numbers of multi-family permits. Figure 17: Dublin’s Share of All Building Permits in Franklin County, 2000-2020 Source: HUD State of the Cities Data Systems (SOCDS), Urban Partners Figure 18 shows Dublin’s share of the single-family building permits issued in Franklin County. In 2020, single -family building permits issued in Dublin (a total of 108) represented 6% of all single-family permits issued in the county—slightly less than the 8% average for the analysis period. The high point was in 2017 when the 258 units issued in Dublin represented 15% of the county’s total. Figure 18: Dublin’s Share of Single-Family Building Permits in Franklin County, 2000-2020 Source: HUD State of the Cities Data Systems (SOCDS), Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 31 6. For-Sale Housing Market Analysis Summary of Recently Sold Homes To understand the for-sale housing market in the Study Area, Urban Partners examined market conditions for single -family detached homes, townhomes, and condominiums. By using a comprehensive real estate database service called RealQuest, we can gauge pricing information for recently sold homes in the Study Area. For this analysis, we obtained records of home sales for a 5-year period starting in January 2017 and ending in December 2021. As evidenced by close to 8,000 home sales examined during the 5-year study period, the Study Area’s homeownership market is very active. The median sale price during the 5 -year study period was $320,000, or $154.02 per sq uare foot, “SF” henceforth). Single -family detached is the dominant home type in the Study Area, representing 71.5% of the sales with a median sale of $378,500, or $159.14 per SF. The sale of 1,953 condominium units represented a quarter of all sales in the Study Area (with a median sale price of $174,000, or $141.34 per SF), while 288 homes categorized as duplex or triplex were sold for a median price of $190,000 or $121.53 per SF. Lastly, townhouse or rowhouse sales comprised less than 1% of all home sales in the Study Area, selling for a median sale price of $138,000, or $122.64 per SF (see Table 24). Table 24: Breakdown of Home Sales in Study Area (2017 to 2021) No. of Transactions % of Transactions Median Sales Price Median Square Footage Median Price Per SF Single-Family Detached 5,650 71.5% $378,500 2,335 $159.14 Condominiums 1,953 24.7% $174,000 1,232 $141.34 Duplex/Triplex 228 2.9% $190,000 1,470 $121.53 Townhouse/Rowhouse 71 0.9% $138,000 1,200 $122.64 Total 7,902 100.0% $320,000 2,021 $154.02 Source: RealQuest, Urban Partners The price of homes in the Study Area has been steadily increasing in the last five years, with a one-year exception from 2018 to 2019. In 2017, the median sale price was $286,000, or $138.30 per SF. Increasing at an annualized rate of 5.2%, the median sale price reported in 2021 was $350,000 or $182.13 per SF (See Figure 19). Figure 19: Median Sale Price by Year Home Sold (2017-2021) Source: RealQuest, Urban Partners $286,000 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 32 Table 25 illustrates the pricing variance between the City of Dublin and the portions of the Study Area located outside of Dublin. During the 5 -year study period, homes within Dublin commanded prices that were 65.0% higher than Study Area homes outside the City (with a median sale price of $428,000 compared to $259,350). Upon c loser examination, the sale price per SF in Dublin was just 9.0% higher ($161.59/SF compared to $148.22/SF) but the size of the homes was much more of a factor in the overall sale prices. The median home size for Dublin homes were 58.1% larger (2,610 SF compared to 1,651 SF). Table 25: Comparison of Home Sale Prices in Study Area, City of Dublin (2017 to 2021) No. of Transactions % of Transactions Median Sales Price Median Square Footage Median Price Per SF Study Area (Outside the City of Dublin) Single-Family Detached 3,235 67.2% $294,600 1,918 $154.23 Condominiums 1,357 28.2% $162,000 1,152 $136.82 Duplex/Triplex 159 3.3% $190,000 1,376 $120.86 Townhouse/Rowhouse 66 1.4% $134,500 1,200 $117.68 Total 4,817 100.0% $259,350 1,651 $148.22 City of Dublin Single-Family Detached 2,415 78.3% $459,900 2,833 $164.43 Condominiums 596 19.3% $235,000 1,513 $152.38 Duplex/Triplex 69 2.2% $182,200 1,630 $122.70 Townhouse/Rowhouse 5 0.2% $280,000 1,649 $160.64 Total 3,085 100.0% $428,000 2,610 $161.59 Source: RealQuest, Urban Partners In Figure 20, the Study Area’s median home prices per year are disaggregated to compare Dublin to the portions of the Study Area located outside of the City. From 2017 to 2021, the median sale price rose by 31.6% in the City of Dublin and 27.2% in the Study Area outside of Dublin. In 2021, the median sale price of homes sold in Dublin was $500,000. Figure 20: Median Sale Price by Year Home Sold in Study Area, City of Dublin (2017-2021) Source: RealQuest, Urban Partners $380,000 $259,450 $0 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 33 Single-Family Detached Homes Single-Family Home Sales within the Study Area Table 26 summarizes the sales transactions for single-family detached homes by the year homes were built. The median sale price per SF was strong for single-family homes of all ages, but the data shows that the size of the homes progressively became larger over the years, which is resulting in escalating home prices. The median interior living space for homes built before 1970 was 1,855 SF. At $175.37 per SF, these oldest homes commanded a median sale price of $335,000 in the 5-year study period. For homes that were built after 2010, the median interior living space was 3,478 SF—escalating the median sale price to $568,100, though the $163.66 per SF figure is 7% lowest than the oldest homes (see Table 26, Figure 21). Table 26: Single Family Sales by Age of Home, Study Area (2017-2021) No. of Transactions Median Sales Price Price Range Median Square Footage Median Price Per SF Home Built Before 1970 246 $335,000 $95,000 to $3,450,000 1,855 $175.37 Home Built 1970-1979 665 $282,000 $110,000 to $1,690,000 1,912 $148.36 Home Built 1980-1989 2,240 $293,000 $49,400 to $3,000,000 1,901 $157.09 Home Built 1990-1999 1,038 $423,000 $95,300 to $3,750,000 2,661 $161.21 Home Built 2000-2009 612 $540,000 $90,000 to $2,600,000 3,355 $160.83 Home Built After 2010 530 $567,900 $71,700 to $1,834,000 3,480 $163.52 No Home Age Information 319 $516,000 $43,000 to $2,400,000 3,154 $171.46 Total 5,650 $378,500 $43,000 to $3,750,000 2,335 $159.14 Source: RealQuest, Urban Partners Figure 21: Median Sale Price/Size of Single-Family Detached Homes by Age of Homes, Study Area Source: RealQuest, Urban Partners Price SF 1990-1999 2000-2009 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 34 Single-Family Home Sales within the City of Dublin Table 27 summarizes the sales transactions within the City of Dublin for single-family detached homes by the year homes were built. Consistent with trends for the Study Area as a whole, the increasing size of the homes is a major factoring in escalating home sale prices. Homes built after 2010 are 47.0% larger than homes built in the 1970s (3,688 SF compared to 2,509 SF. See Table 27, Figure 22) Table 27: Single Family Sales by Age of Home, City of Dublin (2017-2021) No. of Transactions Median Sales Price Price Range Median Square Footage Median Price Per SF Home Built Before 1970 116 $390,000 $155,000 to $900,000 1,885 $194.65 Home Built 1970-1979 128 $415,000 $145,000 to $1,690,000 2,509 $175.20 Home Built 1980-1989 837 $405,000 $49,400to $3,000,000 2,598 $159.23 Home Built 1990-1999 694 $443,250 $107,400 to $3,750,000 2,822 $161.96 Home Built 2000-2009 435 $550,000 $90,000 to $2,600,000 3,253 $165.56 Home Built After 2010 193 $649,200 $77,100 to $1,834,000 3,688 $177.89 No Home Age Information 12 $747,975 $43,000 to $1,000,000 3,421 $183.91 Total 2,415 $459,900 $43,000 to $3,750,000 2,833 $164.43 Source: RealQuest, Urban Partners Figure 22: Median Sale Price/Size of Single-Family Detached Homes by Age of Homes, City of Dublin Source: RealQuest, Urban Partners Price SF 1990-1999 2000-2009 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 35 Single-Family Home Builder Sales Table 28 below summarizes single-family detached home sales from home builders and investors. Home builders that sold less than 25 total units in this period were categorized as “Small-Scale Builders” while “Production Builders” are comprised of national/regional residential developers. The top producing Production Builders in the Study Area during thi s period were: M/I Homes (136 sales) Epcon (87 sales) Pulte (54 sales) Rockford (39 sales) Bob Webb (36 sales) Fischer (36 sales) Trinity (33 sales), Schottenstein (32 sales) Romanelli & Hughes (25 sales) “Investors” are other non-owner-occupant entities that sold homes during the study period. The sale prices for the 525 single -family detached homes sold by Production Builders ranged from $177,900 to $3.046 million, with a median sale price of $541,300 (or $172.48 per SF). The median sale price of single-family detached homes sold by Small-Scale Builders and Investors was $324,950 (or $161.02 per SF). Table 28: Builder/Investor Sold Single-Family Detached Homes (2017 to 2021) Sold by No. of Transactions Median Sales Price Price Range Median Square Footage Median Price Per SF Production Builder 524 $541,300 $177,900 to $1,834,000 3,342 $172.48 Small-Scale Builder/Investor 242 $324,950 $70,000 to $$1,471,600 2,039 $161.02 Total 766 $500,000 $70,000 to $1,834,000 2,986 $168.32 Source: RealQuest, Urban Partners Single-Family Home Sales by Home Size Table 29 to Table 32 shown below summarize the sale prices by the size of single -family homes purchased by owner-occupants, as well as the seller type. The median sale price for the smallest homes (less than 2,000 SF) was $252,800, or $162.86 per SF. Table 29: Small Single-Family Homes (2017 to 2021) Less than 2,000 SF Sold by No. of Transactions Median Sales Price Price Range Median Square Footage Median Price Per SF Production Builder 62 $385,950 $177,900 to $670,600 1,782 $219.63 Small-Scale Builder/Investor 113 $260,000 $70,000 to $610,000 1,548 $167.59 Owner-Occupant 1,818 $250,000 $43,000 to $1,080,000 1,548 $161.11 Other 5 $205,000 $65,089 to $230,000 1,518 $109.98 Total 1,998 $252,800 $43,000 to $1,080,000 1,560 $162.86 Source: RealQuest, Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 36 Figure 23: Notable Communities in the Small Single-Family Segment For medium-sized homes (between 2,000 SF and 2,700 SF), the median sale price was $365,000, or $157.06 per SF (see Table 30). Table 30: Medium Single-Family Homes (2017 to 2021) 2,000 to 2,699 SF Sold by No. of Transactions Median Sales Price Price Range Median Square Footage Median Price Per SF Production Builder 83 $510,500 $225,100 to $1,092,782 2,287 $221.66 Small-Scale Builder/Investor 67 $363,000 $240,500 to $1,150,000 2,268 $154.65 Owner-Occupant 1,381 $360,000 $100,000 to $1,450,000 2,318 $155.10 Other 7 $360,000 $187,000 to $468,500 2,400 $165.80 Total 1,538 $365,000 $100,000 to $1,450,000 2,312 $157.06 Source: RealQuest, Urban Partners Figure 24: Notable Communities in the Medium Single-Family Segment Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 37 For large homes between 2,700 SF and 3,600 SF, the median sale price was $490,000, or $158.08 per SF (see Table 31). Table 31: Large Single-Family Homes (2017 to 2021) 2,700 to 3,599 SF Sold by No. of Transactions Median Sales Price Price Range Median Square Footage Median Price Per SF Production Builder 185 $513,600 $240,000 to $1,834,000 3,188 $161.61 Small-Scale Builder/Investor 32 $496,000 $280,000 to $900,000 3,163 $159.74 Owner-Occupant 1,002 $485,000 $168,900 to $1,562,500 3,062 $157.27 Other 3 $420,000 $275,000 to $435,000 2,818 $141.56 Total 1,222 $490,000 $168,900 to $1,834,000 3,084 $158.08 Source: RealQuest, Urban Partners Figure 25: Notable Communities in the Large Single-Family Segment For the largest homes in the Study Area that are over 3,600 SF, the median sale price was $669,700, or $157.46 (see Table 32). Table 32: Very Large Single-Family Homes (2017 to 2021) 3,600 SF or Larger Sold by No. of Transactions Median Sales Price Price Range Median Square Footage Median Price Per SF Production Builder 194 $648,550 $384,300 to $1,184,800 4,070 $159.12 Small-Scale Builder/Investor 30 $731,500 $230,000 to $1,471,600 4,825 $148.66 Owner-Occupant 666 $670,000 $166,900 to $3,750,000 4,202 $157.16 Other 2 $461,000 $240,000 to $682,000 3,960 $116.47 Total 892 $669,700 $166,900 to $3,750,000 4,172 $157.46 Source: RealQuest, Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 38 Figure 26: Notable Communities in the Very Large Single-Family Segment Newly Constructed Single-Family Home Sales Table 33 shows the size of newly built single-family homes (constructed in 2010 or later). Four out of five homes built in this period were designed with interior living space of 2,700 SF or larger, with 239 (or 45.1%) homes with more than 3,600 SF. Table 33: Size of Single-Family Homes Built 2010 or Later No. of Transactions % of Transactions Median Sales Price Median Square Footage Median Price Per SF Small (2,000 SF or less) 42 7.9% $359,100 1,791 $199.58 Medium (2,000 SF to 2,699 SF) 60 11.3% $472,500 2,398 $207.13 Large (2,700 SF to 3,599 SF) 189 35.7% $500,900 3,140 $162.20 Very Large (3,600 SF or larger) 239 45.1% $659,500 4,162 $159.07 All Sizes 530 100.0% $568,100 3,478 $159.14 Source: RealQuest, Urban Partners Figure 27: Distribution of Home Sizes for Newly Built Single-Family Homes 42 60 189 239 Source: RealQuest, Urban Partners Amberleigh Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 39 Condominiums Condominium sales represented 24.7% of the total number of residential transactions in the Study Area during the aforementioned 5-year period. Overall, the 1,953 condo units were sold for a median sale price of $174,000, or $141.34 per SF. There were 115 units sold by production builders at a median sale price of $480,900, or $208.50 per SF; while sales between owner- occupants were sold for a median sale price of $170,000, or $139.07 per SF (see Table 34). Table 34: Condominium Sales by Seller Type (2017 to 2021) No. of Transactions Median Sales Price Price Range Median Square Footage Median Price Per SF Production Builder 115 $480,900 $301,700 to $1,690,200 2,390 $208.50 Small-Scale Builder/Investor 127 $156,000 $45,000 to $1,500,000 1,152 $129.78 Owner-Occupant 1,707 $170,000 $35,000 to $1,842,000 1,206 $139.07 Other 4 $150,078 $99,800 to $205,000 1,437 $103.70 Total 1,953 $174,000 $35,000 to $1,842,000 1,232 $141.34 Source: RealQuest, Urban Partners As summarized in Table 35, the majority of the condominiums sold in the Study Area in the last five years were built in the 1980 and 1990s (a total of 1,358 units, or 69.5% of all condo sales) and command median sale prices of $158,000 and $165,700, respectively. Newly built condominiums (constructed in 2010 or later) are commanding strong prices —with median sale price of $432,150, or $192.54 per SF. The highest sale price of $1,842,000 was recorded for a three-bed/3.5 bath, 2-story penthouse at the Bridge Park West Condominiums in January 2021. Table 35: Condominium Sales by Age of Home (2017-2021) No. of Transactions Median Sales Price Price Range Median Square Footage Median Price Per SF Home Built Before 1980 165 $121,900 $60,000 to $650,000 1,035 $116.43 Home Built 1980-1989 664 $158,000 $58,400 to $680,000 1,195 $130.84 Home Built 1990-1999 694 $165,700 $45,000 to $1,050,000 1,152 $141.11 Home Built 2000-2009 225 $289,900 $60,000 to $1,092,600 1,635 $157.23 Home Built After 2010 168 $432,150 $50,000 to $1,842,000 2,340 $192.54 No Home Age Information 37 $480,000 $35,000 to $1,002,200 2,468 $202.20 Total 1,953 $174,000 $35,000 to $1,842,000 1,232 $141.34 Source: RealQuest,, Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 40 Figure 28: Notable Condominium Communities in the Study Area Bridge Park West Riverview Street City of Dublin Total Sales: 38 Sale Price Ranges: $415,700 to $1,842,000 Median Sale Price/ SF: $353.93 Average Home Size: 2,701 SF Craughwell Village Inishmore Lane & Craughwell Lane City of Dublin Total Sales: 93 Sale Price Ranges: $75,000 to $240,000 Median Sale Price/ SF: $112.01 Average Home Size: 1,104 SF Scioto Crossing Sawmill Road & Scioto Crossing Boulevard City of Dublin Total Sales: 100 Sale Price Ranges: $131,500 to $467,000 Median Sale Price/ SF: $147.12 Average Home Size: 1,619 SF Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 41 Dublin Green Dublin Granville Road & Federated Boulevard City of Columbus Total Sales: 69 Sale Price Ranges: $94,000 to $292,000 Median Sale Price/ SF: $122.60 Average Home Size: 1,093 SF Bethel Commons Dierker Road & W. Case Road City of Columbus Total Sales: 145 Sale Price Ranges: $86,000 to $360,000 Median Sale Price/ SF: $151.37 Average Home Size: 1,024 SF Months of Inventory, For-Sale Homes Columbus REALTORS® maintains statistics on residential sales for the Fayette, Franklin, Madison, Morrow, Pickaway and Union counties of Ohio based on the Multiple Listing Service (MLS) data. Typically, home sales that utilize the MLS service represent approximately 90% of all sales reported to the county assessor’s offices. The Months of Inventory is a useful indicator in determining the size of the for-sale inventory in relation to the number of homes sold. It provides an estimate of the number of months it would take for a typical home to sell if no new listings became available in the area. For instance, if the Months of Inventory number is 5.0, all the current listings can expect to be sold within 5 months. According to the National Association of REALTORS, “six months of Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 42 supply is associated with moderate price appreciation, and a lower level of months’ supply tends to push prices up more rapidly.” Figure 29 illustrates the Months of Inventory for the two Study Area school districts for the 5- year study period. From 2017 to 2019, the Dublin City Schools market area averaged 2.1 months’ supply of single-family homes.6 In comparison, the Hilliard City Schools market area maintained a smaller supply of single-family homes for sale, averaging 1.1 months’ supply for the same period. Starting in the first quarter of 2020 which coincides with the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, the supply of homes tightened even more for both school district market areas. Starting from January of 2020, the Dublin City Schools market area averaged 0.9 months of inventory and ended with 0.4 months’ supply in December of 2021, while the Hilliard City Schools market area averaged 0.5 months of inventory for the same period, peaking at 0.8 months’ supply in October of 2021 and ended at 0.3 months of inventory in December of 2021. Figure 29: Months of Inventory of Homes for Sale by Study Area School Districts, 2017 to 2021 Source: Columbus REALTORS®, Urban Partners Compared to the national average, the Study Area’s Months of Inventory for single -family homes is extremely low, indicating a limited supply of homes and pointing to a rapid escalation of housing prices. In January of 2020, the two Study Area school districts maintained 1.3 and 0.6 months of single -family inventory, compared to the national average of 5.5 months. In the fourth quarter of 2020 when the national average was slowly replenishing the low supply reported the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Study Area markets tightened even further, dipping below 1.0 months’ supply and remaining below that level for the duration of 2021 (see Figure 3 shown on the following page). 6 Single family Months of Inventory figures also include Townhomes and Condominiums. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 43 Figure 30: Months of SFR Inventory for Study Area and U.S. Average, 2020 to 2021 Source: Federal Reserve of St. Louis, Columbus REALTORS®, Urban Partners 6.5 6.7 6.9 6.5 6.1 6.2 5.5 5.7 5.8 6.0 5.3 5.4 5.6 4.8 4.7 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.2 3.5 3.3 3.4 3.4 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 6 0.6 0.6 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 44 7. Rental Housing Market Analysis To understand the market-rate rental housing market in the Study Area, Urban Partners examined market conditions for multi-family rental housing complexes as well as individual rental units found in single-family detached homes. Multi-Family Rental Housing Complexes This analysis involves the examination of 17,544 units offered in 72 market -rate multi-family rental complexes located in the Study Area. As illustrated in Figure 31 below, most of the complexes in the Study Area are located to the south and east of the City of Dublin, with Dublin’s share of the supply as of this report at 21% (total of 3,592 units in 13 communities). Figure 31: Locations of Multi-Family Rental Complexes in the Study Area Multi-Family Rental Communities Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 45 The following is a list of the 13 multi-family rental communities located in the City of Dublin: Bridge Park 720 units (2017) Asherton at Dublin 514 units (1987) Tuller Flats 420 units (2017) Britton Woods 352 units (1992) Sycamore Ridge 270 units (1996) The Crossings at Avery 223 units (2001) Tuttle Parke 200 units (1997) Gage Crossing 196 units (2018) Perimeter Lakes 189 units (1992) The Residences at Scioto Crossing 174 units (2006) Garden Farms 168 units (2005) Hawthorne Commons 86 units (2017) Turkey Run Village 80 units (1980) Figure 32 shown below details the top performing multi -family complexes in terms of key unit/community amenities, total units, and the age of the community to demonstrate the variety that exists throughout the Study Area. Figure 32: Select Rental Housing Complexes Representing the Variety in Study Area Jerome Grand 7027 Park Mill Drive, Plain City Total Units: 300 Built: 2019 Type: 2-Story Low-Rise & Townhouses Key Unit Amenities: Stainless appliances/granite counters Vaulted ceilings Walk-in closets Patio Key Community Amenities: Pool and clubhouse Fitness center Business center Grill/picnic area Pet play area Asherton at Dublin 5400 Asherton Boulevard, Dublin Total Units: 514 Built: 1987 Type: 2-Story Low-Rise Key Unit Amenities: Stainless appliances Walk-in closets Vaulted ceilings Patio/deck Key Community Amenities: Pool and clubhouse Fitness center Tennis court Storage space Pond and walking/biking trails Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 46 Perimeter Lakes Apartments 6146 Perimeter Lakes Drive, Dublin Total Units: 189 Built: 1992 Type: 2-Story Low-Rise Key Unit Amenities: In-unit washer/dryers Fireplace Walk-in closets Patio/deck Key Community Amenities: Pool and clubhouse Fitness center Business center Grill area Car wash area The Crossings at Avery 6200 Avery Crossing Boulevard, Dublin Total Units: 223 Built: 2001 Type: 2-Story Low-Rise & Townhouses Key Unit Amenities: In-unit washer/dryers Walk-in closets Fireplace Vaulted ceilings Key Community Amenities: Pool and clubhouse Fitness center Business center Tennis court Media center/movie theater The Pines at Tuttle Crossing 5303 Wilcox Road, Dublin Total Units: 598 Built: 2014 Type: 2-Story Low-Rise & Townhouses Key Unit Amenities: Stainless appliances/granite counters In-unit washer/dryers Walk-in closets Loft layout Key Community Amenities: Pool and clubhouse Fitness center and sauna Business center Movie theater/media center Car wash Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 47 Greydon House Apartments 5284 Avery Road, Dublin Total Units: 144 Built: 2018 Type: 3-Story Mid-Rise Key Unit Amenities: Stainless appliances/granite counters Hardwood floors and carpet Walk-in closets Patio/deck Key Community Amenities: Pool Clubhouse Fitness center Business center Picnic area and grill Tuttle’s Grove Apartments 5885 Tuttle’s Grove Boulevard, Dublin Total Units: 519 Built: 1994 Type: 2-Story Low-Rise Key Unit Amenities: In-unit washer/dryers Vaulted ceilings Walk-in closets Balcony/patio Key Community Amenities: Pool and clubhouse Fitness center Business center Lounge and game room Basketball and tennis courts LC Dublin 5730 Silver Falls Street, Dublin Total Units: 552 Built: 2009 Type: 3-Story Mid-Rise Key Unit Amenities: Stainless appliances In-unit washer/dryers Hardwood floors Walk-in closets Den Key Community Amenities: Pool Clubhouse Fitness center Volleyball court Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 48 The Charles at Riggins Run 5252 Riggins Run, Columbus Total Units: 218 Built: 2018 Type: 3-Story Mid-Rise Key Unit Amenities: Stainless appliances/granite counters In-unit washer/dryers Walk-in closets Patio/deck Key Community Amenities: Pool and clubhouse Fitness center and spa Business center Picnic area Car wash and charging area Karrick Place of Dublin 5541 Bowland Place, Dublin Total Units: 540 Built: 1985 Type: 1-Story Low-Rise Key Unit Amenities: In-unit washer/dryers Vinyl floors and carpet Walk-in closets Patio/deck Key Community Amenities: Pool Sundeck Clubhouse Fitness center Extra storage Camden Place 4311 Camden Circle, Dublin Total Units: 238 Built: 1990 Type: 2-Story Low-Rise Key Unit Amenities: Kitchen pantry In-unit washer/dryers Carpet Patio/deck Key Community Amenities: Pool, sundeck, and spa Clubhouse Lounge Fitness center Pond and waterfalls Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 49 Strathmoor Apartments 5541 Bowland Place, Dublin Total Units: 276 Built: 2014 Type: 4-Story Mid-Rise Key Unit Amenities: Stainless appliances/granite counters In-unit washer/dryers Hardwood floors and carpet Walk-in closets Patio/deck Key Community Amenities: Pool, sundeck, and clubhouse Lounge Fitness center Business center Extra storage and bike storage Hayden Lofts 4125 Hayden Lofts Place, Dublin Total Units: 273 Built: 2015 Type: 3-Story Mid-Rise Key Unit Amenities: Stainless appliances In-unit washer/dryers Hardwood floors Balconies Key Community Amenities: Pool and clubhouse Fitness center Business center and media room Pet play area and washing station Volleyball court Grill and picnic area Emerald Lakes Apartments 4600 Emerald Lakes Boulevard, Powell Total Units: 192 Built: 1994 Type: 2-Story Low-Rise Key Unit Amenities: Walk-in closets Carpet Large bedrooms Linen closet Key Community Amenities: Pool Fitness center Clubhouse Walking paths Lakes and ponds Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 50 Hawthorne Commons 4050 Hawthorne Lane, Dublin Total Units: 86 Built: 2017 Type: 1-Story Low-Rise with Garage, 55+ Key Unit Amenities: Stainless appliances/granite counters Walk-in closets Fireplace Office/den Patio/deck Key Community Amenities: Fitness center and business center Clubhouse and lounge Media room and game room Pet play area Grill area The Residences at Scioto Crossing 3900 Suffolk Drive, Dublin Total Units: 174 Built: 2006 Type: 2-Story Low-Rise Key Unit Amenities: Kitchen island In-unit washer/dryers Hardwood floors Balcony/patio Key Community Amenities: Pool and clubhouse Fitness center Lounge Business center Car wash and bike storage Heathermore & Bedford Commons 2645 Hard Road, Columbus Total Units: 392 Built: 1988 Type: 2-Story Low-Rise Key Unit Amenities: Stainless appliances In-unit washer/dryers Walk-in closets Vaulted ceilings Patio Key Community Amenities: Pool and clubhouse Clubhouse Business center Extra storage Courtyard and grill area Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 51 Bridge Park 6741 Longshore Drive, Dublin Total Units: 720 Built: 2017-2022 Type: 5-Story Mid-Rise Key Unit Amenities: Elevator Stainless appliances/granite counters In-unit washer/dryers Hardwood floors Balcony Key Community Amenities: Pool Rooftop deck Courtyard with grilling stations Bike storage Walking distance to amenities Sycamore Ridge Apartments 6700 Sycamore Ridge Boulevard, Dublin Total Units: 270 Built: 1996 Type: 3-Story Mid-Rise Key Unit Amenities: In-unit washer/dryers Walk-in closets Vaulted ceilings Fireplace Patio/balcony Key Community Amenities: Pool and cabana Fitness center Courtyard and grill Pet washing station Tuller Flats Apartments 4272 McCune Avenue, Dublin Total Units: 420 Built: 2017 Type: 3-Story Mid-Rise Key Unit Amenities: Granite counters Kitchen island Linen closet Patio/deck Key Community Amenities: Pool Fitness center Clubhouse and lounge Sundeck Walking/biking trails Grill area Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 52 Dublin Square 7331 Skyline Drive, Columbus Total Units: 354 Built: 2009 Type: 3-Story Mid-Rise Key Unit Amenities: Granite counters Walk-in closets Linen closet Patio/balcony Key Community Amenities: Pool and clubhouse Fitness center Multi-use room and game room Sundeck Grill and picnic area Saw Mill Village Apartments 6900 Sawmill Village Drive, Dublin Total Units: 340 Built: 1986 Type: 3-Story Mid-Rise Key Unit Amenities: Stainless appliances Pantry Walk-in closets Vaulted ceilings Patio/balcony Key Community Amenities: Pool and clubhouse Fitness center Grill area Pet play area Luxe at the Highlands 2330 Sawmill Place Boulevard, Columbus Total Units: 166 Built: 2019 Type: 5-Story Mid-Rise Key Unit Amenities: Stainless appliances Kitchen island In-unit washer/dryers Hardwood floors Walk-in closets Key Community Amenities: Pool and clubhouse Fitness center and tanning salon Business center Multi-use room Pet washing area Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 53 Sawmill Crossing 6700 Allister Way, Columbus Total Units: 364 Built: 2003 Type: 3-Story Mid-Rise Key Unit Amenities: In-unit washer/dryers Carpet and vinyl Walk-in closets Linen closet Key Community Amenities: Pool Fitness center Clubhouse Sundeck Grill area Riverside Green Apartments 6512 Linchmere Lane, Dublin Total Units: 166 Built: 1977 Type: 1-Story Low-Rise Key Unit Amenities: Linen closet Carpet and vinyl Built-in bookshelves Patio Key Community Amenities: Laundry facility Extra storage Riverside Village Apartments 3170-3194 Bethel Road, Columbus Total Units: 90 Built: 1989 Type: 2-Story Low-Rise Key Unit Amenities: Updated decor Walk-in closets Carpet and vinyl Linen closet Key Community Amenities: Laundry facility Controlled access Grill area Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 54 Reserve at Sawmill Ravine 3116 Hayden Road, Dublin Total Units: 213 Built: 1978 Type: 2-Story Low-Rise & Townhouses Key Unit Amenities: Updated décor In-unit washer/dryers Walk-in closets Carpet Key Community Amenities: Clubhouse Business center Extra storage Sterling Place 5399 Coachman Road, Dublin Total Units: 307 Built: 1990 Type: 3-Story Mid-Rise Key Unit Amenities: Stainless appliances and granite counters Pantry Loft layout Patio/balcony Key Community Amenities: Pool and sundeck Fitness center Clubhouse, lounge, and game room Roof terrace Basketball court and tennis court Pet play and wash area Braxton on Bethel 1500 Braeton Parkway, Columbus Total Units: 114 Built: 2016 Type: 3-Story Mid-Rise Key Unit Amenities: In-unit washer/dryers Hardwood floors Patio/balcony Key Community Amenities: Pool Fitness center Sundeck Source: Apartments.com, Apartmentfinder.com, individual complexes, Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 55 In Table 36—shown on the following page—summarizes the age, size, rental rate and occupancy information for all 72 market -rate apartment complexes throughout the Study Area. Age of Complexes More than 34% of the multi-family rental complexes in the Study Area were built after 2010 (see Figure 33). The complex with the newest apartments as of this report is Bridge Park, the massive multi-phase, multi-building modern development along the Scioto River. While some buildings in Bridge Park began opening in 2017, others have opened more recently, including the 81-unit Waddell in 2020. Future phases of Bridge Park are still in the pipeline, including The Bailey—a proposed 88-unit senior independent living building slated to open in the fall of 2023. Figure 33: Age of Study Area Multi-Family Rental Homes Source: Apartments.com, Apartmentfinder.com, Apartmentguide.com, individual complexes, Urban Partners The previous decade (2010 to 2019) witnessed the greatest number of multi -family units completed in the past 50 years, including five complexes in 2019. These consist of Jerome Grand in Jerome Township and three complexes clustered in the Highlands area —Harper House, Luxe, and Graham Park at the Highlands. The 25 complexes introduced to the Study Area’s rental market in the past decade offer a total of 5,947 units. The 2000s were a relatively slow period for multi -family rental development in the Study Area. Just eight complexes were built that decade which supplied a total of 2,410 units. The 1990s were only slightly more robust than the 2000s in terms of number of multi-family rental units constructed with a total of 3,095 built. However, these units were distributed among 14 complexes, with several buildings being much smaller than those constructed the following decade. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 56 Table 36: Market-Rate Rental Characteristics for Multi-Family Complexes in the Study Area Name Address City Year Opened Units Type Rent Size Rent/SF Availability (2/22) Availability (3/22+) Bridge Park 6741 Longshore Street Dublin 2017- 2023 720 Studio $799-$1,538 478-615 SF $1.67-$2.50 1 1 1 Bedroom $1,059-$2,113 737-960 SF $1.44-$2.20 1 1 2 Bedroom $1,769-$2,587 1,022-1,345 SF $1.73-$1.92 1 0 3 Bedroom $2,570-$3,289 1,485-2,147 SF $1.53-$1.73 0 0 4 Bedroom $4,121 2,792 SF $1.48 0 0 Jerome Grand 7027 Park Mill Drive Plain City 2019 300 1 Bedroom N/A 783 SF N/A 1 0 2 Bedroom N/A 1,120-1,264 SF N/A 3 0 3 Bedroom N/A 1,651 SF N/A 1 0 Harper House at the Highlands 2350 Sawmill Place Boulevard Columbus 2019 217 1 Bedroom $1,299-$1,404 595-850 SF $1.65-$2.18 3 8 2 Bedroom $1,632-$1,691 1,023-1,194 SF $1.42-$1.60 6 1 Luxe at the Highlands 2330 Sawmill Place Boulevard Columbus 2019 166 1 Bedroom $1,441-$1,825 813-1,155 SF $1.58-$1.77 7 3 2 Bedroom $2,007-$2,095 1,115-1,122 SF $1.80-$1.87 3 6 Graham Park at the Highlands 2930 Harper Isabelle Columbus 2019 216 1 Bedroom $1,291 675 SF $1.92 1 0 2 Bedroom $1,748-$1,764 1,038-1,135 SF $1.55-$1.64 6 0 Duncan Park 3021 Bethel Road Columbus 2019 72 1 Bedroom $1,275-$1,280 681 SF $1.87-$1.88 0 3 2 Bedroom $1,485-$1,630 1,055-1,149 SF $1.41-$1.42 1 4 Greydon House Apartments 5284 Avery Road Dublin 2018 144 1 Bedroom $1,037-$1,117 675 SF $1.54-$1.65 3 3 2 Bedroom $1,298-$1,390 1,038-1,135 SF $1.22-$1.25 4 8 Gage Crossing 5927 Avery Road Dublin 2018 196 1 Bedroom $1,050 685 SF $1.53 1 0 2 Bedroom $1,170-$1,245 960-970 SF $1.22-$1.28 2 0 The Charles at Riggins Run 5252 Riggins Run Dublin 2018 218 1 Bedroom $1,156 725-741 SF $1.56-$1.59 0 0 1 Bedroom N/A 836-854 SF N/A 0 0 2 Bedroom $1,559 1,209 SF $1.32 0 1 2 Bedroom N/A 1,048-1,452 SF N/A 0 0 Hawthorne Commons 4050 Hawthorne Lane Dublin 2017 86 1 Bedroom $2,158-$2,318 1,206-1,219 SF $1.79-$1.90 0 0 2 Bedroom $2,261-$2,807 1,379-1,623 SF $1.64-$1.73 0 0 Tuller Flats Apartments 4272 McCune Avenue Dublin 2017 420 1 Bedroom $1,099-$1,439 648-855 SF $1.68-$1.70 3 1 2 Bedroom $1,629-$1,979 1,081-1,290 SF $1.51-$1.53 0 0 The Wendell 4761 Riggins Road Dublin 2016 182 1 Bedroom N/A 723-800 SF N/A 0 0 2 Bedroom N/A 1,108-1,720 SF N/A 0 0 Grafton Park 2980 Mark Andrew Drive Dublin 2016 252 1 Bedroom $1,179-$1,219 720-778 SF $1.57-$1.64 4 0 2 Bedroom $1,459-$1,489 1,007-1,053 SF $1.12-$1.14 3 1 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 57 Braxton on Bethel 1500 Braeton Parkway Columbus 2016 114 1 Bedroom $1,024-$1,050 678 SF $1.51-$1.55 0 1 2 Bedroom $1,160-$1,250 933 SF $1.24-$1.34 1 1 Avery Brook Apartments 5315 Avery Road Dublin 2015 165 1 Bedroom $975-$1,030 823-844 SF $1.18-$1.22 0 0 2 Bedroom $1,195-$1,540 1,135-1,207 SF $1.05-$1.28 0 0 Hayden Lofts 4125 Hayden Lofts Place Dublin 2015 273 1 Bedroom $1,273 629 SF $2.02 0 1 1 Bedroom N/A 625-946 SF N/A 0 0 2 Bedroom N/A 1,072-1,303 SF N/A 0 0 District at Linworth 2425 W. Dublin- Granville Road Columbus 2015 326 1 Bedroom $1,249-$1,349 719-816 SF $1.65-$1.74 3 0 2 Bedroom $1,449-$1,499 1,111-1,202 SF $1.25-$1.30 3 0 3 Bedroom $2,399 1,951 SF $1.23 1 0 Berkley House 5300 Riverside Drive Upper Arlington 2015 255 1 Bedroom $1,290-$1,325 719-834 SF $1.59-$1.79 3 1 2 Bedroom $1,565-N/A 1,061-1,226 SF $1.48-N/A 2 1 Scioto Ridge Apartments 5639 Scioto Crest Drive Dublin 2015 152 1 Bedroom $1,068-$1,208 760-820 SF $1.41-$1.47 0 0 2 Bedroom $1,338-$1,469 1,072-1,132 SF $1.25-$1.30 0 0 Redwood Dublin 5464 Eagle River Dr. Dublin 2014 186 2 Bedroom $1,739-$2,001 1,129-1,429 SF $1.40-$1.54 0 0 The Pines at Tuttle Crossing 5303 Wilcox Road Dublin 2014 598 1 Bedroom $1,175-$1,225 820-882 SF $1.27-$1.31 2 0 2 Bedroom $1,075-$1,125 1,181 SF $0.91-$0.95 0 0 Strathmoor Apartments 5541 Bowland Boulevard Dublin 2014 276 Studio N/A 466 SF N/A 0 0 1 Bedroom $1,117-$1,462 684-906 SF $1.54-$1.96 0 4 1 Bedroom N/A 570-952 SF N/A 0 0 2 Bedroom $1,673 1,239 SF $1.35 0 1 Madden's Pointe 5548 Madden's Point Lane Dublin 2014 72 1 Bedroom $915 678 SF $1.35 0 1 2 Bedroom $980-$995 933 SF $1.05-$1.07 0 2 Wesbury Park Apartments 6667 Wesbury Park Avenue Columbus 2013 126 1 Bedroom $1,050-$1,125 720-778 SF $1.45-$1.46 0 2 2 Bedroom $1,294-$1,325 1,053 SF $1.23-$1.26 2 1 Hilliard Grand 5399 Grand Drive Dublin 2012 314 1 Bedroom $1,080 780 SF $1.38 0 1 2 Bedroom $1,430-$1,530 1,110-1,370 SF $1.17-$1.29 3 0 3 Bedroom $1,995 1,510 SF $1.32 1 0 LC Dublin 5730 Silver Falls Street Dublin 2009 552 1 Bedroom N/A 750-807 SF N/A 0 0 2 Bedroom N/A 925-1,332 SF N/A 0 0 Dublin Square Apartments 7331 Skyline Drive Columbus 2009 354 1 Bedroom $1,160-$1,235 720-778 SF $1.59-$1.61 3 3 2 Bedroom $1,340-$1,405 1,007-1,168 SF $1.20-$1.33 4 3 The Residences at Scioto Crossing 3900 Suffolk Drive Dublin 2006 174 1 Bedroom N/A 820-850 SF N/A 0 0 2 Bedroom $1,339-$1,705 1,050-1,220 SF $1.28-$1.40 2 4 3 Bedroom N/A 1,250 SF N/A 0 0 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 58 Garden Farms 7200 Garden Farms Parkway Dublin 2005 168 1 Bedroom $925-$1,199 588-796 SF $1.50-$1.57 0 0 2 Bedroom $1,209-$1,460 1,008-1,158 SF $1.20-$1.26 0 0 Times Square 4130 Times Square Boulevard Dublin 2003 355 1 Bedroom $993-$1,104 580-720 SF $1.51-$1.73 0 4 1 Bedroom N/A 590-1,150 SF N/A 0 0 2 Bedroom $1,406-$1,584 1,125-1,325 SF $1.20-$1.25 1 1 2 Bedroom N/A 1,145-1,500 SF N/A 0 0 3 Bedroom N/A 1,600 SF N/A 0 0 Sawmill Crossing 6700 Allister Way Columbus 2003 364 Studio $949 556 SF $1.71 3 0 1 Bedroom $925-N/A 637-1,003 SF $1.45-N/A 0 3 2 Bedroom $1,169-$1,339 957-1,214 SF $1.10-$1.22 9 3 The Crossings at Avery 6200 Avery Crossing Boulevard Dublin 2001 223 1 Bedroom $925-$955 800 SF $1.16-$1.19 0 0 2 Bedroom $1,060-$1,640 1,000-2,150 SF $0.76-$1.06 0 0 3 Bedroom $1,440-$1,920 1,600-2,300 SF $0.83-$0.90 0 0 The Orchard 5353 Wilcox Road Dublin 2000 220 Studio N/A 545 SF N/A 0 0 1 Bedroom N/A 700-820 SF N/A 0 1 2 Bedroom N/A 975-1,345 SF N/A 0 2 2 Bedroom $1,687 1,343-1,395 SF $1.21-$1.26 0 0 3 Bedroom N/A 1,620 SF N/A 0 0 Tuttle Parke Apartments 5701 Ebner Circle Dublin 1997 200 1 Bedroom $869 850 SF $1.02 0 0 2 Bedroom $1,050-$1,150 1,050-1,100 SF $1.00-$1.05 0 0 Glenmuir Apartments 2223 Craigside Drive Columbus 1996 272 1 Bedroom $879-$984 500-800 SF $1.23-$1.76 0 0 2 Bedroom $1,084-$1,264 1,000-1,100 SF $1.08-$1.15 0 0 Sycamore Ridge Apartments 6700 Sycamore Ridge Boulevard Dublin 1996 270 1 Bedroom $1,440-$1,465 878 SF $1.64-$1.67 1 1 2 Bedroom $1,400-$1,705 1,105-1,350 SF $1.26-$1.27 6 0 3 Bedroom $2,535-$2,540 1,474 SF $1.72 0 3 Tuttle's Grove Apartments 5885 Tuttle's Grove Boulevard Dublin 1994 519 1 Bedroom $830-$995 700-800 SF $1.19-$1.24 0 0 2 Bedroom $1,005-$1,127 1,000-1,375 SF $0.82-$1.01 0 0 3 Bedroom $1,485-$1,605 1,600-1,630 SF $0.93-$0.98 0 0 Vistas at Wedgewood 5500-5530 Windrift Drive Powell 1994 192 1 Bedroom $899-$999 750 SF $1.20-$1.33 0 0 2 Bedroom $999-$1,199 844 SF $1.18-$1.42 0 0 Emerald Lakes 4600 Emerald Lakes Boulevard Powell 1994 192 1 Bedroom $899-$999 750 SF $1.20-$1.33 1 0 2 Bedroom $999-$1,199 844 SF $1.18-$1.42 1 0 Perimeter Lakes Apartments 6146 Perimeter Lakes Drive Dublin 1992 189 1 Bedroom $1,060-$1,145 800 SF $1.33-$1.43 3 2 2 Bedroom $1,590-$1,635 1,000-1,400 SF $1.17-$1.59 2 2 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 59 Britton Woods Apartments 5489 Crescent Ridge Drive Dublin 1992 352 1 Bedroom $1,080-$1,155 588-805 SF $1.43-$1.84 4 0 2 Bedroom $1,225-$1,435 977-1,290 SF $1.11-$1.25 6 0 3 Bedroom $2,025 1,282 SF $1.58 1 0 Greensview Apartments 4066 Greensview Drive Powell 1991 96 1 Bedroom $799-$899 750 SF $1.07-$1.20 0 0 2 Bedroom $999 850 SF $1.18 0 0 Victoria Place Commons 2001 Queensgate Ln. Columbus 1991 20 2 Bedroom $1,249-$1,330 1,900 SF $0.66-$0.70 0 0 Camden Place 14311 Camden Circle Dublin 1990 238 1 Bedroom $1,140 740 SF $1.54 0 1 2 Bedroom $1,287-$1,664 978-1,381 SF $1.20-$1.32 1 2 2 Bedroom N/A 1,042-1,538 SF N/A 0 0 Spring Leaf Place 2920 Snouffer Road Columbus 1990 56 1 Bedroom N/A 729-920 SF N/A 0 0 2 Bedroom N/A-$1,705 1,103-1,183 SF N/A-$1.44 1 0 Sawmill Ridge 6564 Millridge Circle Dublin 1990 192 1 Bedroom $956 600 SF $1.59 3 0 2 Bedroom $1,254 900 SF $1.39 1 2 Sterling Place Apartments 5539 Coachman Road Columbus 1990 307 1 Bedroom $1,018-$1,096 605-850 SF $1.29-$1.68 1 5 2 Bedroom $1,405-$1,504 1,135-1,400 SF $1.07-$1.24 0 4 3 Bedroom $1,433-$1,587 1,292 SF $1.11-$1.23 1 1 Copperleaf 8619 Gold Leaf Lane Dublin 1989 108 2 Bedroom $1,098-$1,158 900 SF $1.22-$1.29 1 1 Riverside Village 3170-3194 Bethel Road Columbus 1989 90 Studio $825-$875 500 SF $1.65-$1.75 0 0 1 Bedroom $925-$975 616 SF $1.50-$1.58 0 0 2 Bedroom $1,025-$1,075 717 SF $1.43-$1.50 0 0 Heathermore & Bedford Commons 2645 Hard Road Columbus 1988 392 1 Bedroom $925-$980 650 SF $1.42-$1.51 2 3 2 Bedroom $1,150-$1,515 950-1,650 SF $0.92-$1.21 9 1 Sawmill Place Apartments 7150 Bent Tree Blvd. Columbus 1988 128 2 Bedroom $769 600 SF $1.28 0 0 Asherton at Dublin 5400 Asherton Boulevard Dublin 1987 514 1 Bedroom $1,248-$1.312 868-930 SF $1.41-$1.44 1 2 1 Bedroom N/A 731-1,180 SF N/A 0 0 2 Bedroom $1,498-$2,014 986-1,637 SF $1.23-$1.52 8 10 2 Bedroom N/A 1,294-2,214 SF N/A 0 0 Olde Mill Lakes Apartments 2677 Collinford Drive Dublin 1987 264 1 Bedroom N/A 764 SF N/A 0 0 2 Bedroom $1,161-$1,181 1,124-1,209 SF $0.98-$1.03 1 2 TGM Worthington Green Apartments 1739 Wetherburn Drive Columbus 1987 173 1 Bedroom $1,130 874 SF $1.29 0 0 2 Bedroom $1,235-$1,330 1,004 SF $1.23-$1.32 0 3 Bent Tree Apartments 7200 Chadwood Lane Dublin 1987 256 1 Bedroom $1,135 736 SF $1.54 1 0 2 Bedroom $1,245-$1,325 901-1,071 SF $1.24-$1.38 1 0 TGM Meadow View 3300 W. Dublin- Granville Road Columbus 1987 312 1 Bedroom $1,030-$1,095 646-787 SF $1.39-$1.59 1 7 2 Bedroom $1,380-$1,395 1,213-1,248 SF $1.12-$1.14 6 0 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 60 Arbors of Dublin 2979 Green Arbor Lane Dublin 1987 288 1 Bedroom $1,009-$1,319 598-1,081 SF $1.22-$1.69 9 3 2 Bedroom $1,329-$1,350 1,086-1,095 SF $1.22-$1.23 4 1 3 Bedroom $1,509-$1,524 1,264 SF $1.19-$1.21 2 1 Saw Mill Village Apartments 6900 Sawmill Village Drive Dublin 1986 340 1 Bedroom $1,065-$1,420 897-1,078 SF $1.19-$1.32 6 3 2 Bedroom $1,205-$1,350 1,171 SF $1.03-$1.15 3 2 3 Bedroom $1,570-$1,755 1,273-1,465 SF $1.20-$1.23 2 4 Karric Place of Dublin 3970 Brelsford Lane Dublin 1985 540 Studio $740 300 SF $2.47 3 0 1 Bedroom $925-$1,134 600 SF $1.54-$1.89 3 0 2 Bedroom $1,132-$1,311 900 SF $1.26-$1.46 3 0 Mill Run Place Apartments 7956 Hamill Drive Dublin 1985 24 2 Bedroom $883-$939 900 SF $0.98-$1.04 0 0 Abington Village Apartments 2500 Hard Road Columbus 1985 306 2 Bedroom $1,375-$1,825 1,600 SF $0.86-$1.14 10 0 Montgomery Court Apartments 7884 Rhapsody Drive Dublin 1985 117 Studio $749 288 SF $2.06 0 0 1 Bedroom $769-$824 576 SF $1.34-$1.43 0 0 2 Bedroom $959-$1,014 864 SF $1.11-$1.17 0 0 Dublin Park 5211 Sawmill Road Dublin 1985 470 2 Bedroom $1,299 1,300 SF $1.00 1 0 Island Club 2225 Montego Boulevard Columbus 1985 308 1 Bedroom $1,154-$1,460 608-890 SF $1.64-$1.90 0 1 2 Bedroom $1,414-$1,817 780-1,072 SF $1.69-$1.72 0 2 Shadow Lakes Apartments & Townhouses 1349 Island Bay Drive Columbus 1985 222 1 Bedroom N/A N/A N/A 0 0 2 Bedroom N/A 1,383 SF N/A 0 0 Sawmill Commons Apartments 2555 Summer Drive Dublin 1984 420 1 Bedroom $1,021-$1,096 756-812 SF $1.35 0 3 2 Bedroom $1,179-$1,364 1,013-1,304 SF $1.05-$1.16 0 3 Sawbury Commons 2637 Sawbury Blvd. Columbus 1983 96 2 Bedroom $1,099 1,080 SF $1.02 1 0 Scioto Commons Apartments 6180 Riverside Drive Dublin 1981 136 2 Bedroom $1,050-$1,225 1,000 SF $1.05-$1.23 0 0 Turkey Run Village 219-225 Perth Drive Dublin 1980 80 1 Bedroom $1,178 758 SF $1.55 0 0 2 Bedroom $1,283-$1,413 955-1,104 SF $1.28-$1.34 0 0 Summerwood Townhomes 1901 Sawbury Blvd. Columbus 1979 36 2 Bedroom N/A 1,600 SF N/A 0 0 Reserve at Sawmill Ravine 3116 Hayden Road Dublin 1978 213 1 Bedroom $1,089 699 SF $1.56 1 0 2 Bedroom $1,120-$1,290 960-975 SF $1.17-$1.32 3 0 Riverside Green Apartments 6512 Linchmere Lane Dublin 1977 160 Studio $700 300 SF $2.33 0 0 1 Bedroom $820 600 SF $1.37 0 0 2 Bedroom $975 900 SF $1.08 0 0 Source: Apartments.com, Apartmentfinder.com, Apartmentguide.com, Rent.com, individual complexes, Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 61 In contrast to the Aughts and ‘90s, the 1980s brought significant multi -family rental growth to the Study Area similar to that of the 2010s. During the ‘80s, 22 complexes were built containing 5,584 units. The first multi -family apartment complexes in the Study Area date to the late 1970s, when three buildings containing a total of 409 units were constructed. The oldest multi-family rental complex is the 160-unit Riverside Green Apartments, built in 1977. Number of Units Multi-family rental communities in the Study Area are generally large, with an average size of 244 units. When completed, the largest complex in Dublin will be the 702-unit Bridge Park, which consists of multiple residential buildings situated throughout the district managed by a single entity. The next largest development and the largest traditional complex in the Study Area—the Pines at Tuttle Crossing —consists of 598 units. Other larger complexes containing 400 units or more include: Karric Place of Dublin (540 units), LC Dublin (552 units), Asherton at Dublin (514 units), Dublin Park (470 units), and Sawmill Commons and Tuller Flats Apartments (both with 420 units). Thirteen complexes contain between 300 and 400 units, while 18 have 200 to 300 units. There are 32 complexes in the Study Area with less than 200 units. Rents Rents at multi-family apartment complexes in the Study Area examined in Table 36 cover a variety of price-points—ranging from $0.64 to $2.50 SF. The upper end of this scale can be found at Bridge Park, the area’s newest and largest multi-family complex that is still under construction. Bridge Park offers studios, one -bedroom, two-bedroom, three-bedroom, and four-bedroom apartments. Amenities there include a pool, bike storage, 24-hour maintenance, outdoor fireplace & grill stations, and immediate proximity to the commercial and recreational assets of the surrounding district. Rents at Bridge Park currently have the following ranges: Studio units: $799 to $1,538 per month ($1.67 to $2.50 per SF) One-bedroom units: $1,059 to $2,113 per month ($1.44 to $2.20 per SF) Two-bedroom units: $1,769 to $2,587 per month ($1.73 to $1.92 per SF) Three-bedroom units: $2,570 to $3,289 per month ($1.53 to $1.73 per SF) Four-bedroom unit: $4,121 per month ($1.48 per SF) Aside from Bridge Park, newer complexes constructed since 2010 are commanding the following rent ranges: One-bedroom units: $915 to $2,318 per month ($1.35 to $1.90 per SF) Two-bedroom units: $1,075 to $2,807 per month ($0.91 to $1.73 per SF) Three-bedroom units: $1,995 to $2,399 per month ($1.23 to $1.32 per SF) By comparison, complexes constructed in the 2000s are commanding the following rent ranges: Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 62 Studio unit: $949 per month ($1.71 per SF) One-bedroom units: $925 to $1,235 per month ($1.16 to $1.61 per SF) Two-bedroom units: $1,060 to $1,705 per month ($0.76 to $1.40 per SF) Three-bedroom units: $1,440 to $1,620 per month ($1.28 to $1.40 per SF) Complexes constructed in the 1990s are commanding the following rent ranges: One-bedroom units: $799 to $1,465 per month ($1.07 to $1.67 per SF) Two-bedroom units: $999 to $1,705 per month ($1.18 to $1.44 per SF) Three-bedroom units: $1,433 to $2,540 per month ($1.11 to $1.72 per SF) Complexes constructed in the 1980s are commanding the following rent ranges: Studio units: $740 to $875 per month ($1.75 to $2.47 per SF) One-bedroom units: $769 to $1,460 per month ($1.34 to $1.64 per SF) Two-bedroom units: $769 to $1,825 per month ($1.14 to $1.28 per SF) Three-bedroom units: $1,509 to $1,755 per month ($1.19 to $1.20 per SF) Finally, complexes constructed in the 1970s are commanding the following rent ranges: Studio unit: $700 per month ($2.33 per SF) One-bedroom units: $820 to $1,089 per month ($1.37 to $1.56 per SF) Two-bedroom units: $975 to $1,290 per month ($1.08 to $1.32 per SF) As the rent ranges described above show, rents generally become lower as complexes get older. However, in most instances, rents per square foot remain largely consistent or even increase for the older buildings. This indicates that the newer units tend to be larger than the older ones but at the same time, older complexes are remaining comparable to, and competitive with, the newest complexes in terms of quality . Figure 32 above demonstrates that most of the Study Area’s multi -family complexes have similar amenities regardless of their age. Availability Dublin appears to have an extremely competitive multi-family rental housing market in terms of availability. At the time of this research (February 2022), a total of 213 units were available to rent out of 17,544 total units in the 72 Study Area multi-family rental communities, representing an overall vacancy rate of 1.2%7. The Arbors at Dublin reported the highe st vacancy rate at 5.2% (15 units available for rent in February 2022). In terms of unit type available in February 2022, there were 7 studio units, 72 one-bedroom units, 125 two-bedroom units, and 9 three-bedroom units. 7 Includes units available in February. It does not include units available starting March 1 and after. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 63 Individual Apartments for Rent Aside from the larger multi-family complexes, additional market -rate rental housing units in the Study Area are found mostly in condominiums, detached homes, duplexes, and townhouses. Most include basic amenities, including in -home washers/dryers, porches or patios, yards, and off-street parking. As of April 2022, there wer e several such apartments available for rent (see Table 37). Table 37: Summary of Available Individual Homes for Rent Address City Year Built Type Rent SF Rent/SF BR BA 1540 Slade Avenue Columbus 1973 Condo $1,000 900 $1.11 2 1.5 1440 Slade Avenue Columbus 1973 Condo $1,150 900 $1.28 2 1.5 3858 Carberry Drive Dublin 2006 Condo $1,349 1,504 $0.90 2 2.0 7917 Verandah Court Powell 1981 Condo $1,350 1,056 $1.28 2 1.5 6735 Meadow Creek Drive Columbus 1996 Condo $1,350 1,093 $1.24 2 2.0 3829 Carberry Drive Dublin 2006 Condo $1,420 1,200 $1.18 2 2.0 2635 Summer Drive Dublin 1984 Condo $1,425 1,380 $1.03 2 1.5 6239 Craughwell Lane Dublin 1998 Condo $1,500 1,104 $1.36 2 2.0 2232 Murphy Way Columbus 1994 Condo $1,500 1,200 $1.25 2 2.0 331 St. Andrews Drive Dublin 1980 Condo $1,600 1,424 $1.12 2 1.5 2260 Sandman Drive Columbus 1995 Condo $1,695 1,024 $1.66 2 2.5 7780 Sawmill Road Dublin N/A Condo $1,750 1,152 $1.52 2 2.5 5897 Canyon Creek Drive Dublin 2007 Condo $1,790 1,640 $1.09 2 2.5 2096 Coleman Drive Columbus 1994 Condo $1,850 1,968 $0.94 3 2.5 7766 Willowcove Court Dublin 1982 Detached House $1,195 1,000 $1.20 2 1.5 1421 Snowmass Road Columbus N/A Detached House $1,325 1,000 $1.33 2 1.5 189 N. Chillicothe Street Plain City 1948 Detached House $1,490 720 $2.07 2 1.0 1855 Fontenay Court Columbus 1981 Detached House $2,300 1,459 $1.58 2 4.0 7306 Coldstream Drive Columbus 1983 Detached House $2,450 1,839 $1.33 2 1.5 1600 Barnard Drive Powell 1983 Detached House $1,600 1,000 $1.60 3 1.0 633 Amston Drive Dublin 1977 Detached House $1,700 1,498 $1.13 3 2.5 6653 Canaan Circle Dublin 1981 Detached House $1,725 991 $1.74 3 1.0 6346 W. Mohican Drive Powell 1900 Detached House $1,800 1,376 $1.31 3 2.0 3932 Oshannon Road Dublin 1987 Detached House $1,800 1,408 $1.28 3 1.5 5546 Tygart Valley Drive Dublin N/A Detached House $1,945 1,818 $1.07 3 2.5 5849 Buckhannon Street Dublin 2012 Detached House $1,950 2,034 $0.96 3 2.5 3157 Millbury Avenue Dublin 1983 Detached House $1,995 1,498 $1.33 3 2.5 1638 Waterstone Court Columbus N/A Detached House $2,000 1,000 $2.00 3 2.0 2033 Queensbridge Drive Columbus 1977 Detached House $2,000 1,168 $1.71 3 1.5 5436 Goose Falls Drive Dublin 2016 Detached House $2,075 1,213 $1.71 3 2.0 8811 Seabright Drive Powell 1983 Detached House $2,095 1,162 $1.80 3 2.0 1760 Weather Stone Lane Columbus 1987 Detached House $2,100 1,274 $1.65 3 2.0 6349 Dummerston Court Dublin 1977 Detached House $2,100 2,200 $0.95 3 2.0 8679 Broadacre Drive Powell 1988 Detached House $2,145 1,584 $1.35 3 1.5 1676 Laramie Drive Powell 1985 Detached House $2,145 1,406 $1.53 3 1.5 5972 McIntyre Drive Dublin 1990 Detached House $2,230 1,377 $1.62 3 2.0 6000 Meadowsglen Drive Dublin 1987 Detached House $1,850 1,700 $1.09 4 2.0 5545 Goose Falls Drive Dublin 2009 Detached House $2,045 1,475 $1.39 4 1.5 3087 Meadowshire Court Dublin 1987 Detached House $2,150 1,588 $1.35 4 2.0 5614 Ramblewood Court Columbus 1977 Detached House $2,500 2,450 $1.02 4 2.5 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 64 2315 Sawbury Boulevard Columbus 1982 Detached House $2,625 2,334 $1.12 4 2.5 8222 Longhorn Road Powell 1984 Detached House $2,700 2,728 $0.99 4 3.0 1921 Shallowford Avenue Columbus 1977 Detached House $2,730 2,282 $1.20 4 3.0 3087 Strathaven Court Dublin 1983 Detached House $2,805 2,118 $1.32 4 2.5 7203 Shady Nelms Drive Dublin N/A Detached House $2,875 2,640 $1.09 4 2.5 5602 Braeside Court Dublin 1988 Detached House $3,200 3,548 $0.90 4 3.0 5598 Dundon Court Dublin 1991 Detached House $5,000 8,000 $0.63 5 6.0 1690 Hightower Drive Columbus N/A Duplex $1,680 1,230 $1.37 3 2.0 7583 Pickett Lane Columbus 1983 Duplex $1,495 1,540 $0.97 3 1.5 1748 Watertower Drive Columbus 1980 Duplex $1,295 1,200 $1.08 3 1.5 3097 Jackielane Drive Columbus 1971 Townhouse $995 1,000 $1.00 2 1.0 7316 Chaparral Road Columbus 1984 Townhouse $1,019 1,600 $0.64 2 1.5 7400 Golden Springs Drive Columbus N/A Townhouse $1,075 1,100 $0.98 2 1.5 3122 Jackielane Drive Columbus 1971 Townhouse $1,095 1,000 $1.10 2 1.0 7367 Chaparral Road Columbus 1985 Townhouse $1,099 1,350 $0.81 2 1.5 6182 Michaelkenney Lane Dublin N/A Townhouse $1,130 1,040 $1.09 2 1.5 4213 W. Dublin-Granville Rd Dublin N/A Townhouse $1,300 1,100 $1.18 2 1.5 7378 Chaparral Road Columbus 1984 Townhouse $1,325 1,024 $1.29 2 1.5 1725 Park Village Drive Columbus 1984 Townhouse $1,395 1,608 $0.87 2 2.5 1656 Park Row Drive Columbus 1981 Townhouse $1,399 1,208 $1.16 2 2.5 Source: Apartments.com, Zillow.com, Craigslist, Urban Partners Condominiums Condominiums for rent in the Study Area as of April 2022 are all two -bedroom units except for one three-bedroom unit. The highest rent commanded among available condominiums is $1,850 per month for a 1,968 SF three-bedroom home (also the largest available unit), or $0.94 per SF. This is one of the lowest rents on a square-footage basis among available condominiums for rent. More commonly, condos range from about $1.10 to $1.30 per SF, however a couple exceed $1.50. Overall, rents range from $1,000 to $1,790 per month for two- bedroom units. Figure 34: Sample of Available Condominiums for Rent 331 St. Andrews Drive 7780 Sawmill Road 2260 Sandman Drive Source: Zillow.com, Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 65 Detached Homes Single-family detached homes for rent in the Study Area as of April 2022 range from two - to five-bedroom units. The highest rent commanded among available detached homes is $5,000 per month for a large 8,000 SF five-bedroom home (also the largest available detached home), or $0.63 per SF. This is the lowest rent on a square-footage basis among available detached homes for rent. More commonly, detached homes range fro m about $0.90 to $1.80 per SF, however a few exceed $2.00. Overall, rents range from $1,195 to $2,450 per month for two - bedroom homes; from $1,600 to $2,2300 per month for three-bedroom homes; and from $1,850 to $3,200 per month for four-bedroom homes. Figure 35: Sample of Available Detached Homes for Rent 7203 Shady Nelms Drive 1676 Laramie Drive 2033 Queensbridge Drive Source: Zillow.com, Urban Partners Duplexes As of April 2022, there were just three duplexes available for rent in the Study Area, all three- bedroom units. The highest rent commanded among available duplexes is $1,680 per month for a 1,230 SF unit, or $1.37 per SF. This is also the highest rent on a square -footage basis among available duplexes for rent. The other two duplexes are $0.97 to $1.08 per SF, with rents of $1,495 to $1,295 per month, respectively. Figure 36: Sample of Available Duplexes for Rent 1690 Hightower Drive 1728 Watertower Drive 7583 Pickett Lane Source: Zillow.com, Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 66 Townhomes Townhomes for rent in the Study Area as of April 2022 are all two-bedroom units. The highest rent commanded among available condominiums is $1,399 per month for a 1,208 SF three- bedroom home, or $1.16 per SF. This is the third-highest rent on a square-footage basis among available townhomes for rent. More commonly, townhomes range from about $0.81 to $1.18 per SF. Overall, rents range from $995 to $1,399 per month for two-bedroom units. Figure 37: Sample of Available Townhomes for Rent 7400 Golden Springs Drive 3122 Jackielane Drive 7378 Chaparral Road Source: Zillow.com, Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 67 8. Peer Communities Comparison For the purpose of benchmarking the City of Dublin to peer communities located in the Columbus Metropolitan Region, as well as other suburban communities in other comparable metropolitan regions, various demographic and housing-related data were examined for the following eleven cities: Columbus Region Other Regions Delaware. OH Hilliard, OH Marysville, OH New Albany, OH Powell, OH Upper Arlington, OH Westerville, OH Worthington, OH Franklin, TN (Nashville Metro) Carmel, IN (Indianapolis Metro) Mason, OH (Cincinnati Metro) General Demographics The total population of the examined peer communities ranged from 10,825 residents (new Albany, OH) to 99,757 residents (Carmel, IN, see Figure 38). Figure 38: Total Population, 2020 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; Urban Partners Upper 36,800 OH Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 68 From 2010 to 2020, the population of Dublin grew by 18.1%, which ranks seventh among the comparison cities. The fastest growing city is New Albany, which grew by 40.1% from 2010 t0 2020 (see Figure 39). Figure 39: Percentage of Population Growth, 2010-2020 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 69 Figure 40 summarizes the residents of the comparison cities by generational segments. For the purposes of this analysis, Gen Alpha are children under 5 years-of-age, individuals in Gen Z are between the ages of 5 and 24, Millennials are between the ages of 25 to 39, Gen Xers are between the ages of 40 and 54, Baby Boomers are between the ages of 55 and 74, and individuals in the Post War Generation are 75 years-of-age and older. In comparison to the 11-city average, Dublin is notably younger, as the Gen Z and the Millennial populations are 4% larger. Furthermore, Dublin has fewer Baby Boomers (17% compared to 20% for the 11-city average) and seniors in the Post-War Generation (4% compared to 6%). Figure 40: Population by Generational Segment, 2019 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 70 Figure 41 illustrates the median household income for the comparison cities. Dublin ranks third on the list with $137,867, trailing only New Albany ($203,409) and Powell ($157,149). Figure 41: Median Household Income, 2019 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 71 The age of the housing stock in Dublin ranks in the middle of the pack among the comparison cities, with a median year built of 1994 (see Figure 42). The oldest housing stock can be found in Upper Arlington (median year built of 1959) while the newest homes are found in New Albany (median year built of 2003). Figure 42: Median Year Home Built Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; Urban Partners 2003 1994 1995 Dublin, OH OH Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 72 Dublin’s 76.1% homeownership rate ranks seventh among the peer communities. Powell and New Albany are almost exclusively owner-occupied, reporting homeownership rates of 98.0% and 92.4%, respectively (see Figure 43). Figure 43: Rate of Homeownership, 2019 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 73 Figure 44 illustrates the percentage of larger multi-family rentals with 20+ units as a percentage of all rental homes. With 19.2% of its rental housing stock in larger structures, Dublin ranks fifth among the peer communities, trailing Westerville (27.9%), Carmel, IN (24.9%), Franklin, TN (23.9%), and Powell (19.8%). Figure 44: Percentage of Rental Units in Larger Multi-Family Structures (20+ units), 2019 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; Urban Partners 0.0% Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 74 Figure 45 illustrates the percentage of single-family rentals as a percentage of all rental homes. Dublin is in the middle of the pack with 31.5% of its rentals categorized as single-family homes. Figure 45: Percentage of Rental Units in Single-Family Structures, 2019 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 75 Figure 46 illustrates the population density for the peer communities, defined as the number of persons residing per square mile. Dublin is again in the middle of the pack with 1,971 persons per square mile. Upper Arlington reports the highest population density with 3,747 persons per square mile, while New Albany is the leas t dense with 704 residents per square mile. Figure 46: Population Density (Persons per Sq. Mi), 2020 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 76 Housing Value and Affordability Dublin is a relatively expensive community in terms of the value of owner -occupied homes, with a median value of $377,500. Four communities report higher med ian values of owner- occupied homes: New Albany ($515,100), Franklin, TN ($438,800), Upper Arlington ($429,100), and Powell ($386,200, see Figure 47). Figure 47: Median Value of Owner-Occupied Home, 2019 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 77 For median owner costs for households with home mortgages, Dublin is one of the most expensive with $2,586 per month, trailing only New Albany ($3,496 per month, see Figure 48). Figure 48: Median Owner Costs – with a Mortgage, 2019 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 78 For median gross rent, Dublin ranks fourth with $1,379 per month. New Albany has the highest median gross rent of $1,904 per month, followed by Powell ($1,677) and Franklin, TN ($1,481, see Figure 49). Figure 49: Median Gross Rent, 2019 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 79 Dublin reports one of the lowest percentages of low-income households at 10.5%, trailing only Powell (8.7%) and New Albany (10.2%).8 Communities with the highest percentage of low - income households are Marysville (39.7%) and Delaware (34.8, see Figure 50) Figure 50: Percentage of Low-Income Households, 2018 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; Urban Partners 8 The definition of “low-income” refers to households that earn less than 80% of the Area Median Income. For the Columbus Region in 2018, a household of four earning less than $61,100 is considered below 80% of the Area Median Income and thus “low-income.” Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 80 Figure 51 illustrates the percentage of households with housing cost burden—defined as housing expenditures exceeding 30% of the total household income. 15.6% of Dublin households are cost burdened, which is the second lowest among the comparison communities behind Powell at 13.9%. Communities with the highest housing cost burden are Delaware (25.0%) and Marysville (24.6%)—two cities with the highest percentage of low - income households, as indicated in Figure 50. Figure 51: Percentage of Households with Housing Cost Burden, 2018 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 81 Figure 52 shows the housing cost burden for owner-occupied households. Dublin reports the third lowest rate of housing cost burden for homeowners at 13.8%. Carmel, IN, and Powell report the lowest rates at 11.4% and 13.2%, respectively. Figure 52: Percentage of Owner Households with Housing Cost Burden, 2018 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 82 Figure 53 shows the housing cost burden for renter households. Dublin has the lowest rate of housing cost burden for renters at 21.8%. Hilliard reports the highest cost burden for renters at 43.3%, followed by Powell at 42.9%. Figure 53: Percentage of Renter Households with Housing Cost Burden, 2018 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 83 Jobs and Employment Figure 54 shows the number of jobs located in each of the comparison cities. With 48,007 jobs reported in 2019, Dublin ranks third among the peer communities, trailing only Franklin, TN (81,166 jobs) and Carmel, IN (73,607). Figure 54: Jobs Located in the City, 2019 Source: U.S. Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies, Urban Partners 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 84 Finally, Figure 55 illustrates the percentage of workers who also reside in the same city. In 2019, 7.4% of the workforce in Dublin were residents. Carmel, IN, and Franklin, TN—the two communities with larger workforces than Dublin—reported much higher percentage of workers living and residing in their cities, with 14.6% for Carmel, IN, and 13.6% for Franklin, TN. Figure 55: Percentage of Total Workforce Who Are Residents, 2019 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; Urban Partners 0.0% Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 85 Summary Comparison Figure 56 summarizes Dublin’s ranking for the various demographic and housing-related indicators analyzed above. Figure 56: Where Does Dublin Rank Among Peer Cities? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Larger Population Smaller Population Fast Growing Slow Growing Newer Housing Older Housing High-Density Low-Density Younger Population Older Population Wealthier Poorer High Homeownership Low Homeownership Expensive Inexpensive Larger Employment Center Smaller Employment Center Source: U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies, Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 86 9. Population Projections, Future Housing Needs Population Growth Assumptions & Housing Demand The Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission (MORPC) has developed population forecasts through 2050 for the region. The population forecasts were prepared for small geographic areas that can be aggregated to approximate the current boundaries of the City of Dublin (with some minor adjustments) and of the larger Study Area used for this report. These forecasts project that the population located within the current boundaries of the City of Dublin will grow by more than 11,000 persons to 60,500 by 2040 (see Table 38). Similarly, the population of the larger Study Area is projected to grow by over 31,000 to 167,500 by 2040. Table 38: Population Growth Forecasts, Dublin & Study Area, 2020-2040 City of Dublin (Current Boundary) Study Area 2010 Census Population 41,751 108,579 2020 Census Population 49,328 136,345 2025 Population Forecast 51,700 143,800 2030 Population Forecast 54,300 151,300 2035 Population Forecast 57,300 159,200 2040 Population Forecast 60,500 167,500 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission; Urban Partners The 2020 Census reported that only 737 Dublin residents lived in group quarters, almost all of them (635) in nursing homes and similar facilities. These 737 group quarters residents were two-thirds of all group quarters residents in the Study Area. The MORPC forecasts show group quarters population remaining constant at about 1,100 for the Study Area through 2040, then growing after 2040. On the other hand, the MORPC forecasts (consistent with national trends) anticipate persons over the age of 65 increasing from 13% of the regional population in 2020 to 16% in 2040. We believe this second factor (an aging population) will require more group quarters facilities before 2040. Based on this dynamic, we anticipate that a growing share of Dublin area residents will require group quarters facilities such as assisted living and nursing homes. As shown on Table 39 below, the population in nursing home and assisted living facilities can be expected to grow to 1,400 in the Study Area by 2030 (950 in Dublin) and 1,700 by 2040 (1,150 in Dublin). Table 39: Estimated Group Quarters Population, 2020-2040 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 87 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 City of Dublin Total Population 49,328 51,700 54,300 57,300 60,500 Group Quarters Population 737 850 950 1,050 1,150 Population in Households 48,591 50,850 53,350 56,250 59,350 Study Area Total Population 136,345 143,800 151,300 159,200 167,500 Group Quarters Population 1,100 1,250 1,400 1,550 1,700 Population in Households 135,245 142,550 149,900 157,650 165,800 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission; Urban Partners As shown in Table 40 below, the remaining Dublin population (about 53,350 by 2030 and 59,350 in 2040) will reside in households. Similarly, for the larger Study Area, household population is expected to grow to 149,900 by 2030 and 165,800 by 2040. This represents by 2040 an overall growth of 30,555 in Study Area population residing in households of which 10,759 will be at sites currently located inside the Dublin boundaries and 19,796 will be outside. Depending on sewer service arrangements and other factors, some of this 19,796 population may annex to the City of Dublin. In its forecasts, MORPC also projects the expected number of households (see Table 40 on the following page). The projected number of Dublin households in 2030 will have grown to nearly 20,000 and by 2040 to 22,320. This reflects a modest decline in average household size. Reported housing vacancy in Dublin in 2020 is a very low at 1.1%. For this analysis, we assume vacancy will increase slowly through 2040 to a still modest 3.4%. With those factors, we estimate that Dublin will need 1,200 additional housing units in the 2020 to 2025 period; 1,040 more between 2025 and 2030; then another 2,610 in the 2030s decade. Total additional housing units required in Dublin in the twenty-year period from 2020 to 2040 will be 4,850. This, however, will be only a fraction of the total household and housing unit demand growth in the larger Study Area. MORPC anticipates total households in the Study Area to grow to 67,000 by 2040. However, the MORPC forecasts also assume an aging population, which we believe will cause a decline in average household size for the Study Area from the 2.45 rate in 2020 to 2.40 by 2040. Based on that modified assumption of the household size, we estimate total households in the Study Area at 69,100 in 2040. Accommodating this population growth in the overall Study Area will result in 7,203 additional Study Area households by 2030 and 13,853 more households by 2040. Study Area vacancy in 2020 was very high at 5.5%; we assume this will decline to 4.5% by 2040. With those factors, we estimate that Study Area will need more than 3,700 additional housing units in the 2020 to 2025 period; 3,540 more between 2025 and 2030; then another 6,620 in the 2030s decade. Total additional housing units required in the Study Area in the twenty-year period from 2020 to 2040 will be 13,870, including the 4,850 within the current boundaries of Dublin as noted above. Table 40:Estimated Population in Households, Total Housing Need, 2020-2040 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 88 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 City of Dublin Population in Households 48,591 50,850 53,350 56,250 59,350 Estimated Households 18,064 18,970 19,930 21,040 22,320 Average Household Size 2.69 2.68 2.68 2.67 2.66 Estimate Housing Units 18,261 Vacancy 1.1% 2.5% 2.8% 3.1% 3.4% Housing Units Required 19,460 20,500 21,710 23,110 New Units Required: 2020-25 1,200 New Units Required: 2025-30 1,040 New Units Required: 2030-35 1,210 New Units Required: 2035-40 1,400 Total Units Required 2020-40 4,850 Study Area Population in Households 135,245 142,550 149,900 157,650 165,800 Estimated Households 55,247 58,900 62,450 65,700 69,100 Average Household Size 2.45 2.42 2.40 2.40 2.40 Estimate Housing Units 58,487 Vacancy 5.5% 5.3% 5.0% 4.8% 4.5% Housing Units Required 62,200 65,740 69,010 72,360 New Units Required: 2020-25 3,713 New Units Required: 2025-30 3,540 New Units Required: 2030-35 3,270 New Units Required: 2035-40 3,350 Total Units Required 2020-40 13,870 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission; Urban Partners Population Growth by Age Group The manner in which the Study Area’s population age composition will evolve in the coming two decades will inform necessary components of the 13,870 total housing demand. The MORPC forecasts provide detail on growth in three broad population groups living in households: children under 18; adults 18 to 64, and seniors age 65+ (see Table 41). Table 41: Dublin Area Population in Households Forecast by Age 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 City of Dublin Under 18 Years 14,790 15,120 15,880 16,760 17,550 18 to 64 Years 29,670 29,970 30,950 32,580 34,860 65+ Years 5,030 5,760 6,520 6,910 6,940 Study Area Under 18 Years 33,980 35,600 37,820 40,240 42,380 18 to 64 Years 87,620 89,930 92,680 96,890 102,770 65+ Years 14,650 17,020 19,400 20,520 20,650 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission; Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 89 While growth is anticipated in all age groups, the most dramatic changes—following national trends—are in the age 65+ population, with a 41% increase in the Study Area and 38% increase in Dublin. This is in addition to the anticipated increase in seniors residing in group facilities (nursing home; assisted living facilities). Components of Housing Demand To utilize those age-specific forecasts, Urban Partners analyzed the 2019 ACS data for the Study Area to understand the demand for housing by age of householder and tenure. As shown on Table 42, the householder per capita ratio (i.e., the ratio of people who are head of a household to the total population within a specific age group) varies between 18 to 64 age adults and seniors in the City of Dublin from 0.500 householders per capita for those ages 18 to 64 to 0.595 householders per capita for those ages 65 and older. Similarly, in the overall Study Area the variation between 18 to 64 age adults and seniors ranges from 0.536 householders per capita for those ages 18 to 64 to 0.670 householders per capita for those ages 65 and older. We must note that the homeownership rate is exceptionally high in Dublin with 75.5% of age 18 to 64 householders and 78.7% of senior householders being homeowners (in comparison, about 64% of households are homeowners nationally). In the larger Study Area, the homeownership rate is 56.9% for householders age 18 to 64 and 71.5% for seniors. Table 42: Recent Housing Demand by Age of Householder 2019 Population Householder Per Capita 2019 Households Owner Share Renter Share City of Dublin Population - Persons Ages 18 to 64 Years 27,060 0.500 - Persons Ages 65+ Years 5,540 0.595 Household Heads - Householder Ages 18 to 64 Years 13,535 75.5% 24.5% - Householder Ages 65+ Years 3,295 78.7% 21.3% Study Area Population - Persons Ages 18 to 64 Years 76,900 0.536 - Persons Ages 65+ Years 14,030 0.670 Household Heads - Householder Ages 18 to 64 Years 41,244 56.9% 43.1% - Householder Ages 65+ Years 9,395 71.5% 28.5% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission; Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 90 On Table 43, we apply these factors to the household population growth data on Table 42 to identify the likely composition of households in Dublin and the Study Area from 2020 through 2040 by age of householder and tenure. Within the current boundaries of the City of Dublin, total growth in households is estimated at 4,260 for the twenty -year period, while in the overall Study Area, growth in households by 2040 is estimated at 13,700. In both geographies, 31% of that growth is anticipated to occur in households headed by a person 65 years of age or older. Table 43: Housing Demand by Tenure & Age of Householder (2020-2040) 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Change 2020-40 City of Dublin All Households - Householder Ages 18 to 64 Years 15,030 15,430 15,940 16,800 18,040 3,010 - Householder Ages 65+ Years 3,030 3,540 3,990 4,240 4,280 1,250 Owner-Occupied Housing - Householder Ages 18 to 64 Years 11,350 11,650 12,030 12,680 13,620 2,270 - Householder Ages 65+ Years 2,380 2,790 3,140 3,340 3,370 990 Rental Housing - Householder Ages 18 to 64 Years 3,680 3,780 3,910 4,120 4,420 740 - Householder Ages 65+ Years 650 750 850 900 910 260 Study Area All Households - Householder Ages 18 to 64 Years 45,710 48,230 49,710 51,970 55,120 9,410 - Householder Ages 65+ Years 9,540 11,400 12,990 13,740 13,830 4,290 Owner-Occupied Housing - Householder Ages 18 to 64 Years 26,010 27,440 28,290 29,570 31,360 5,350 - Householder Ages 65+ Years 6,820 8,150 9,290 9,820 9,890 3,070 Rental Housing - Householder Ages 18 to 64 Years 19,700 20,790 21,420 22,400 23,760 4,060 - Householder Ages 65+ Years 2,720 3,250 3,700 3,920 3,940 1,220 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission; Urban Partners Over the 20-year period, we anticipate a net growth of 8,410 additional homeowners and 5,280 new renter households in the Study Area, of which 3,260 homeowners and 1,000 renters will be within the current boundaries of the City of Dublin. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 91 Finally, on Table 44 shown on the following page, we disaggregate this information by age of householder and tenure to identify how the increments of household demand will likely appear in the Dublin area in each five-year period and how this will impact housing construction requirements through 2040. Translating housing demand to housing construction requirements necessitates consideration of several factors: 1. Quality senior owner-occupied housing must meet several needs of those households including providing first floor owner’s suites, floor plans that can adapt to potential physical constraints on the owners’ mobility, low maintenance requirements, and outdoor and community amenities. Increasingly, these needs are being most effectively met by age-restricted and age-targeted developments. 2. As a result, quality previously-owned housing is being made available by these senior homeowners to younger households, reducing the needs for new construction product to be directed at these younger households. 3. In each five-year increment over the forecast period, a segment of younger households headed by persons ages 60 to 64 will “graduate” to senior status. Many of those households (probably most) will remain in their current residences which will therefore by definition meet some of this growth in demand for senior housing. Considering all these factors, on Table 44, we note the need demand for construction of 14,350 new housing units. Of those, 4,850 units is the projected number of units that Dublin can consider to address growth demands needs required within the current boundaries of Dublin. These are land use considerations that each community will need to consider in their future land use patterns for their community. This demand is strongest in the 2020s, with 4,590 new units projected needed by 2025 and another 3,220 units in the 2025 to 2030 period. Another 6,540 units are projected needed during the 2030s. Demand for new housing construction over this 20-year period is diverse with needs for 2,360 new senior-oriented homeownership units, 6,390 other homeownership units, and 5,600 rental units—1,290 of them oriented to or meeting the needs of senior households. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 92 Table 44: Demand for Newly Constructed Housing (2020-2040) 2020- 2025 2025- 2030 2030- 2035 2035- 2040 Total City of Dublin Owner-Occupied Housing - Aggregate Increment of Demand 710 730 850 970 3,260 - Increment of Demand for Senior Housing Construction 410 350 200 30 990 - Net Impact of 60-64 Year-Old Homeowners Aging in Place 180 80 260 - Increment of Demand for Other Homeownership Construction 300 380 650 940 2,270 New Supply Required for Senior Homeownership 300 290 220 30 840 New Supply Required for Other Homeownership 630 490 710 1,020 2,850 Rental Housing - Aggregate Increment of Demand 200 230 260 310 1,000 - Increment of Demand for Senior Rental Construction 100 100 50 10 260 - Increment of Demand for Other Rental Construction 100 130 210 300 740 New Supply Required for Senior Rentals 135 110 50 10 305 New Supply Required for Other Rentals 135 150 230 340 855 Net New Supply Required in City of Dublin 1,200 1,040 1,210 1,400 4,850 Study Area Owner-Occupied Housing - Aggregate Increment of Demand 2,760 1,990 1,810 1,860 8,420 - Increment of Demand for Senior Housing Construction 1,330 1,140 530 70 3,070 - Net Impact of 60-64 Year-Old Homeowners Aging in Place 552 248 800 - Increment of Demand for Other Homeownership Construction 1,430 850 1,280 1,790 5,350 New Supply Required for Senior Homeownership 810 930 550 70 2,360 New Supply Required for Other Homeownership 2,060 1,140 1,330 1,860 6,390 Rental Housing - Aggregate Increment of Demand 1,620 1,080 1,200 1,380 5,280 - Increment of Demand for Senior Rental Construction 530 450 220 20 1,220 - Increment of Demand for Other Rental Construction 1,090 630 980 1,359 4,060 New Supply Required for Senior Rentals 560 480 230 20 1,290 New Supply Required for Other Rentals 1,160 670 1,040 1,440 4,310 Net New Supply Required in Study Area 4,590 3,220 3,150 3,390 14,350 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission; Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft Final) 93 10. Housing Strategies The following details the four action strategy themes that emerged from the quantitative analysis, as well as input and guidance from Dublin city staff, members of the Dublin City Council, and key stakeholders. For each theme, key takeaways are summarized along with a toolbox of potential action strategies that can be utilized as a guide for further community conversations, particularly as Dublin embarks on a process to complete a Community Plan. Theme 1: Enhancing the sense of community. A sense of place is essential based on the comments of the stakeholder interviews conducted as part of the Dublin Area Housing Study. This highlights efforts for mixed-use, walkable communities that provide public space for social gathering and open space that enhance quality of life. These efforts are based on consistent high-quality development that is indicative of the City of Dublin and creates “nodes” of activity throughout the community. The following key takeaways and toolbox for potential strategies have been compiled to promote these objectives. Key Takeaways: ■ Dublin is a community of choice for families searching for high-quality housing in Central Ohio. ■ Strict residential design standards have helped maintain the city’s aesthetic character, but they also contribute to higher home prices. ■ From 2019 to 2020, Dublin added over 3,000 residents aged 25 to 34, and over 65. A growth of 44%. These population segments forecasted to grow the fastest have strong preferences for walkable, mixed-use neighborhoods. Toolbox of Potential Strategies: 1.1 Promote walkability throughout the city. Make stronger pedestrian connections from housing to shops, recreation amenities, public facilities, and healthcare providers through multi-modal trails and complete streets. 1.2 Encourage context-sensitive, mixed- use development (commercial and residential) that includes varied housing typologies. 1.3 Ensure that the City’s standards encourage features that promotes interaction while maintaining high- quality design standards. 1.4 Focus future growth in intentional nodes of activity throughout the City. 1.5 Encourage sustainable building and energy conservation practices for all type of development, including residential development. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft Final) 94 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft Final) 95 Theme 2: Ensuring economic competitiveness. The City of Dublin is a community that significantly promotes a balance of land use that strongly focuses on employment opportunities in the region. Continuing to promote these work force opportunities is essential to the fiscal health of our community . To continue to support these efforts, it is recommended that the City support transportation efforts that aid workers in commuting to the City of Dublin. The following key takeaways and toolbox for potential strategies have been compiled to promote these objectives. Key Takeaways: ■ There is not enough housing in Dublin for young people starting their careers and families with modest incomes. ■ Dublin has maintained its status as a key employment node in the region, employing 50,000 workers within the city limits. ■ Though generally known as a hub for corporate and professional services jobs, Dublin has a sizable number of service-sector jobs with more than 10,000 employed in the following three sectors: Administrative & Support, Waste Management & Remediation; Accommodation & Food Service; and Retail Trade. ■ At today’s mortgage interest rates, a 4- person middle income family can afford a maximum of $299,000 for a new home, while the median sale price for a home located in Dublin in 2021 was $500,000. Moderate-income housing options specifically for families are in short supply in the Dublin area, which impacts business recruitment and retention efforts. ■ There is a need for housing in Dublin for young professionals starting their careers and families with modest incomes. Toolbox of Potential Strategies: 2.1 Regularly participate in discussions with employers, city staff, and housing professionals to understand housing needs to support our major employers. 2.2 Work with developers to encourage building a variety of housing types close to transportation and employment centers. 2.3 Preserve existing income-restricted rental housing stock within the Dublin Area. 2.4 Continue working with transit partners and employers to provide first- and last-mile connections for commuters. 2.5 Provide resources to the public about programs/ incentives to assist first- time homebuyers with down payment assistance, low- interest loans, and other financial assistance. 2.6 Promote the Dublin Connector and other potential first-and-last mile solutions for workforce mobility needs. 2.7 Continuously monitor and evaluate the mobility needs of the business and workforce community. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft Final) 96 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft Final) 97 Theme 3: Planning for future growth. Similar to national trends, the City of Dublin is projected to grow by approximately 11,000 persons by 2040. Thoughtful consideration of how the City will address this growth while maintaining the sense of place that Dublin has created will be needed. Ensuring a healthy balance of land uses including the City’s long-standing land use policy to target 60 percent residential development and 40 percent non-resident development will be a key component of this consideration. Innovative ways of addressing growth is proposed including considering infill development that benefits from existing infrastructure, as well as other zoning regulations that can assist in efforts for gentle density. The following key takeaways and toolbox for potential strategies have been compiled to address these objectives. Key Takeaways: ■ Dublin is forecasted to grow by more than 11,000 persons to 60,500 by 2040. ■ Dublin will need to build 4,850 housing units to keep pace with forecasted growth (185 for-sale homes and 56 rental units annually from 2020-2040). ■ Communities walkable to shops, restaurants, and outdoor recreation amenities are highly desirable in Dublin. Bridge Park is a demonstrated success. ■ Despite development impact analyses—and anecdotal evidence from the Bridge Park project—showing that apartments minimally impact schools, segments of the community fear that denser growth will compromise school quality. ■ Most of Dublin’s developable land areas have been built out, leaving 1,090 acres of greenfield area available for residential development. Toolbox of Potential Strategies: 3.1 Educate the public on the benefits of adding “gentle” housing density into residential areas (e.g., duplexes, triplexes, townhouses, small-scaled condominiums). 3.2 Identify opportunities where infill development or redevelopment of underutilized office/commercial areas would benefit from residential development. 3.3 Examine and modify current zoning to identify areas where denser residential development is appropriate. 3.4 Work with regional partners to understand the availability of incentives or financing assistance for smaller-scale or infill housing products (MORPC). 3.5 Collaborate with adjacent municipalities (particularly jurisdictions that overlap with Dublin Schools) to ensure sustainable future growth. 3.6 Addressing how growth occurs is equally important as where growth occurs. Ensuring that residential land uses are sensitively placed in areas that Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft Final) 98 do not compete with economically feasible corridors (including interstates), environmentally sensitive area or other similar considerations should be evaluated as part of future land use recommendations. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 99 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 100 Theme 4: Expanding housing options for seniors. Demographic projections indicate that the highest segment of growth will be seniors 65+ in age. Considering housing needs and programs that support independent living is important for this initiative. There is also educational programs that assist families that are supporting aging family members, including mobility programs and financial assistance needed for necessary modifications to remain independent. The following key takeaways and toolbox of potential strategies have been compiled to addr ess these objectives. Key Takeaways: ■ Consistent with national demographic trends, Dublin is experiencing growth in both the size and the proportion of seniors. ■ Dublin’s senior households will grow by 38% by 2040 (total of 6,940 households 65+). ■ There is strong and growing demand for lower-maintenance housing in walkable, amenity-rich neighborhoods with design features suitable for seniors. Bridge Park is a demonstrated success. ■ Housing suitable for seniors to downsize is limited in Dublin. Where they do exist, the new smaller, low- maintenance homes are very expensive. ■ Seniors remaining in their homes longer interrupts the next generation of growing families from relocating to the next level of housing needs. Toolbox of Potential Strategies: 4.1 Increase the supply of new, lower- maintenance housing in walkable, amenity-rich neighborhoods with design features that are suitable for senior living. 4.2 Investigate opportunities for accessory dwelling units (ADUs) as a housing option for seniors. 4.3 Incorporate recommendations for innovative site design recommended in the Neighborhood Design Standards, as well as work with developers to integrate sensitive design for senior housing projects highlighting walkability, social interaction, and necessary structural accommodations. 4.4 Work with Forever Dublin and regional partners to identify senior home modification programs that offer grants, low-interest loans, and/or volunteer labor for a variety of items to help mobility-challenged seniors live safely in their current home. 4.5 Work with housing providers to build new homes for seniors with fixed incomes and retain the supply of such units. Prioritize areas serviced by public transit, social services, and medical facilities. 4.6 Promote the Senior Circulator service for older adults and individuals with disabilities. 4.7 Continuously monitor and evaluate the mobility needs of older adults and individuals with disabilities. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 101 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 102 Between March and April of 2022, Urban Partners staff conducted interviews of key stakeholders from a wide range of backgrounds and organizational affiliations—including home builders and developers, realtors, school district officials, employers, regional partners and neighboring municipalities, social service agencies and advocacy groups, and neighborhood associations. Participants were asked to pr ovide their perspective on Dublin’s current housing stock and their recommendations for future action. The following is a summary of comments received from the stakeholders. Home Builders and Developers General impressions for Dublin: o Very desirable community. A lot of builders want to build in Dublin. o The community can come off as exclusionary. It’s challenging at times to work in Dublin. o Community push back is not unique to Dublin. We meet with the adjacent neighbors to address potential impacts (traffic, density, etc.). Dublin does not ask for fiscal or school impact studies. o Dublin has a “barbell” demographic (young kids and empty nesters). Not a lot in the young professional age group. o It’s probably the nicest community in Central Ohio. o Not sure how much Dublin wants Single Family anymore. They really want office, as commercial development is bigger bang for the buck. o Bridge Park is a differentiator among peers. o City staff have been great to work with, but community pushback is a wild card. Dublin community is great at mobilization and lobbying elected officials. o Dublin is a strong market. Better positioned than some of the legacy suburbs in terms of product availability. Affordability of homes in Dublin o Don’t hear about affordable housing as much as Columbus, for obvious reasons. o General belief is that Dublin may be perfectly fine for Columbus to absorb all their workforce housing need. o Lending institutions and investors – don’t hear about making things affordable. It’s just not their objective. And builders are not housing authorities or social service agencies – but do recognize the need and the market demand for such homes. Yet, Dublin as a community has instituted counter measures that result in higher home prices not lower. o The business community may have the most influence to speak to the importance of affordable and workforce housing. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 103 ■ Maybe the business community has the best chance of convincing the Dublin community about the need for diversified housing stock. ■ Businesses know that the closer your home is to your job, the “stickier” you are to that job. o Not sure if there’s a collective desire in Dublin to make the housing stock attainable for all incomes. Hoping that will change in the future. o People that work in the City (e.g., teachers, police, nurses, firefighters) need to be able to live in the city but they can’t. ■ Dynamic has a lot to do with zoning and density. o Older homes in Dublin a more affordable. o The key question that we need to ask is how we can lower the cost of residential development. That doesn’t mean you’re allowing inferior product and developments that look ugly. Let’s use creativity on materials, examine ordinances for their impact on cost. o There’s absurdity in trying to build brand new affordable (income -restricted) housing from the ground up. It’s just too expensive and requires too much subsidy. We need to think about the housing supply as a whole and figure out ways to alleviate market pressures. o When you want the least cost to make more housing available – make right- sized housing stock available for people, so they can move out of their larger homes which frees up that home to larger families (usually youn ger and less wealthy) who do need that space. o Mandating affordable housing in the style of Columbus (set aside requirement of 10%) is not going to work, numbers wise. o Intel development in New Albany will result in high paying jobs…but there will be a lot of demand for blue collar housing as well. o Worried about the development expansion to Jerome and Plain City…it’ll create a lot of suburban sprawl. People that cannot afford Dublin (or new developments in Jerome) will look 10-15 minutes farther out and commute to work. That will definitively increase traffic and reduce the overall quality of life. o Tax abatements as a tool to incentivize certain types of housing? o Young people starting off in their careers – it’s a struggle. But it’s common throughout the metro area. o Affordable/attainable – Dublin has to REALLY want it. Right now, you pitch rental or density – they are dirty words. Seniors o Bridge Park has been very successful at attraction empty nesters. - Flats outsell townhomes by a wide margin. - It’s a walkable community. Park only 6 cars for every 5 units. o Those who winter elsewhere are perfectly fine with a rental apartment. o Empty nesters want one-floor living. o Seniors who aren’t ready for nursing care, what do they want? Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 104 - They want community and a nice place to live. o Senior family members live just off Sawmill Road in an age restricted community. They didn’t care they were in Columbus, and it made a lot more financial sense. o Young professionals and seniors are in the same space. Overlapping of lifestyle choices – walkable diverse communities. Seniors outcompete because of deeper pockets. o We are beginning to see elevators in townhomes – marketing to active seniors who are future proofing against potential physical challenges. o Flats are attractive for seniors, but multi -family building becomes extremely risky (compared to single family). With the latter, if something happens with the development or with the economy, you can hit the brakes. With flats, you are holding the bag until the very last units are absorbed. Ideas for gentle density: o It’s going to be tough as Dublin doesn’t really care about meeting the affordable/workforce housing need. Case in point, when density is introduced, they say no. o Right now, 4,000 SF homes are in plenty supply (families with kids love Dublin and want to send their kids to the local schools). What’s undersupplied are lower priced housing stock. o Would recommend studying the diversity of stock in German Village. o Most Dublin folks may feel that 4 story residential structures are too tall. o Cottage homes (working definition: small houses on small lots that are single- story that often feature shared amenities and courtyards, with parking garages/lots located away from front facades). - Dublin is an ideal place for this type of development. o Denser infill construction in older neighborhoods. o Micro units (~350 SF rented at ~$800) to be included developments. For sale micro units may be about 500 SF and sell for less than $200,000. It’s not for everyone, but many people in the service industry find those appealing. o Accessory dwelling units may be window dressing, but as part of a range of solutions makes sense. - Scaling these is an issue. Who’s going to build them? - Seen some new home builders sell new homes WITH ADUs already incorporated. - In some community, builders are offering ADUs to start off. They are very popular for grandparents, returning college grads – creates affordability and inter-generational living arrangements. o Fiscal and property value impact - There have been no studies that demonstrated a negative impact of market-rate multifamily apartments to single-family homes nearby. - Building studio, 1-bed, 2-bed apartments will have minimal impact on school enrollment. What does impact school enrollment are large 4- Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 10 5 bedroom single family homes. There seems to be a misplaced fear of school impact for multi-family developments. o The Bridge Park experience for introducing density may not necessarily be duplicated in other areas. Before, it was a driving range and a dead shopping center—Dublin people didn’t really regard the east of the river as “Dublin”, so it avoided some usual scrutiny. o Redevelopment of the 40 -acre site at the Indian Run School can yield 300 to 350 units. Adjacency to historic downtown makes it an ideal redevelopment area. o The OCLC complex is also a suitable redevelopment area. o The Alton Place development scheme, offering a planned village type development is in huge demand. It’s a full life cycle offering. o The density concept should consider “Main Street” density that transitions to SFR areas behind it. o Strategies to make housing more attainable? - Bridge Street is doing well in terms of density (more affordable than low density). It’s still a challenge. - Dublin has an opportunity for attached products for first time homebuyer market. o Apartments really don’t have impact on schools. Thriveco built 3,000 units in the Columbus area, not too many school aged kids at all. Building and design standards: o Because it’s Dublin, they can demand more things. Other suburban cities have tried to adopt “Dublin-style” design standards. o The various standards – tree replacement, wood windows, minimum lots, asphalt driveways, etc. – they all contribute to higher housing costs in Dublin. o For every $1,000 house goes up in cost, 100 buyers are priced out of the market. o Open space requirements are onerous. Drives up cost. o Understand that the reason why people want to live in Dublin is that it’s an attractive place. Zoning wise, the city has done a good job. o Streamlining the permitting process is a good start. Time is money, as developers spend so much time in the planning/approval stages, naturally the cost go up and have the sell/rent the homes at higher prices. o Development process is stringent and not easy. Other places have become more Dublin-like in what they ask for. o It’s a huge challenge from the development side. Huge investment required to get approval. o Nicely codified code seems to get tossed out when it gets to commission, often ignoring staff comments. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 106 Miscellaneous o Taxing in Ohio – communities don’t really have incentive to build houses because of the structure taxing issue. Dublin has maximized that taxing structure to their benefit. o Mobility – SHARE service is provided at Bridge Park, but it’s not really a selling point. Everyone has a car, and everyone drives (perhaps not as dependent on cars as other neighborhoods). o We used to have Lime (not sure what happened to that)…but with Park and Ride and other enhance transit service, perhaps more people will be less reliant on cars in the future. o Institutional investors using cheap money to outbid homebuyers is not good for neighborhoods, but not sure how long that will last, given the likely change in interest rates and inflation climate. Not sure what the solution is either. o Home supply issues are everywhere. In 2006, we were 6 million homes over built. Now, we are 6 million homes short. As interest rates fell, the pressure on housing went up due to cheap money flowing to residential real estate instead of banks. o There’s a lot of housing that is getting older. Are there resources available to make improvements for those? o As a builder, we’re focused on putting as many projects down as possible, anticipating the potential housing market slowdown with highe r interest rates. It’ll probably take a few years to cool off. We hope to be far enough on the development process to be less affected. o There’s a development project in Jeffrey Park where the developer will be operating a coffee shop and restaurant themselves – to avoid the difficulty of trying to find businesses that will successfully operate in that environment. o OCLC campus – could be redeveloped as a small version of Easton Town Center? Realtors - Residential General impressions for Dublin: o Amenities are great. Have to pay a little more in taxes, but we get a lot of services. o Housing for is needed for all types of people. All markets: first time, entry, move-up houses, seniors. Every segment is short. o Dublin has done a pretty good job managing growth, adding new units in a variety of different forms. Affordability of homes in Dublin o Even before current supply issues, Dublin was expensive. Now there’s absolutely no new construction that average households can afford. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 107 o People are gravitating to the outer edges (Jerome, Concord, Washington Twps) – where taxes are lower. o It’s an upper high-end market – affordability always is an issue. o First time buyers, entre level homes just aren’t in the market in Dublin. o Bridge Park is primarily for the higher income households. o There’s a lot of buzz for Central Ohio…with Intel, the Amazon Data Center…and people are moving here. People with higher incomes will be okay, but what about people in the service industry or younger people? o We should explore incentives as opposed to mandates for affordable housing. Latter add cost. Ideas may include expediting the development process and green lighting responsible development. o Every time a large housing proposal gets discussed, there has always been a review/further review…public input. Current residents (rightly or wrongly) want to preserve their value. - Developers just don’t have an option to make things affordable. The numbers just don’t work. Buy land, curb cuts, sidewalks – it really can’t be affordable. Seniors o Because of the drastic price increases…empty nesters don’t downsize into new homes. They are aging in place and “logjam” is occurring because empty nesters have nowhere to go and the next wave of younger households with kids aren’t backfilling. o Seen some seniors sell their homes at the high mark and moved to a rental unit. Denser development pattern o For future growth, density has to be part of the conversation. o People want walkability. In previous eras, people were fine to be within walking distance to parks/bike and walking paths. Now, people want to be within walking distance to shops, restaurants, farmers markets, etc. o Dublin has done a pretty good job including some of that density (i.e., 5 to 7 stories…but you can arguably go higher in some areas). o Bridge Park - It’s a vibrant, safe, cool place to go. Don’t have to go to downtown to enjoy similar experiences. - A lot of people originally did not want it, but now that it’s built, it’s phenomenal. - Young people want fun and excitement in a safe environment. A lot of them say they’d rather hang out in BP over Short North. o We need creative ideas, and not perceive density as a bad word. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 108 Housing issues related to employment -workforce o Workforce segment – it’s an absolute need. We’re talking about workforce affordability. Firefighters, nurses…they are all priced out of the market. Average $436,000, those folks that earn $50 to $90k struggle to pay those home prices. o Public transportation is not a strength, it’s an opportunity. o Talked a lot about light rail, but to make it feasible, you need density. Without density, you won’t be able to sustain the level of service that’s acceptable. Community opposition to denser development proposals – a collaborative education process needs to happen. There has to be talk about the economic development perspective, bringing and keeping good paying job to Central Ohio. Unless housing keeps up with the needs of the business community, business won’t be able to expand and make new investments. If you don’t have the housing, you don’t have jobs. Miscellaneous o Innovation District - because of the location and access to highways, apartments would be very well received there. It could be a walkable area that’s also easy to commute to and from. o Dublin Schools – a MAJOR factor in families choosing to live in Dublin. It has a great program for children with disabilities and moved have moved to Dublin because of that. Realtors - Commercial Economic climate o When businesses study where to locate, they care more about where they’re going compared to where their employees (and potential future employees) live. Traditionally, it’s been between the 10 o’clock and 2 o’clock position in the Beltway. o Post COVID era – envisions most businesses will bring everyone back to the office, while preserving some level of flexibility. Maybe the new norm will be 4 days in the office, 1 day at home? o Office products are aging. New corporate workforce is looking for a mixed-use environment (like Bridge Park). They don’t want to drive into a parking lot, work all day, and get into their cars to drive to their homes (garages). ■ Retail needs to be connected to office and residential. o There is a pent-up demand for flex-industrial and Dublin may be in good position to absorb. - These are single-story, office/retail up front and warehouse in the back. These used to be class C product, but now we’re getting into class B. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 109 o Economy and where it’s headed, Dublin is really concentrated in white color work…but it could be a blind spot or weakness potentially. How can they diversify the economic base? Having people that are all different types of economic positions? Metro Center redevelopment o After 24 years of developing the site, there’s still parcels that aren’t built – it should indicate something – that we should look at alternative development strategies. o The green space, open space, connections, parks – make it a potentially nice area for residential. o Metro Center is a very good location – it’s even walkable to downtown and the Bridge Park district. The buildings are bit tired. o If people can’t afford to live in Bridge Park, this area can offer an alternative. o There’s a need for office space for all ages and businesses. Not everyone can afford Class A space. So, older office buildings there may fill a market need for more affordable office space o A strategy involving infill, mixed use would be good there. o If I’m a young person, go through the nicest apartment they will love it. It costs $3200 a month…but too expensive, where’s a unit tha t’s a bit lower? Those units near the highway do get built because the market will determine that. - Comments we hear is that Dublin does not allow for MFs along the highways. There’s nothing in zoning code that says that. Let the market dictate if it’s appropriate or not to locate apartments near highway. The developers are the ones taking the financial risk. o Pruning off some of the excess/older office supply and introducing a mixed use there is a positive goal. Regional position o Don’t think Dublin is too different from a housing perspective. Housing costs have gone up a lot. Communities all over Central Ohio has been thriving. o The only way to compete is to create housing at every price point. Apartments, senior, entry level…helps the best. o Dublin was a real trend setter with the Bridge Park development. Can see other suburban communities trying to duplicate BP in their communities. o Dublin has an enviable corporate base. o Bridge Parks is the envy of every municipality in Central Ohio, including downtown Columbus. o Development expansion west to Plain City, Marysville will be beneficial, as those residential communities will be rooftops for entertainment and retail establishments in Dublin. o Housing market is regional and there should be a regional conversation. Dublin alone can’t solve market challenges. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 110 o Intel development may be an opportunity for regional players to engage in conversation. Housing diversity o The comprehensive plan should promote a diversity of housing, not just SFR on large lots. Dublin needs more patio homes, townhomes, etc. o Development standards, density to lot sizes…not helping the affordability issues. o We need to have enough multi-family choices (maintenance free). You should strive to offer all of those. Need to have choices (shouldn’t be too heavy on SFR or multifamily). Aim for the sweet spot, the right mix. o At the end of the day, it’s greed. Land owners want too much for their property. Materials, construction company…everyone is marking up their prices…all gets into the price. o You can’t be all things to all people, but when you don’t have housing for young people, you lose the vitality and the ability to attract business investment because the talent pool is elsewhere. - All that money that these young people would spend locally is lost. o Dublin is lacking – housing choice standpoint – MF developments that are market-driven. - Pricing: rents in the $1.80 to $2.25/SF. So, about $1500 to $2000, depending on size. - One-bedroom for single occupant, or two-bedrooms for two roommates. o Middle-aged families have a hard time cracking into the Dublin market because of pricing. o Political will to provide for affordable housing is to be desired in Dublin. Having labor pool is going to strengthen the economy. If you have a diverse labor force, you’re much better suited to take advantage of the opportunities. o Bridge Park is so successful but there are service sector workers – who do they live? Intel investment in the region o There’s going to be a ripple effect throughout the region. The immediate three- to five-mile radius will be most impacted, but there will be increased levels of demand for ancillary services and spillover business activity. o Intel investment and spillover impacts will result in increased housing demand, but not all the suburban areas are not set up to capture o New Albany had a competitive advantage because of green fields, but it’s not a diversified economy right now. Dublin can compete in ancillary spillover activity. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 111 Miscellaneous o High standards don’t affect the commercial side, except for maybe the signage requirements. o Maneuvering through the density issue: - Comes down to good leadership. We have to talk about future demand – seniors, young people, etc. - What businesses has to say has huge impact on affecting policy. School District Officials Impact of schools on housing o Evident that in Central OH there’s a housing shortage o A lot of new growth taking place in NW quadrant (Jerome Village) o Bridge Park has only garnered 18 kids o Communication about development plans is important for school district - Dublin is good - The opposite is true in Jerome o Housing impacts the number of children in school system o Faculty/staff need housing o Perception is that certain schools are particularly desirable o Emerald Campus draws wide attention o Lots of homes in region that feed good schools - Older homes and are being renovated o There will be growth issues as new housing gets constructed – especially in Jerome area o New middle school recently open and it’s already full o There has been redistricting to accommodate that growth o Growth is taking off Housing attainability for faculty/staff o Dublin offers a little of everything o Many come from Hillier o Nearly 50% of teachers live in Dublin o Difficult for colleagues to find homes there – even those with higher incomes o Not every staff person can afford to live there o Affordability is an issue o None of the support staff can afford Dublin o Some of the teachers in two-adult working households do live in Dublin Housing attainability (general) o There are lower rent areas but also very high dollar homes - Particularly Union Co. portion o Middle portion is missing o Growing disparity is a concern Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 112 o Not adverse to growth but need to know how this growth will occur o Dublin was previously much more affordable o It’s much harder to find affordable housing now o Since tight housing market, it’s not easy finding a house o Families want to be there – sometimes multi families move there and live together to be able to live there o Not enough rental housing available o Very expensive o Finding a place to stay in Dublin that’s not very large is difficult o Traditionally built as a residential suburb o Bridge Park is great, but units are pricey and small Types of future housing needed in Dublin o Going from cradle to grave, people leave homes into smaller places o Their homes get replaced by families with children o There are a lot of assisted living and nursing homes - Good options for seniors o Historic district o Seems like there is a lot of different spaces for different needs o Older homes could be good starter homes but they’re still expensive o Would be nice to have more smaller starter homes o The large McMansions are a bit over supplied o Dublin is going to grow older o Lots of longtime residents who want to stay but may not be able to - Downsizes o Dublin has been traditionally “exclusive” and that may not change o Need to head toward smaller living Concerns about housing regarding school enrollment o New elementary and middle school at capacity o New 60,000 SF additional space will be added to Jerome high school o A massive concern o There is an overcrowding problem, particularly in the Jerome area - Families in that area demand the best - There are 20 trailers right now and are moving ahead with construction o Same with Jerome feeder schools o Overcrowding is an issue with learning o Space has been an issue o District has been steadily growing over the years o Scioto is the least crowded Ideal locations for future housing in Dublin o Heard of Metro Place for additional growth Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 113 - Much better than empty office space o There will probably be a new economy that this could accommodate - Need to balance impact on schools o The city is fairly landlocked so not a lot of opportunities to grow o Adjacent to the downtown where there are amenities o Underutilized commercial space might be a good location for new housing Best aspects of living in Dublin o Everything is done well o Planning is elite o Well thought out and designed place to live o Sometimes it’s like living in a resort o Everything is close and accessible o Good quality – many homes age well o New construction is well-built with good amenities o Good recreation amenities in community o Walkability in many locations o Good variety of rental housing o Lots of new builds still occurring o Schools o Quality of housing o Dublin has been the best with parks and rec, communication, innovation, planning and managing the community o What the city invests in is top notch o Well-maintained o New technologies o Collaborative with the community o People want to give back o Convenient location o River – natural amenities o Services: trash/recycling o 100 miles of bike trails o Ton of parks and green space o Roads are great o Great police and fire Biggest challenges o Challenges as a school district because they serve multiple jurisdictions o Politics can be divisive like anywhere else o What is the new economy going to look like and how does Dublin stay ahead of the curve? o Need to create opportunities for shared space for recreation - Parents say the rec areas aren’t big enough o How does the city’s infrastructure handle the growth in kids? Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 114 o Will there be pressure for additional recreational facilities? o Not enough entry-level home opportunities - Or enough for lower-income residents - For example, newer immigrants have difficulty staying o Political division in the city (as with everywhere) o “Other side of the river” mentality o Property taxes are high Employers Impact of business on housing (and vice-versa) o Employees need a place to live – ideally as close to home as possible o Need for varying levels of workforce is broad - Tends to be broader at the lower end of the scale o Business has to draw workforce from a broad range of areas Housing attainability for employment base o Number of people who work and live in Dublin: 15% - Probably the higher income earners like doctors - Lots live in Hilliard – probably half o For Grady Hospital, many more live in Delaware (where hospital is located) – like 60% - Delaware is much more affordable o Very wide range of incomes – entry level to surgeons and everything in between - Lower-end staff can’t afford Dublin – most live in Hilliard o Most live in Dublin o Some live in Powell o A few live in other communities due to where spouses work o OSU has a lot of employees in Dublin o Lots of people commute to main campus from Dublin o Dublin and NW quadrant is among top 3 origins of OSU employees - Higher percentage of doctors live in Dublin - Lower paying staff – less o HR people from local businesses report that that Dublin companies can’t find employees in community o It’s hard to fill the lower end jobs - Not enough transit in the area to support those who need it o Companies need employees in all industries o Pre-Covid and post-Covid are very different - Remote work could change everything - Not the number of people coming into Dublin for work - Almost entirely remote o Concerned about housing stability, affordable housing, workforce housing Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 115 o Lower wage and young workforce are having trouble finding housing o People need to apply to multiple complexes with down payments o Volume of availability is not available - $1,600 to$ 2,000 per month rents requires a lot of up-front cash o Higher priced places are easier to find o There needs to be more transit access o There are a lot of last mile gaps o It is more expensive but all suburbs in northern suburbs is expensive o Lower-paid employees do not live in Dublin Housing attainability (general) o Not for lower income workforce o Not in Dublin o But there are plenty of communities nearby where lower wage earners could live o Seems to be enough apartments – furnished and otherwise o You can live east of the river and there are more affordable areas there - Still in Dublin school system o There’s a growing chasm in affordability o Values have skyrocketed, making it worse o Short supply of rental housing that’s affordable - Causes a significant problem for many service sectors o People will have to live on the other side of the river – in Columbus - Some of those properties are not keeping up with maintenance o Students find it expensive to live in apartments in Dublin o They tend to look in Hilliard for more affordable rents Types of future housing needed in Dublin o Diversification is important o Finding something affordable for seniors is impossible – but very important o Housing for young people o Bridge Park is great – a community source of pride - Smaller units for seniors and young professionals - Surprised that Jerome doesn’t go more in that direction o Seeing more and more demographic in leadership roles with aging parents - En suite need is growing o Largest workforce change with Baby Boomers retiring - These folks are trying to sell their homes - But want to remain in Dublin and downsize - Need to accommodate that o Housing collapse had a huge impact on housing market - People are a bit more reluctant to buy a house o Very important to attain the correct mix of housing for all needs o Need to forecast where existing population is going to need to live Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 116 o Need more options for people to stay in Dublin – seniors, young professionals o Need more ownership opportunities for various income levels o Bridge Park is a great model - City should continue to grow in that regard - Great for empty nesters used to an urban environment o What does bridging the chasm look like? o Where is the lack of NIMBY that will allow affordable to occur? o They’ve seen that looking at other communities with an established presence o Best way to deal with affordable housing is NOT SF subdivisions - Need housing that speaks to both the younger and older demographic o Smaller units to accommodate different lifestyles - One to two bedrooms o Mobility as well - Enough of a mixed use - Walkability - Level of mobility in transportation to make it easier Senior busing has been a huge success Apply that pilot to all the other populations o Bridge Park is great but not definition of affordable housing o 80% AMI is still very high in the Bridge Park area o Would LIHTC work in Dublin? o Housing for younger and lower wage workers o Housing for seniors - Many are moving out because of cost and few facilities - Single level o Smaller number of bedrooms - But still higher quality o Lower wage workers o Need to be careful that the existing multi-family will price out o Smaller lots o Smaller bedrooms o A little more density o New urbanist types of development - Doesn’t have to be a high rise o Housing for students o Housing for modest income staff o Finding ways to accommodate first-time buyers, etc. Ideal locations for future housing in Dublin o Metro Place area o The Mall (Tuttle Crossing) o There still needs to be corporate space to lure new companies o Should be upgraded to lure better corporations o Bridge Park has been a success Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 117 - People were nervous about it - But people love it o Redeveloping underutilized areas of Dublin makes sense for new housing o Needs to be in walkable areas o Agrees with strategy of redeveloping Metro Place - This would balance out the other high schools (other than Jerome) o Metro Place won’t be what it was, especially after Covid - Giant office buildings are not the future - Maybe a Bridge Park-like development? - You might have less push back there than other places o Can’t lose the good education component o Metro Place would be a good location - People say its older - Office vacancy rates there aren’t as high as people may say - But there could be some mixed use o Lots of growth happening in the NW area of Dublin o Good idea to continue off Bridge Park success o West Innovation area (Near OU facility) – just to the south of this area o OU is working with the city to develop senior housing near the area What City can do to encourage desired housing o Had to deal with signage - Brutal process! o But there is intrinsic value to the aesthetics o If you know the rules, they’re not hard to follow o City has high standards and may take a bit more time to approve applications as a result o But it’s OK for a better end product - As long as the city is reasonable and is helpful to get to a “yes” o Experience with developing a new facility is that city has been helpful and honest o Better communication about future development o Some frustration on getting through the process o City seems to have gotten better about assisting people with plans and making it easier to apply for permits o There may be room to improve but they’ve been much better o They may pay more attention to someone applying for a large project - Need to assist small businesses more when they don’t have the staff But that is the majority of businesses in Dublin – 80% o Formalizing maintenance codes to preserve lower-income housing o Need to approve a tax credit project - There’s a fear that the community will rise up against o Need to prevent sprawl o Saw Mill corridor is highest poverty area in the area Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 118 o The city has been very forward-thinking with good planning Best aspects of living in Dublin o High quality o Good design standards o Schools – very high quality and lots of community support o Design and organization of city – lots of thought o Methodical development o Great leadership o Great parks o Bike paths – all interconnected o City is trying to be more tech focused o Variety of housing o Newer housing available o Larger homes available o Homes are unique o You get a lot for your money compared to other communities o Lots of universities in the region – highly educated population o Walkability – you can walk to downtown from some neighborhoods o Great golf courses and country clubs o Commute is relatively easy o Well-maintained o Good connectivity o Grounds crew is great o You get what you pay for o Recognition of the importance of maintaining distinguishing factor but remaining welcoming o Schools (#1) - Attracts business as well as residents o Recreation o Dublin has a variety of environments: historic area, Bridge Park o Walkable is key o There’s a variety of housing types o Convenient o Safe o Good programming for senior citizens o Good services o Quality of life is unsurpassed o Good mix of housing options o Even the older neighborhoods are aging well o Great events that draw people from outside (Irish and 4th of July) o Excellent delivery of services o Excellent design amenities o The vision that city leaders have had since the 70s has been tremendous Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 119 o The design of the community is commendable - Revitalization of old Dublin - Bridge Park - Parks - Restaurants and bars - Schools are very strong Biggest challenges o Affordability o Price point is a challenge for many o Recent spike in housing prices o People wanting to come in are finding it a challenge - Bidding issues o Balancing growth and number of students o New housing needs to appeal to a more diverse population, particularly west of the river o Segregation as a result of housing values in particular areas of town o Affordability - Property tax is high – could be significant o Availability of housing stock o Need to grow – more rooftops pay for services o Lots of new residents who need a variety of services - People are living in hotels Afghan refugees But these folks need services o Initial areas that were developed – there is a need for a housing code that forces people to maintain - But it could be more affordable housing stock o There’s not enough multi-unit housing that’s affordable o Need to update housing code to focus more on maintenance – not just new build o Dublin has been diverse in skin tone but not income levels o City is trying to increase diversity o Development regulations are tough, but it maintains a good quality of life - Retains a high level of quality o Affordability is a problem o Corporations are buying single-family homes o While school district is an asset, the growth has been a challenge to schools o Traffic as more gets build Regional Partners and Neighboring Municipalities Impact of Dublin on neighboring municipalities/the region (and vice-versa) o When they do subdivision reviews – impacts the incorporated edge Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 120 - Could impact Dublin o Have a vote on subdivision decisions o Same with zoning reviews o Consumer goods and jobs are in Dublin o People are traveling back and forth from region to Dublin o People go there for recreation and entertainment both ways o In past several years, many communities have been feeling the pressure of the housing market - Members asked MORPC to do this work - Dublin worked with MORPC to shape strategy What are central housing issues? What can the region do? o The housing study for Dublin is a very good first step o Columbus mayor wants to support suburban jurisdictions regarding housing in the region - Provide technical support where they can especially for smaller communities o There are 43 jurisdictions in Franklin County alone o 2nd most economically segregated region in the country - Because of fractured municipal boundaries – communities “put the gates up” o People are concerned about community change, and they are real o Can make a lifestyle change or keep doing the same thing - Can we be a sustainable and healthy community? o All relying on each other in the region o Need to focus on residential construction o There was aggressive annexation over the past decades to acquire employment areas o City reevaluated that policy about 10 years ago – examining the return on investment - There can be lots of expenses o SF market of surrounding municipalities is tightly intertwined with Dublin o Dublin doesn’t have a fire department o Washington Township serves as their fire department o The township predominantly overlaps Dublin o If areas are to be developed, they’ll most likely be annexed into Dublin o Everything is tied to public water and sewer - Township has no ability to provide that - So, whenever a develop occurs, it will be annexed Housing attainability (general) o Getting expensive o Lots of income levels o Housing is attainable for some but not all Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 121 o Affordable housing will need to be subsidized o Not an easy solution o Dealing with fixed cost of land o It is what it is o Similar situation in Jerome - Cost of doing business o Folks who work in the service industry need housing - They don’t live there o Affordability is a major issue o Even before housing bubble, Dublin was perceived as affluent o Dublin was always less attainable o But need to identify what affordability looks like Housing proximity to transportation/employment o COTA has been responsive in ensuring good transit access - They consider all modes of travel o Dublin has 3.25 jobs for every housing unit being constructed - Need to build housing to accommodate job growth o Transportation access relies on highway improvements and outside money o Good array of housing stock in proximity to employment o There is public transportation there but not sure how it impacts housing and employment in Dublin o Dublin has a good complete streets plan o Doesn’t seem like Dublin has too large of an access problem aside from regular rush hour traffic Types of future housing needed in Dublin o Housing for moderate income workers o Lots of housing going in in the region is SF o Last 5 to 6 years in Jerome Village there has been interest in smaller lots and sizes - 50-to-80-foot frontage o More interest in condo units o Increase walkability o Workforce housing o Near specialty restaurants and retail o Reoccupy existing development o Area is becoming more diverse in terms of household size and age o Need to increase the options for housing o The product for aging population is very limited in general o Need to think beyond just affordability o Different size options o It needs to diversify o “Affordability” – maintain through additional construction Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 122 - Make sure there’s housing available for everyone in the right location for what they need o We have overextended with SF o Affordability: the need to subsidize housing cost burden - Franklin county has 12,500 housing voucher units ¾ families that qualify don’t get housing 80% AMI – these are the workforce o Need to look at other models of wealth building - Condos, duplex - Starter home size o Need to think differently about affordable housing o Need source of income protection for renters – some communities have it o Anything that can reduce the need for more than one vehicle - Reduce by one vehicle per household Reduce the need for parking Reduce environmental footprint o Product with ground floor master is very competitive o More than enough SF housing in subdivisions for families o Seems to be a market for additional high rises (in appropriate places) and smaller bungalows with low maintenance o Moving in right direction for changing demographic o There needs to be more Bridge Park type of housing to accommodate may lifestyles - Condos and multi-family units - Housing that meets the needs of many types - Housing closer to amenities, particularly for older people o Maybe zoning needs to be examined to allow more diverse housing in more locations o Seen a lot of SF development but important to get more multi-family o Need more housing for seniors o Because of where Dublin is located, it’s easier to develop on an infill project because they’re built out o Creative solutions for SF to not build the same model as the past (more attainable) o These denser housing types would better serve a diversity of new residents o Land is not cheap, so increased density makes more sense o Density is not a bad thing – people need to be educated about that o The forgotten missing middle needs to be reevaluated o But communities continue to be faced with NIMBYs regarding higher density o People want a thriving downtown so revitalizing upper story stock is desirable - Easier way for elected officials to accept new development o New development shouldn’t be all of the same thing of the past (SF) Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 123 Ideal locations for future housing in Dublin o Near transportation and other services o Need to be creative about redevelopment o Insight 2050: what are communities going to look like? o Need to consider infill options o Greenfield development is very expensive o Infill is good for affordable housing o Metro Place: city did some visioning there for mixed -use o Redevelopment of tired commercial areas o The Columbus area is insanely over-retailed o Retail zoning is over-supplied o Need to focus strategically o The region is talking about growth corridors for future housing - Link Us corridor o Needs to be in a walkable area - To recreation - Downtown - Employment o Reimagining redeveloping Metro Place - Good location - Amenities nearby - Market isn’t there for that amount of office - Some of those buildings could be rehabilitated - Sprawl is not always the answer – there needs to be a balance o Tuttle Crossing area but maybe that’s in Columbus o It probably won’t go over well in the mostly SF established neighborhood, but these types of areas would probably benefit from a more diverse type of development o Around the hospital area to serve those who work there o Also, around the industrial area off Route 33 What City can do to encourage desired housing o Allowing it to happen without the red tape o Entitling costs are very high in Dublin - Smaller developers are less likely to develop there o Value capture opportunities? For public policy goals o Concentrate on developing on sites that are marginally used and don’t bring a lot of value o Anywhere the process can be streamlined it should happen - PUDs are complicated - Burdens should be reduced o Lots of interest from developers because of its location o Dublin doesn’t seem to need incentives o People want to be there, and developers can make money Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 124 o Removing some red tape would be advantageous to make it more of a straightforward process o Code should also clearly lay out what you want o Developers know what to expect o Need to balance growth and strategic growth: where is residential appropriate and where is open space preservation a priority o Should be a public private partnership o Most developers in the area are good about that - Most in the area do their homework so that’s helpful - Need to create the notion that it’s not all about just the bottom line - But they need to remember that they’re from the outside and residents have a legitimate concern for the future of their community Best aspects of living in Dublin o They pay careful attention to detail o Bridge Park is a great model - Strong indication that this type of development can be successful o Good housing stock o Schools o Recreation opportunities o Lifestyle o Variety of housing types o Bridge Park is amazing - Product is there but affordability is a problem - Kudos to Dublin for trying it – very successful o Dublin does a great job in getting infrastructure right o Connectivity is extraordinary o High citizen satisfaction with services o Great location – highways, downtown o Good mix of old and new o Bridge Park as gone over very well o Pockets of housing in Dublin that are exclusive but there is a mix o It has changed significantly o People are excited and want to live there o Provides suburban lifestyle that many seek o Decent mix of housing types o It accommodates people at different stages of their lives o They have the mix that PC needs, like rental housing o There’s a push for the empty nester population o Dublin is doing a good job providing housing for professionals Biggest challenges o Affordability – a lot of consideration has been made of what that could be o Not a lot of higher-density housing Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 125 o Need to be building 14,000+ units annually to keep up in the region o Not enough housing in general o Affordability is eroding o SF housing - Dublin is not as bad as some of the other suburbs o Need to lean into “gentle density” - Generally smaller-scale projects can be too expensive o School funding depends on property taxes o People feel very protective about schools o Need to support smaller-scale developers o Entry fees are prohibitive in Dublin for small developers o Housing stock is heavily single family because of schools o Mostly uniform in its lot and floor area o Only variety of housing types are on the fringes o Many in Dublin are just one degree shy of not wanting others to come - You need to allow new people into the community to create more dense developments o Stringent building codes o Pressure on school district with growth o It gets more challenging as a community gets built out o Dublin has to consider redevelopment if they’re looking to diversify its housing stock o Dublin developed as SF housing as the primary model – now they need to diversify Mobility and Transportation Partners Impact of Dublin on transportation (and vice-versa) o Dublin voted to be entirely within COTA service area o Dublin has grown in a way that has promoted car use, so transit is needed o Dublin is traditionally not transit supportive in its development pattern - Big setbacks requiring crossing large parking lots o COTA is maxed out regarding resources right now o Bus stops in Dublin don’t meet standards for bus shelters o Lack of a grid pattern that’s friendly toward transit o Serving the community is difficult Housing attainability (general) o Prices are often over $300K o Price points are a challenge o Other suburbs are experiencing the same thing Housing proximity to transportation/employment o A lot of focus is getting people from bus stops to their place of employment o Dublin Connector – paid for by city and federal Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 126 - Free service for eligible residents (over 55 or disabled) - Started as a circulator with defined routes - They can now provide on-demand service - Hours are limited but trying to expand o Five bus lines in Dublin - 45 bus stops and only one shelter - Trying to do small steps to demonstrate success - One issue is driver shortage o Good extensive shared use path system – 130 miles o Work on brining on regional bikeshare to Dublin o Hope to launch scooters in Dublin o Traditional SF growth pattern has made transit difficult o Seems to be improving in Dublin o Mindset is changing to expand zoning beyond just one use (residential or office only) Types of future housing needed in Dublin o Need more workforce and first-time homebuyer housing o Housing for seniors o Smaller units: 1 to 2-bedroom o Under $250,000 o Higher density o No more McMansions o More diverse housing in terms of size and affordability Ideal locations for future housing in Dublin o Metro Place – legacy office with amenities and restaurants o Where can it be a benefit and not a cost o Mixed use with office and residential o West Innovation District area - Housing would be a good component there o Overbuilt shopping areas o Metro Place o Between 270 and Saw Mill Road o Around Perimeter Road – single-story shopping area o Vacant office areas Plans to expand transportation network o Lots of expansion: - Paths – fill in gaps - Expand shuttle service - Invest in bus stops for last mile - Vision zero efforts - Bike loop system – a 10-mile themed path (public art, ice cream) Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 127 - New paving o Looking at mobility ecosystem to support housing o Working with regional partners to build a bus-rapid transit line from downtown Columbus to Dublin o Funding is limited so COTA has to invest strategically o COTA is pulled in many directions across the service area - Need to explore new routes with new growth o COTA Plus – a system that would serve non-service area - Piloted in certain areas - Run by app to request a ride - Almost door to door - From a bus stop its free o Link Us: a MORPC initiative to connect region with service What City can do to encourage desired housing o Promote the correct message to constituents to clarify that density is good Best aspects of living in Dublin o High standards for quality o Emphasis on infrastructure o Good diversity in terms of variety of ages o Schools o Recreation – 64 parks o Good transportation network o The services are unmatched o Good schools o They are getting more diverse in housing styles o Known for golfing community o Bike paths and facilities are a big advantage Biggest challenges o Affordability is an issue o High standards can have a negative impact on affordability o It’s easy to get around in Dublin but difficult to get TO Dublin o Keeping housing affordable o Lack of opportunity with the traditional housing pattern - HOAs with strict rules Social Service Agencies and Advocacy Groups Transportation o It’s a huge problem in Columbus, not just in Dublin. o COTA is there and there’s not a ride service which helps. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 128 Affordable Housing o We definitely need affordable housing. Some people are scared of that term, but it’s a real need right now. o We have racial diversity in Dublin, but we don’t have economic diversity. The minority residents are highly educated, high wage earners that can afford to live in Dublin. o People can’t afford to live in Dublin o Huge lack of affordable housing o People live there because of the schools and have to live on the periphery o Dublin is very expensive o It’s hard to catch up economically o It’s expensive and unaffordable Socio-economic diversity o Housing stock is pretty self-selective - It’s hard to find affordable housing (SF residence) - Many people in Dublin want to keep it that way forever o Compared to 20 years ago, it’s very different o School district is doing very well o Very limited space for additional housing o When families grow, many people still want to stay - How do you make housing available to more people? - This will add children to the school district - Maybe need a collaboration with other cities? o USDA a few years ago have allowed food need self-declaration - People with expensive cars have come to the pantry - Others who can’t afford to live in Dublin struggle to do so for schools o There’s a whole other system that keeps people out o Selection manifested through minimum lot sizes, design standards, etc. o People fear change especially “multi” o Dublin will risk being behind if they stay as-is o Dublin embraced Afghan refugees but not necessarily other minority groups o Bridge Park has seemed to only attract wealthier residents - Developer is planning affordable units - People accept it because it’s a self-contained area o If this were built closer to a SF community, there would be an opposition o People nearby Metro Place in SF neighborhood are opposed to high density o Before Bridge Park was created housing market was already doing well o Need to look at demand side: who wants to get into Dublin? Seniors o There are people in Dublin with lower incomes and a lot of need. o Forever Dublin is a program offered by the City and Syntero to assist seniors wishing to stay in their homes for the long term. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 129 - Trained navigators assist residents on resources and programs available. o Bridge Park is beautiful and a lot of seniors live there. The high cost is prohibiting a diversity of incomes to reside there. o Friendship Village is working with Crawford Hoying to build senior housing. Residents, who live independent active lifestyles, can tap into the resources and programming Friendship Village offers. - The prices will be very high and again will be exclusive to high income seniors. Biggest challenges o There is a balance between more housing and the ability of our schools to absorb. o Should other communities be encouraged to develop like Dublin to ease the pressure on development in Dublin? o Suburban hunger is becoming an increasing problem o People will move to Dublin and double and triple up because of the schools o But every suburban area surrounding Columbus is facing many of the same things o People can’t afford to live in Dublin o People live there because of the schools and have to live on the periphery Thoughts on Intel coming to region o It’s a threat: people in the area who need jobs won’t be hired by Intel, but its presence will raise prices o It would be ideal if they could offer workforce training o Opportunity from an ED standpoint - But from housing and socio-economic diversity, it is a threat o Wherever there’s a cluster of tech jobs, there’s an affordability problem Ideas on strategies for improving housing in Dublin o Vouchers for tenants? Probably not sustainable - How do we make people better equipped to afford housing? - How does Dublin provide incentives to support housing? - Better transportation for them to commute? o Need to resolve supply and demand issue – annexing is not the answer o Large companies need to build housing for their workers o People need to not be afraid of others who are different – we all want the same thing o People don’t want to change the nature of their community o Some of this may not change quickly – it may take a generation - What does it mean to Dublin residents as they age? - What’s the future of Dublin in 30 or 40 years? - Need to prepare for that and realize what’s happening now? Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 130 o Young people who can afford to come back will be a very selective group of people o Need to have more capacity to accommodate seniors - But it needs to be more affordable Neighborhood Associations General impressions for Dublin: o City has been great at building parks, trails. o Community facilities (fire stations, library, etc) are good. o People want to send their kids to Hopewell Elementary (East Dublin). o The Dublin name has cache. Methodist Hospital planned for some generic directional name “Northwest” something but went with Dublin Methodist because Dublin carried with it more appealing to people. o Very happy living in Dublin But paying dearly in taxes and seeing what that tax payment is paying. Housing stock o Housing market is tremendously strong. Very expensive housing. o Some of the older rentals don’t see to be doing very well (e.g., Sycamore Ridge and other similar types that are “barracks” style are aging). o Other than a few older apartments, people are taking good care of their homes. o What’s going to happen 15-20 years down the line for Sycamore Ridge, Tuller Flats? Housing diversity o If you can build a nice $250,000 home, young people will really like them. But we haven’t planned for that. o There are nearby communities (outside Dublin) that do provide less expensive housing. Marysville, for example, is well set up to absorb the housing demand. o Workforce housing should be accommodated throughout Dublin, not just a few locations within Dublin. Distribute small batches of workforce housing throughout the city and not concentrate them in a few or single building. o There are some pockets of affordable homes in Dublin – for example, smaller condos behind Giant Eagle and some other areas. We need more of that, but we need to carefully consider the impact to schools. o Scioto Crossing does look very nice – Ryan Homes. SFR detached. Density was really high (legacy zoning). o Bridge Park is a terrific place for empty nesters. - Cardinal Health wanted housing for white color young people, but it turned out to be mostly older folks that live there. - If you want younger people, you have to make them less expensive. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 131 o The urbanization at Bridge Park – not a real fan. There’s so much traffic and there’s nowhere to park in the historic downtown. Unless you’re a pedestrian, it’s a difficult place to go. - Not a fan of the tax abatement (10 years?). - I think there may be a place for that, but Bridge park seemed to have crammed in too much in a small area. - Unless you’re a pedestrian Seniors o People in communities like Muirfield would like to stay in Dublin, but there aren’t too many single floor living units. o Hawthorn Commons – apparently there’s a waiting list? o Not sure about legality of building standards but having at least one entry be designed without steps. Think we can do better in the long run, if we require no step entry and 36” door. First level bathroom, some accommodation for ADA. o Dublin doesn’t have enough senior developments. We have a healthcare service that’s growing, and people don’t have to go to downtown for medical services. - More housing that is within short distance to medical care would be attracted to seniors. Building and design standards: o All in favor of high standards. Wished there were more in place (e.g., mandating three car garages for bigger houses – don’t like cars parked on the street). o Historically, standards were instituted when corporate entity (Ashland Chemical) wanted to be Dublin and wanted high standards for housing. Second factor – Jack Nicholas wanted standards in Hilton Head to be duplicated to Dublin. o We know we have high standards, but we haven’t lacked people (builders) who grudgingly abided by them. o Believe builders will make more money if they can build with cheaper. Understand why builders would want less standards. Miscellaneous o Office uses – we’re just emerging from COVID, and we don’t know the long- term future for office, but council would like to reserve space for office users. o Balancing the commercial to resident uses is key for Dublin. o Preserving near-highway parcels are good policy to attract corporate office users. o Metro Center – surprised to hear that it’s not doing well. Understands why the City is moving toward a mixed-use development there. - Would like to see more amenities there (cafes, restaurants). Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 132 - Just because it looks nice as an office park doesn’t mean that people will enjoy living there. o Jerome Township seems to be picking up a lot of development momentum, but worried about the impact (e.g., traffic). o Dublin schools (over-subscribed because Jerome Village is going to be 4500 units). Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 133 Appendix 2: Residential Tapestry Segmentation In addition to the traditional demographic data from the U.S. Census Bureau, a Psychographic Segmentation was analyzed for area residents. Whereas the census data provide historical resident profiles in a particular geographic location, psychographics broadens the scope by identifying lifestyle habits, values, attitudes, and other defining attributes. For this analysis, ESRI Tapestry Segmentation da taset—which classifies resident groups into 67 unique segments in easy-to-visualize terms based not only on demographics but also on socioeconomic characteristics—was analysis for residents within a 10-mile radius from Dublin (see Figure 57). Figure 57: Map of Primary Market Area, 10-mile Radius from Dublin The 10-mile radius includes all or portions of nearby communities of Hilliard, Plain City, Powell, Upper Arlington, and Worthington—in addition to portions of the City of Columbus and Concord, Liberty, and Orange Townships in Delaware County. PolicyMap estimates that approximately 569,000 people reside within this 10-mile radius. Source: ESRI, PolicyMap, Urban Partners According to ESRI, the segment called Emerald City is the most prevalent in the 10 -mile radius, followed by In Style, Enterprising Professionals, Boomburbs, and Young and Restless. Thirty- three percent (33.4%) of all households fall in one of these five segments (Table 45). Table 45: Top ESRI Tapestry Segments 10-Mile Radius Area Households % All U.S. Households % 1. Emerald City 7.5% 1.4% 2. In Style 7.1% 2.2% 3. Enterprising Professionals 6.4% 1.4% 4. Boomburbs 6.3% 1.8% 5. Young and Restless 6.1% 1.8% Source: ESRI, Urban Partners The following pages show detailed profiles for the top segments. 10-Mile Radius Tapestry Segmentation Area Profile 5555 Perimeter Dr 5555 Perimeter Dr, Dublin, Ohio, 43017 Ring: 10 mile radius Prepared by Esri Latitude: 40.10208 Longitude: -83.13945 May 25, 2022 ©2022 Esri Page 13 of 18 Top Twenty Tapestry Segments 2021 Households 2021 U.S. Households Rank Tapestry Segment Percent Cumulative Percent Percent Cumulative Percent Index 1 Emerald City (8B) 7.5% 7.5% 1.4% 1.4% 530 2 In Style (5B) 7.1% 14.6% 2.2% 3.7% 319 3 Enterprising Professionals (2D) 6.4% 21.1% 1.4% 5.1% 449 4 Boomburbs (1C) 6.3% 27.3% 1.8% 6.9% 347 5 Young and Restless (11B) 6.1% 33.4% 1.8% 8.6% 348 Subtotal 33.4% 8.6% 6 Bright Young Professionals (8C) 5.9% 39.4% 2.3% 10.9% 261 7 Professional Pride (1B) 5.9% 45.3% 1.6% 12.5% 362 8 Metro Renters (3B) 5.6% 50.8% 1.7% 14.3% 324 9 Savvy Suburbanites (1D) 4.4% 55.3% 3.0% 17.2% 150 10 College Towns (14B) 3.7% 59.0% 1.0% 18.2% 385 Subtotal 25.5% 9.6% 11 Workday Drive (4A) 3.6% 62.6% 3.0% 21.2% 122 12 Up and Coming Families (7A) 3.6% 66.2% 2.6% 23.8% 137 13 Rustbelt Traditions (5D) 3.2% 69.3% 2.2% 25.9% 146 14 Top Tier (1A) 3.0% 72.3% 1.7% 27.6% 179 15 Exurbanites (1E) 2.8% 75.2% 1.9% 29.5% 147 Subtotal 16.2% 11.4% 16 Metro Fusion (11C) 2.7% 77.8% 1.4% 30.9% 190 17 Dorms to Diplomas (14C) 2.7% 80.5% 0.5% 31.4% 522 18 Urban Chic (2A) 2.4% 82.9% 1.3% 32.7% 186 19 Home Improvement (4B) 2.2% 85.1% 1.7% 34.4% 132 20 Old and Newcomers (8F) 2.0% 87.1% 2.3% 36.7% 86 Subtotal 12.0% 7.2% Total 87.1% 36.7% 237 Top Ten Tapestry Segments Site vs. U.S. College Towns (14B) Savvy Suburbanites (1D) Metro Renters (3B) Professional Pride (1B) Bright Young Professionals (8C) Young and Restless (11B) Boomburbs (1C) Enterprising Professionals (2D) In Style (5B) Emerald City (8B) Site U.S. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Percent of Households by Tapestry Segment Data Note: This report identifies neighborhood segments in the area, and describes the socioeconomic quality of the immediate neighborhood. The index is a comparison of the percent of households or Total Population 18+ in the area, by Tapestry segment, to the percent of households or Total Pop ulation 18+ in the United States, by segment. An index of 100 is the US average. Tapestry Segmentation Area Profile 5555 Perimeter Dr 5555 Perimeter Dr, Dublin, Ohio, 43017 Ring: 10 mile radius Prepared by Esri Latitude: 40.10208 Longitude: -83.13945 May 25, 2022 ©2022 Esri Page 14 of 18 Source: Esri Tapestry Segmentation Area Profile 5555 Perimeter Dr 5555 Perimeter Dr, Dublin, Ohio, 43017 Ring: 10 mile radius Prepared by Esri Latitude: 40.10208 Longitude: -83.13945 May 25, 2022 ©2022 Esri Page 15 of 18 2021 Tapestry Indexes by Households Index 2021 Tapestry Indexes by Total Population 18+ Index 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 14C 14A 13D 13B 12D 12B 11E 11C 11A 10D 10B 9F 9D 9B 8G 8E 8C 8A 7E 7C 7A 6E 6C 6A 5D 5B 4C 4A 3B 2D 2B 1E 1C 1A 14C 14A 13D 13B 12D 12B 11E 11C 11A 10D 10B 9F 9D 9B 8G 8E 8C 8A 7E 7C 7A 6E 6C 6A 5D 5B 4C 4A 3B 2D 2B 1E 1C 1A Tapestry Segments Tapestry Segments Tapestry Segmentation Area Profile 5555 Perimeter Dr 5555 Perimeter Dr, Dublin, Ohio, 43017 Ring: 10 mile radius Prepared by Esri Latitude: 40.10208 Longitude: -83.13945 May 25, 2022 ©2022 Esri Page 16 of 18 Data Note: This report identifies neighborhood segments in the area, and describes the socioeconomic quality of the immediate neighborhood. The index is a comparison of the percent of households or Total Population 18+ in the area, by Tapestry segment, to the percent of households or Total Population 18+ in the United States, by segment. An index of 100 is the US average. Source: Esri Tapestry Segmentation Area Profile 5555 Perimeter Dr 5555 Perimeter Dr, Dublin, Ohio, 43017 Ring: 10 mile radius Prepared by Esri Latitude: 40.10208 Longitude: -83.13945 May 25, 2022 ©2022 Esri Page 17 of 18 Tapestry LifeMode Groups 2021 Households 2021 Adult Population Number Percent Index Number Percent Index Total: 239,374 100.0% 457,975 100.0% 1. Affluent Estates 53,707 22.4% 224 113,128 24.7% 231 Top Tier (1A) 7,122 3.0% 179 15,099 3.3% 187 Professional Pride (1B) 14,117 5.9% 362 31,592 6.9% 375 Boomburbs (1C) 15,004 6.3% 347 30,784 6.7% 349 Savvy Suburbanites (1D) 10,643 4.4% 150 22,194 4.8% 151 Exurbanites (1E) 6,821 2.8% 147 13,459 2.9% 152 2. Upscale Avenues 21,167 8.8% 159 39,390 8.6% 148 Urban Chic (2A) 5,778 2.4% 186 11,146 2.4% 199 Pleasantville (2B) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Pacific Heights (2C) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Enterprising Professionals (2D) 15,389 6.4% 449 28,244 6.2% 463 3. Uptown Individuals 13,339 5.6% 145 20,398 4.5% 142 Laptops and Lattes (3A) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Metro Renters (3B) 13,339 5.6% 324 20,398 4.5% 334 Trendsetters (3C) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 4. Family Landscapes 15,399 6.4% 84 32,157 7.0% 88 Workday Drive (4A) 8,689 3.6% 122 18,406 4.0% 126 Home Improvement (4B) 5,365 2.2% 132 11,151 2.4% 133 Middleburg (4C) 1,345 0.6% 19 2,600 0.6% 19 5. GenXurban 30,608 12.8% 114 56,391 12.3% 114 Comfortable Empty Nesters (5A) 2,704 1.1% 46 5,440 1.2% 49 In Style (5B) 17,082 7.1% 319 30,366 6.6% 318 Parks and Rec (5C) 2,518 1.1% 54 4,878 1.1% 56 Rustbelt Traditions (5D) 7,561 3.2% 146 14,254 3.1% 152 Midlife Constants (5E) 743 0.3% 13 1,453 0.3% 14 6. Cozy Country Living 2,900 1.2% 10 6,072 1.3% 11 Green Acres (6A) 1,447 0.6% 19 3,089 0.7% 20 Salt of the Earth (6B) 826 0.3% 12 1,769 0.4% 13 The Great Outdoors (6C) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Prairie Living (6D) 46 0.0% 2 121 0.0% 3 Rural Resort Dwellers (6E) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Heartland Communities (6F) 581 0.2% 11 1,093 0.2% 11 7. Sprouting Explorers 8,882 3.7% 52 16,009 3.5% 42 Up and Coming Families (7A) 8,589 3.6% 137 15,348 3.4% 121 Urban Villages (7B) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Urban Edge Families (7C) 293 0.1% 8 661 0.1% 9 Forging Opportunity (7D) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Farm to Table (7E) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Southwestern Families (7F) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Data Note: This report identifies neighborhood segments in the area, and describes the socioeconomic quality of the immediate neighborhood. The index is a comparison of the percent of households or Total Population 18+ in the area, by Tapestry segment, to the percent of households or Total Population 18+ in the United States, by segment. An index of 100 is the US average. Source: Esri Tapestry Segmentation Area Profile 5555 Perimeter Dr 5555 Perimeter Dr, Dublin, Ohio, 43017 Ring: 10 mile radius Prepared by Esri Latitude: 40.10208 Longitude: -83.13945 May 25, 2022 ©2022 Esri Page 18 of 18 Tapestry LifeMode Groups 2021 Households 2021 Adult Population Number Percent Index Number Percent Index Total: 239,374 100.0% 457,975 100.0% 8. Middle Ground 40,515 16.9% 157 71,547 15.6% 156 City Lights (8A) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Emerald City (8B) 17,964 7.5% 530 30,477 6.7% 550 Bright Young Professionals (8C) 14,148 5.9% 261 26,106 5.7% 280 Downtown Melting Pot (8D) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Front Porches (8E) 2,131 0.9% 57 4,086 0.9% 59 Old and Newcomers (8F) 4,746 2.0% 86 8,164 1.8% 90 Hometown Heritage (8G) 1,526 0.6% 54 2,714 0.6% 52 9. Senior Styles 6,762 2.8% 49 11,694 2.6% 51 Silver & Gold (9A) 432 0.2% 23 734 0.2% 22 Golden Years (9B) 2,548 1.1% 80 4,826 1.1% 90 The Elders (9C) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Senior Escapes (9D) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Retirement Communities (9E) 3,782 1.6% 132 6,134 1.3% 134 Social Security Set (9F) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 10. Rustic Outposts 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Southern Satellites (10A) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Rooted Rural (10B) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Economic BedRock (10C) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Down the Road (10D) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Rural Bypasses (10E) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 11. Midtown Singles 26,576 11.1% 180 44,188 9.6% 178 City Strivers (11A) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Young and Restless (11B) 14,618 6.1% 348 24,133 5.3% 376 Metro Fusion (11C) 6,387 2.7% 190 11,266 2.5% 189 Set to Impress (11D) 3,973 1.7% 120 6,192 1.4% 115 City Commons (11E) 1,598 0.7% 77 2,597 0.6% 73 12. Hometown 3,892 1.6% 27 7,283 1.6% 28 Family Foundations (12A) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Traditional Living (12B) 3,675 1.5% 81 6,873 1.5% 85 Small Town Simplicity (12C) 115 0.0% 3 235 0.1% 3 Modest Income Homes (12D) 102 0.0% 3 175 0.0% 3 13. Next Wave 438 0.2% 5 745 0.2% 4 Diverse Convergence (13A) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Family Extensions (13B) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 NeWest Residents (13C) 438 0.2% 24 745 0.2% 19 Fresh Ambitions (13D) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 High Rise Renters (13E) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 14. Scholars and Patriots 15,189 6.3% 393 38,973 8.5% 374 Military Proximity (14A) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 College Towns (14B) 8,825 3.7% 385 15,271 3.3% 323 Dorms to Diplomas (14C) 6,364 2.7% 522 23,702 5.2% 532 Unclassified (15) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Data Note: This report identifies neighborhood segments in the area, and describes the socioeconomic quality of the immediate neighborhood. The index is a comparison of the percent of households or Total Population 18+ in the area, by Tapestry segment, to the percent of households or Total Population 18+ in the United States, by segment. An index of 100 is the US average. Source: Esri Tapestry Segmentation Area Profile 5555 Perimeter Dr 5555 Perimeter Dr, Dublin, Ohio, 43017 Ring: 10 mile radius Prepared by Esri Latitude: 40.10208 Longitude: -83.13945 May 25, 2022 ©2022 Esri Page 19 of 18 Tapestry Urbanization Groups 2021 Households 2021 Adult Population Number Percent Index Number Percent Index Total: 239,374 100.0% 457,975 100.0% 1. Principal Urban Center 13,777 5.8% 81 21,143 4.6% 70 Laptops and Lattes (3A) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Metro Renters (3B) 13,339 5.6% 324 20,398 4.5% 334 Trendsetters (3C) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Downtown Melting Pot (8D) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 City Strivers (11A) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 NeWest Residents (13C) 438 0.2% 24 745 0.2% 19 Fresh Ambitions (13D) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 High Rise Renters (13E) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 2. Urban Periphery 28,491 11.9% 72 52,462 11.5% 65 Pacific Heights (2C) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Rustbelt Traditions (5D) 7,561 3.2% 146 14,254 3.1% 152 Urban Villages (7B) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Urban Edge Families (7C) 293 0.1% 8 661 0.1% 9 Forging Opportunity (7D) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Southwestern Families (7F) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 City Lights (8A) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Bright Young Professionals (8C) 14,148 5.9% 261 26,106 5.7% 280 Metro Fusion (11C) 6,387 2.7% 190 11,266 2.5% 189 Family Foundations (12A) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Modest Income Homes (12D) 102 0.0% 3 175 0.0% 3 Diverse Convergence (13A) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Family Extensions (13B) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 3. Metro Cities 86,284 36.0% 199 160,709 35.1% 210 In Style (5B) 17,082 7.1% 319 30,366 6.6% 318 Emerald City (8B) 17,964 7.5% 530 30,477 6.7% 550 Front Porches (8E) 2,131 0.9% 57 4,086 0.9% 59 Old and Newcomers (8F) 4,746 2.0% 86 8,164 1.8% 90 Hometown Heritage (8G) 1,526 0.6% 54 2,714 0.6% 52 Retirement Communities (9E) 3,782 1.6% 132 6,134 1.3% 134 Social Security Set (9F) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Young and Restless (11B) 14,618 6.1% 348 24,133 5.3% 376 Set to Impress (11D) 3,973 1.7% 120 6,192 1.4% 115 City Commons (11E) 1,598 0.7% 77 2,597 0.6% 73 Traditional Living (12B) 3,675 1.5% 81 6,873 1.5% 85 College Towns (14B) 8,825 3.7% 385 15,271 3.3% 323 Dorms to Diplomas (14C) 6,364 2.7% 522 23,702 5.2% 532 Data Note: This report identifies neighborhood segments in the area, and describes the socioeconomic quality of the immediate neighborhood. The index is a comparison of the percent of households or Total Population 18+ in the area, by Tapestry segment, to the percent of households or Total Population 18+ in the United States, by segment. An index of 100 is the US average. Source: Esri Tapestry Segmentation Area Profile 5555 Perimeter Dr 5555 Perimeter Dr, Dublin, Ohio, 43017 Ring: 10 mile radius Prepared by Esri Latitude: 40.10208 Longitude: -83.13945 May 25, 2022 ©2022 Esri Page 20 of 18 Tapestry Urbanization Groups 2021 Households 2021 Adult Population Number Percent Index Number Percent Index Total: 239,374 100.0% 457,975 100.0% 4. Suburban Periphery 106,462 44.5% 139 214,754 46.9% 143 Top Tier (1A) 7,122 3.0% 179 15,099 3.3% 187 Professional Pride (1B) 14,117 5.9% 362 31,592 6.9% 375 Boomburbs (1C) 15,004 6.3% 347 30,784 6.7% 349 Savvy Suburbanites (1D) 10,643 4.4% 150 22,194 4.8% 151 Exurbanites (1E) 6,821 2.8% 147 13,459 2.9% 152 Urban Chic (2A) 5,778 2.4% 186 11,146 2.4% 199 Pleasantville (2B) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Enterprising Professionals (2D) 15,389 6.4% 449 28,244 6.2% 463 Workday Drive (4A) 8,689 3.6% 122 18,406 4.0% 126 Home Improvement (4B) 5,365 2.2% 132 11,151 2.4% 133 Comfortable Empty Nesters (5A) 2,704 1.1% 46 5,440 1.2% 49 Parks and Rec (5C) 2,518 1.1% 54 4,878 1.1% 56 Midlife Constants (5E) 743 0.3% 13 1,453 0.3% 14 Up and Coming Families (7A) 8,589 3.6% 137 15,348 3.4% 121 Silver & Gold (9A) 432 0.2% 23 734 0.2% 22 Golden Years (9B) 2,548 1.1% 80 4,826 1.1% 90 The Elders (9C) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Military Proximity (14A) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 5. Semirural 2,041 0.9% 9 3,928 0.9% 9 Middleburg (4C) 1,345 0.6% 19 2,600 0.6% 19 Heartland Communities (6F) 581 0.2% 11 1,093 0.2% 11 Farm to Table (7E) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Senior Escapes (9D) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Down the Road (10D) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Small Town Simplicity (12C) 115 0.0% 3 235 0.1% 3 6. Rural 2,319 1.0% 6 4,979 1.1% 6 Green Acres (6A) 1,447 0.6% 19 3,089 0.7% 20 Salt of the Earth (6B) 826 0.3% 12 1,769 0.4% 13 The Great Outdoors (6C) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Prairie Living (6D) 46 0.0% 2 121 0.0% 3 Rural Resort Dwellers (6E) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Southern Satellites (10A) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Rooted Rural (10B) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Economic BedRock (10C) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Rural Bypasses (10E) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Unclassified (15) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Data Note: This report identifies neighborhood segments in the area, and describes the socioeconomic quality of the immediate neighborhood. The index is a comparison of the percent of households or Total Population 18+ in the area, by Tapestry segment, to the percent of households or Total Population 18+ in the United States, by segment. An index of 100 is the US average. Source: Esri Average Household Size: 2.06 Median Household Income: $59,200 Emerald City WHO ARE WE? Emerald City’s denizens live in lower-density neighborhoods of urban areas throughout the country. Young and mobile, they are more likely to rent. Half have a college degree and a professional occupation. Incomes close to the US median come primarily from wages, investments, and self-employ- ment. This group is highly connected, using the Internet for entertainment and making environmentally friendly purchas- es. Long hours on the Internet are balanced with time at the gym. Many embrace the “foodie” culture and enjoy cooking adventurous meals using local and organic foods. Music and art are major sources of enjoyment.They travel frequently, both abroad and domestically. TAPESTRY TM SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry OUR NEIGHBORHOOD • There are mostly older, established neigh- borhoods with homes built before 1960; around 30% built before 1940. • Just over half of all homes are renter occupied. • Single-person and nonfamily types make up over half of all households. • Median home value and average rent are slightly above the US levels; around half of owned homes are worth $150,000– $300,000. SOCIOECONOMIC TRAITS • Consumers research products carefully before making purchases. • They buy natural, green, and environmen- tally friendly products. • Very conscious of nutrition, they regularly buy and eat organic foods. • Cell phones and text messaging are a huge part of everyday life. • They place importance on learning new things to keep life fresh and variable. • They are interested in the fine arts and especially enjoy listening to music. Note: The Index represents the ratio of the segment rate to the US rate multiplied by 100. Consumer preferences are estimated from data by MRI-Simmons. LifeMode Group: Middle Ground Emerald City TAPESTRY TM 8B SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M AGE BY SEX (Esri data) Median Age: 37.4 US: 38.2 Indicates US 85+ 80–84 75–79 70–74 65–69 60–64 55–59 50–54 45–49 40–44 35–39 30–34 25–29 20–24 15–19 10–14 5–9 <5 8% 4% 0 4% 8% RACE AND ETHNICITY (Esri data) The Diversity Index summarizes racial and ethnic diversity. The index shows the likelihood that two persons, chosen at random from the same area, belong to different race or ethnic groups. The index ranges from 0 (no diversity) to 100 (complete diversity). Diversity Index: 50.6 US: 64.0 Hispanic* Multiple Other Asian and Pac. Islander American Indian Black White 0 20% 40% 60% 80% INCOME AND NET WORTH Net worth measures total household assets (homes, vehicles, investments, etc.) less any debts, secured (e.g., mortgages) or unsecured (credit cards). Household income and net worth are estimated by Esri. Median Household Income 0 $100K $200K $300K $400K $500K $600K+ Median Net Worth 0 $100K $200K $300K $400K $500K $600K+ Male Female US Average. *Hispanic Can Be of Any Race. US Median. AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD BUDGET INDEX The index compares the average amount spent in this market’s household budgets for housing, food, apparel, etc., to the average amount spent by all US households. An index of 100 is average. An index of 120 shows that average spending by consumers in this market is 20 percent above the national average. Consumer expenditures are estimated by Esri. OCCUPATION BY EARNINGS The five occupations with the highest number of workers in the market are displayed by median earnings. Data from the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey. $140,000 $120,000 $100,000 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 $59,200 $56,100 104 103 Apparel & Services 104 Transportation Health Care Entertainment & Recreation Education Pensions & Social Security Other 101 96 101 105 102 101 Median Earnings LifeMode Group: Middle Ground Emerald City TAPESTRY TM 8B SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry $80,000 $60,000 $40,000 $20,000 0 100,000 200,0 00 300,0 00 Workers (Age 16+) LifeMode Group: Middle Ground Emerald City TAPESTRY TM 8B SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry MARKET PROFILE (Consumer preferences are estimated from data by MRI-Simmons.) • Liberal segment that contributes to NPR and PBS. • Shop at Trader Joe’s and Whole Foods. • Budget time—utilize home cleaning services so there’s time for yoga. • Use the web for professional networking, blogging, making travel plans, shopping, and sports news. • Read magazines and books on a tablet, sometimes while exercising at home. • Attend venues like art galleries, museums, and concerts. At home they like to cook and bake. HOUSING Median home value is displayed for markets that are primarily owner occupied; average rent is shown for renter-occupied markets. Tenure and home value are estimated by Esri. Housing type and average rent are from the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey. Typical Housing: Single Family; Multi-Units Average Rent: $1,087 US Average: $1,038 POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS Total population, average annual population change since Census 2010, and average density (population per square mile) are displayed for the market relative to the size and change among all Tapestry markets. Data estimated by Esri. ESRI INDEXES Esri developed three indexes to display average household wealth, socioeconomic status, and housing affordability for the market relative to US standards. 900,000 0 Population 3,684,800 0.9% Population Density (Persons per sq. mile) 1000 396 25,000 11,000,000 0 Wealth Index 0 Socioeconomic Status Index 0 Housing Affordability Index 350 350 350 Own 48.5% Ownership Rent 51.5% Population Growth (Annual %) 113 122 74 SEGMENT DENSITY This map illustrates the density and distribution of the Emerald City Tapestry Segment by households. High Low Copyright © 2021 Esri. All rights reserved. Esri, the Esri globe logo, The Science of Where, Tapestry, @esri.com, and esri.com are trademarks, service marks, or registered marks of Esri in the United States, the European Community, or certain other jurisdictions. Other companies and products or services mentioned herein may be trademarks, service marks, or registered marks of their respective mark owners. G1804565 ESRI2C6/21dm For more information 1-800-447-9778 info@esri.com esri.com 8B LifeMode Group: Middle Ground Emerald City esri.com/tapestry Average Household Size: 2.35 Median Household Income: $73,000 In Style WHO ARE WE? In Style denizens embrace an urbane lifestyle that includes support of the arts, travel, and extensive reading. They are connected and make full use of the advantages of mobile devices. Professional couples or single households without children, they have the time to focus on their homes and their interests. The population is slightly older and already planning for their retirement. TAPESTRY TM SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry OUR NEIGHBORHOOD • City dwellers of large metropolitan areas. • Married couples, primarily with no children (Index 112) or single households (Index 109); average household size at 2.35. • Home ownership average at 68% (Index 108); nearly half, 47%, mortgaged (Index 114). • Primarily single-family homes, in older neighborhoods (built before 1980), with a mix of town homes (Index 132) and smaller (5 –19 units) apartment buildings (Index 110). • Median home value at $243,900. • Vacant housing units at 8.6%. SOCIOECONOMIC TRAITS • College educated: 48% are graduates (Index 155); 77% with some college education. • Higher labor force participation rate is at 67% (Index 108) with proportionately more 2-worker households (Index 110). • Median household income of $73,000 reveals an affluent market with income supplemented by investments (Index 142) and a substantial net worth (Index 178). • Connected and knowledgeable, they carry smartphones and use many of the features. • Attentive to price, they use coupons, especially mobile coupons. Note: The Index represents the ratio of the segment rate to the US rate multiplied by 100. Consumer preferences are estimated from data by MRI-Simmons. LifeMode Group: GenXurban In Style TAPESTRY TM 5B SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry M a l e M a l e M a l e M a l e M a l e M a l e M a l e M a l e M a l e M a l e M a l e M a l e M a l e M a l e M a l e M a l e M a l e M a l e AGE BY SEX (Esri data) Median Age: 42.0 US: 38.2 Indicates US 85+ 80–84 75–79 70–74 65–69 60–64 55–59 50–54 45–49 40–44 35–39 30–34 25–29 20–24 15–19 10–14 5–9 <5 8% 4% 0 4% 8% RACE AND ETHNICITY (Esri data) The Diversity Index summarizes racial and ethnic diversity. The index shows the likelihood that two persons, chosen at random from the same area, belong to different race or ethnic groups. The index ranges from 0 (no diversity) to 100 (complete diversity). Diversity Index: 39.8 US: 64.0 Hispanic* Multiple Other Asian and Pac. Islander American Indian Black White 0 20% 40% 60% 80% INCOME AND NET WORTH Net worth measures total household assets (homes, vehicles, investments, etc.) less any debts, secured (e.g., mortgages) or unsecured (credit cards). Household income and net worth are estimated by Esri. Median Household Income 0 $100K $200K $300K $400K $500K $600K+ Median Net Worth 0 $100K $200K $300K $400K $500K $600K+ Male Female US Average. *Hispanic Can Be of Any Race. US Median. AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD BUDGET INDEX The index compares the average amount spent in this market’s household budgets for housing, food, apparel, etc., to the average amount spent by all US households. An index of 100 is average. An index of 120 shows that average spending by consumers in this market is 20 percent above the national average. Consumer expenditures are estimated by Esri. OCCUPATION BY EARNINGS The five occupations with the highest number of workers in the market are displayed by median earnings. Data from the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey. $140,000 $120,000 $100,000 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 $73,000 $56,100 $165,800 $93,300 Median Earnings Housing 116 Food 115 Apparel & Services 117 Transportation 115 Health Care 117 Entertainment & 117 Recreation Education 120 Pensions & Social Security 120 Other 119 LifeMode Group: GenXurban In Style TAPESTRY TM 5B SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry $80,000 $60,000 $40,000 $20,000 0 100,000 300,000 500,000 Workers (Age 16+) LifeMode Group: GenXurban In Style TAPESTRY TM 5B SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry MARKET PROFILE (Consumer preferences are estimated from data by MRI-Simmons.) • Partial to late model SUVs: compact SUVs are gaining popularity. • Homes integral part of their style; invest in home remodeling/maintenance, DIY or contractors; housekeeping hired. • Prefer organic foods, including growing their own vegetables. • Financially active, own a variety of investments often managed by a financial planner. • Meticulous planners, both well insured and well invested in retirement savings. • Generous with support of various charities and causes. • Actively support the arts, theater, concerts, and museums. HOUSING Median home value is displayed for markets that are primarily owner occupied; average rent is shown for renter-occupied markets. Tenure and home value are estimated by Esri. Housing type and average rent are from the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey. Typical Housing: Single Family Median Value: $243,900 US Median: $207,300 POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS Total population, average annual population change since Census 2010, and average density (population per square mile) are displayed for the market relative to the size and change among all Tapestry markets. Data estimated by Esri. ESRI INDEXES Esri developed three indexes to display average household wealth, socioeconomic status, and housing affordability for the market relative to US standards. 900,000 Population 0.8% 6,623,000 11,000,000 0 Wealth Index 0 Socioeconomic Status Index 350 350 0 Population Density (Persons per sq. mile) 1000 3 6 5 25,000 Own 67.8% Ownership Rent 32.2% Population Growth (Annual %) 130 120 LifeMode Group: GenXurban In Style TAPESTRY TM 5B SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry 0 Housing Affordability Index 35 0 142 SEGMENT DENSITY This map illustrates the density and distribution of the In Style Tapestry Segment by households. High Low Copyright © 2021 Esri. All rights reserved. Esri, the Esri globe logo, The Science of Where, Tapestry, @esri.com, and esri.com are trademarks, service marks, or registered marks of Esri in the United States, the European Community, or certain other jurisdictions. Other companies and products or services mentioned herein may be trademarks, service marks, or registered marks of their respective mark owners. G1804565 ESRI2C6/21dm For more information 1-800-447-9778 info@esri.com esri.com 5B LifeMode Group: GenXurban In Style esri.com/tapestry Average Household Size: 2.48 Median Household Income: $86,600 Enterprising Professionals WHO ARE WE? Enterprising Professionals residents are well educated and climbing the ladder in STEM (science, technology, engi- neering, and mathematics) occupations. They change jobs often and therefore choose to live in condos, town homes, or apartments; many still rent their homes. The market is fast-growing, located in lower density diverse neighbor - hoods of large metro areas. This young market makes over one and a half times more income than the US median, supplementing their income with investments. At home, they enjoy the Internet and TV on high-speed connections with premier channels and services. TAPESTRY TM SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry OUR NEIGHBORHOOD • Almost half of households are married couples, and 29% are single person households. • Housing is a mixture of suburban single-family homes, row homes, and larger multiunit structures. • Close to three quarters of the homes were built after 1980; 25% are newer, built after 2000. • Renters make up nearly half of all households. SOCIOECONOMIC TRAITS • Median household income one and a half times that of the US. • Over half hold a bachelor’s degree or higher. • Early adopters of new technology in hopes of impressing peers with new gadgets. • Enjoy talking about and giving advice on technology. • Use smartphones for news, accessing search engines, and maps. • Work long hours in front of a computer. • Strive to stay youthful and healthy, eat organic and natural foods, run and do yoga. • Buy name brands and trendy clothes online. Note: The Index represents the ratio of the segment rate to the US rate multiplied by 100. Consumer preferences are estimated from data by MRI-Simmons. LifeMode Group: Upscale Avenues Enterprising Professionals TAPESTRY TM 2D SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma AGE BY SEX (Esri data) Median Age: 35.3 US: 38.2 Indicates US 85+ 80–84 75–79 70–74 65–69 60–64 55–59 50–54 45–49 40–44 35–39 30–34 25–29 20–24 15–19 10–14 5–9 <5 8% 4% 0 4% 8% RACE AND ETHNICITY (Esri data) The Diversity Index summarizes racial and ethnic diversity. The index shows the likelihood that two persons, chosen at random from the same area, belong to different race or ethnic groups. The index ranges from 0 (no diversity) to 100 (complete diversity). Diversity Index: 73.0 US: 64.0 Hispanic* Multiple Other Asian and Pac. Islander American Indian Black White 0 20% 40% 60% 80% INCOME AND NET WORTH Net worth measures total household assets (homes, vehicles, investments, etc.) less any debts, secured (e.g., mortgages) or unsecured (credit cards). Household income and net worth are estimated by Esri. Median Household Income 0 $100K $200K $300K $400K $500K $600K+ Median Net Worth 0 $100K $200K $300K $400K $500K $600K+ Male Female US Average. *Hispanic Can Be of Any Race. US Median. AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD BUDGET INDEX The index compares the average amount spent in this market’s household budgets for housing, food, apparel, etc., to the average amount spent by all US households. An index of 100 is average. An index of 120 shows that average spending by consumers in this market is 20 percent above the national average. Consumer expenditures are estimated by Esri. OCCUPATION BY EARNINGS The five occupations with the highest number of workers in the market are displayed by median earnings. Data from the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey. $140,000 $120,000 $100,000 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 $86,600 $56,100 $106,000 $93,300 133 133 Apparel & Services 139 Transportation Health Care Entertainment & Recreation Education Pensions & Social Security Other 129 120 130 138 138 131 Median Earnings LifeMode Group: Upscale Avenues Enterprising Professionals TAPESTRY TM 2D SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry $80,000 $60,000 $40,000 $20,000 0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 Workers (Age 16+) LifeMode Group: Upscale Avenues Enterprising Professionals TAPESTRY TM 2D SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry MARKET PROFILE (Consumer preferences are estimated from data by MRI-Simmons.) • Buy digital books for tablet reading, along with magazines and newspapers. • Frequent the dry cleaner. • Travel to foreign and domestic destinations common. • Watch movies and TV with video-on-demand and HDTV over a high-speed connection. • Convenience is key—shop at Amazon.com and pick up medicines at the Target pharmacy. • Eat out at The Cheesecake Factory, Chipotle Mexican, and Panera Bread; drop by Starbucks for coffee. • Leisure activities include trips to museums and the beach. • Have health insurance and a 401(k) through work. HOUSING Median home value is displayed for markets that are primarily owner occupied; average rent is shown for renter-occupied markets. Tenure and home value are estimated by Esri. Housing type and average rent are from the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey. Typical Housing: Multiunits; Single Family Median Value: $340,200 US Median: $207,300 POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS Total population, average annual population change since Census 2010, and average density (population per square mile) are displayed for the market relative to the size and change among all Tapestry markets. Data estimated by Esri. ESRI INDEXES Esri developed three indexes to display average household wealth, socioeconomic status, and housing affordability for the market relative to US standards. 900,000 Population 4,341,400 1.5% 11,000,000 0 Wealth Index 0 Socioeconomic Status Index 350 350 0 Population Density (Persons per sq. mile) 1000 1,42 7 25,000 0 Own 51.2% Ownership Rent 48.8% Population Growth (Annual %) 138 103 LifeMode Group: Upscale Avenues Enterprising Professionals TAPESTRY TM 2D SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry Housing Affordability Index 35 0 121 SEGMENT DENSITY This map illustrates the density and distribution of the Enterprising Professionals Tapestry Segment by households. High Low Copyright © 2021 Esri. All rights reserved. Esri, the Esri globe logo, The Science of Where, Tapestry, @esri.com, and esri.com are trademarks, service marks, or registered marks of Esri in the United States, the European Community, or certain other jurisdictions. Other companies and products or services mentioned herein may be trademarks, service marks, or registered marks of their respective mark owners. G1804565 ESRI2C6/21dm For more information 1-800-447-9778 info@esri.com esri.com 2D LifeMode Group: Upscale Avenues Enterprising Professionals esri.com/tapestry Average Household Size: 3.25 WHO ARE WE? This is the new growth market, with a profile similar to the original: young professionals with families that have opted to trade up to the newest housing in the suburbs. The original Boomburbs neighborhoods began growing in the 1990s and continued through the peak of the housing boom. Most of those neighborhoods are fully developed now. This is an affluent market but with a higher proportion of mortgages. Rapid growth still distinguishes the Boomburbs neighborhoods, although the boom is more subdued now than it was 10 years ago. So is the housing market. Residents are well-educated professionals with a running start on prosperity. TAPESTRY TM SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry OUR NEIGHBORHOOD • Growth markets are in the suburban periphery of large metropolitan areas. • Young families are married with children (Index 220); average household size is 3.25. • Home ownership is 84% (Index 134), with the highest rate of mortgages, 71.5% (Index 173). • Primarily single-family homes, in new neighborhoods, 66% built since 2000 (Index 441). • Median home value is $350,000 (Index 169). • Lower housing vacancy rate at 3.7%. • The cost of affordable new housing comes at the expense of one of the longest commutes to work, over 30 minutes average, including a disproportionate number (33.6%) commuting across county lines (Index 141). SOCIOECONOMIC TRAITS • Well educated young professionals, 55% are college graduates (Index 178). • High labor force participation at 71.3% (Index 114); most households have more than two workers (Index 124). • Longer commute times from the suburban growth corridors have created more home workers (Index 156). • Well connected, own the latest devices and understand how to use them efficiently; biggest complaints—too many devices and too many intrusions on personal time. • Financial planning is well under way for these professionals. Note: The Index represents the ratio of the segment rate to the US rate multiplied by 100. Consumer preferences are estimated from data by MRI-Simmons. LifeMode Group: Affluent Estates Boomburbs TAPESTRY TM 1C SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry !" !" !" !" !" !" !" !" !" !" !" !" !" !" !" !" !" !" AGE BY SEX (Esri data) Median Age: 34.0 US: 38.2 Indicates US 85+ 80–84 75–79 70–74 65–69 60–64 55–59 50–54 45–49 40–44 35–39 30–34 25–29 20–24 15–19 10–14 5–9 <5 8% 4% 0 4% 8% RACE AND ETHNICITY (Esri data) The Diversity Index summarizes racial and ethnic diversity. The index shows the likelihood that two persons, chosen at random from the same area, belong to different race or ethnic groups. The index ranges from 0 (no diversity) to 100 (complete diversity). Diversity Index: 63.2 US: 64.0 Hispanic* Multiple Other Asian and Pac. Islander American Indian Black White 0 20% 40% 60% 80% INCOME AND NET WORTH Net worth measures total household assets (homes, vehicles, investments, etc.) less any debts, secured (e.g., mortgages) or unsecured (credit cards). Household income and net worth are estimated by Esri. Median Household Income $113,400 6,100 $5 0 $100K $200K $300K $400K $500K $600K+ Median Net Worth $357,600 $9 3,300 0 $100K $200K $300K $400K $500K $600K+ Male Female US Average. *Hispanic Can Be of Any Race. US Median. AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD BUDGET INDEX The index compares the average amount spent in this market’s household budgets for housing, food, apparel, etc., to the average amount spent by all US households. An index of 100 is average. An index of 120 shows that average spending by consumers in this market is 20 percent above the national average. Consumer expenditures are estimated by Esri. OCCUPATION BY EARNINGS The five occupations with the highest number of workers in the market are displayed by median earnings. Data from the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey. $140,000 $120,000 $100,000 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Median Earnings Housing 161 Food 164 Apparel & Services Transportation Health Care 179 162 157 Entertainment & Recreation Education Pensions & Social Security 169 163 186 Other 172 LifeMode Group: Affluent Estates Boomburbs TAPESTRY TM 1C SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry $80,000 $60,000 $40,000 $20,000 0 100,000 300,000 500,000 Workers (Age 16+) LifeMode Group: Affluent Estates Boomburbs TAPESTRY TM 1C SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry MARKET PROFILE (Consumer preferences are estimated from data by MRI-Simmons.) • Boomburbs residents prefer late model imports, primarily SUVs, and also luxury cars and minivans. • This is one of the top markets for the latest in technology, from smartphones to tablets to Internet connectable televisions. • Style matters in the Boomburbs, from personal appearance to their homes. These consumers are still furnishing their new homes and already remodeling. • Enjoy gardening but more often contract for home services. • Physical fitness is a priority, including club memberships and home equipment. • Leisure includes a range of activities from sports (hiking, bicycling, swimming, golf) to visits to theme parks or water parks. • Residents are generous supporters of charitable organizations. HOUSING Median home value is displayed for markets that are primarily owner occupied; average rent is shown for renter-occupied markets. Tenure and home value are estimated by Esri. Housing type and average rent are from the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey. Typical Housing: Single Family Median Value: $350,000 US Median: $207,300 POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS Total population, average annual population change since Census 2010, and average density (population per square mile) are displayed for the market relative to the size and change among all Tapestry markets. Data estimated by Esri. ESRI INDEXES Esri developed three indexes to display average household wealth, socioeconomic status, and housing affordability for the market relative to US standards. 900,000 Population 6,536,700 3.5% 11,000,000 0 Wealth Index 0 Socioeconomic Status Index 350 350 0 Population Density (Persons per sq. mile) 1000 10 17 25,000 0 Own 84.0% Ownership Rent 16.0% Population Growth (Annual %) 156 167 153 LifeMode Group: Affluent Estates Boomburbs TAPESTRY TM 1C SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry Housing Affordability Index 35 0 SEGMENT DENSITY This map illustrates the density and distribution of the Boomburbs Tapestry Segment by households. High Low Copyright © 2021 Esri. All rights reserved. Esri, the Esri globe logo, The Science of Where, Tapestry, @esri.com, and esri.com are trademarks, service marks, or registered marks of Esri in the United States, the European Community, or certain other jurisdictions. Other companies and products or services mentioned herein may be trademarks, service marks, or registered marks of their respective mark owners. G1804565 ESRI2C6/21dm For more information 1-800-447-9778 info@esri.com esri.com 1C LifeMode Group: Affluent Estates Boomburbs esri.com/tapestry Average Household Size: 2.04 Median Household Income: $40,500 Young and Restless WHO ARE WE? Gen Y comes of age: Well-educated young workers, some of whom are still completing their education, are employed in professional/technical occupations, as well as sales and office/administrative support roles. These residents are not established yet, but striving to get ahead and improve themselves. This market ranks in the top 5 for renters, movers, college enrollment, and labor force participation rate. Almost 1 in 5 residents move each year. More than half of all householders are under the age of 35, the majority living alone or in shared nonfamily dwellings. Median household income is still below the US. Smartphones are a way of life, and they use the Internet extensively. Young and Restless consumers typically live in densely populated neighborhoods in large metropolitan areas; over 50% are located in the South (almost a fifth in Texas), with the rest chiefly in the West and Midwest. TAPESTRY TM SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry OUR NEIGHBORHOOD • One of the youngest markets: More than half the householders under age 35; median age 29.8. • Primarily single-person households (Index 163) with some shared households (Index 201). • Highly mobile market, beginning careers and changing addresses frequently. • One of the top 5 renter markets (Index 233). • Apartment rentals popular: 44% in 5–19 unit buildings (Index 487), 27% in 20+ unit buildings (Index 318). • Majority of housing built in 1970 or later (84%). SOCIOECONOMIC TRAITS • Education completed: More than 2 out of 3 have some college, an associate’s degree, or a bachelor’s degree or higher. Almost 14% are still enrolled in college (Index 175). • Labor force participation rate is exception- ally high at 75.0%. • These careful shoppers are aware of prices, and demonstrate little brand loyalty. • Like to be the first to try new products, but prefer to do research before buying the latest electronics. • Most of their information comes from the Internet and TV, rather than traditional media. • Carry their cell phone everywhere they go. Note: The Index represents the ratio of the segment rate to the US rate multiplied by 100. Consumer preferences are estimated from data by MRI-Simmons. LifeMode Group: Midtown Singles Young and Restless TAPESTRY TM 11B SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry AGE BY SEX (Esri data) Median Age: 29.8 US: 38.2 Indicates US 85+ 80–84 75–79 70–74 65–69 60–64 55–59 50–54 45–49 40–44 35–39 30–34 25–29 20–24 15–19 10–14 5–9 <5 8% 4% 0 4% 8% RACE AND ETHNICITY (Esri data) The Diversity Index summarizes racial and ethnic diversity. The index shows the likelihood that two persons, chosen at random from the same area, belong to different race or ethnic groups. The index ranges from 0 (no diversity) to 100 (complete diversity). Diversity Index: 77.4 US: 64.0 Hispanic* Multiple Other Asian and Pac. Islander American Indian Black White 0 20% 40% 60% 80% INCOME AND NET WORTH Net worth measures total household assets (homes, vehicles, investments, etc.) less any debts, secured (e.g., mortgages) or unsecured (credit cards). Household income and net worth are estimated by Esri. Median Household Income 0 $100K $200K $300K $400K $500K $600K+ Median Net Worth 0 $100K $200K $300K $400K $500K $600K+ Male Female US Average. *Hispanic Can Be of Any Race. US Median. AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD BUDGET INDEX The index compares the average amount spent in this market’s household budgets for housing, food, apparel, etc., to the average amount spent by all US households. An index of 100 is average. An index of 120 shows that average spending by consumers in this market is 20 percent above the national average. Consumer expenditures are estimated by Esri. OCCUPATION BY EARNINGS The five occupations with the highest number of workers in the market are displayed by median earnings. Data from the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey. $60,000 $50,000 $40,000 $30,000 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 $40,500 $56,100 72 75 Apparel & Services 73 Transportation Health Care Entertainment & Recreation Education Pensions & Social Security Other 72 58 65 72 62 63 Median Earnings LifeMode Group: Midtown Singles Young and Restless TAPESTRY TM 11B SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry $20,000 $10,000 0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 Workers (Age 16+) LifeMode Group: Midtown Singles Young and Restless TAPESTRY TM 11B SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry MARKET PROFILE (Consumer preferences are estimated from data by MRI-Simmons.) • No landline telephone for majority of HHs, preferring a cell phone only. • Use their cell phone to text, listen to music, pay bills, redeem coupons, look up directions, and access financial information. • Online activities include banking (with paperless statements), purchasing items on eBay, accessing Twitter and Facebook, and watching movies and TV shows. • Enjoy dancing, playing pool, watching VH1 and Comedy Central programs, and playing basketball and ping pong. • Listen to contemporary hits, jazz, rap, hip hop, and dance music. • Purchase natural/organic food, but frequent fast food restaurants. • Residents like to read magazines, especially digital, covering topics ranging from news, fashion, to music. HOUSING Median home value is displayed for markets that are primarily owner occupied; average rent is shown for renter-occupied markets. Tenure and home value are estimated by Esri. Housing type and average rent are from the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey. Typical Housing: Multi-Unit Rentals Average Rent: $958 US Average: $1,038 POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS Total population, average annual population change since Census 2010, and average density (population per square mile) are displayed for the market relative to the size and change among all Tapestry markets. Data estimated by Esri. ESRI INDEXES Esri developed three indexes to display average household wealth, socioeconomic status, and housing affordability for the market relative to US standards. 900,000 Population 4,408,500 1.3% 11,000,000 0 Wealth Index 0 Socioeconomic Status Index 350 350 0 Population Density (Persons per sq. mile) 1000 3,306 25,000 0 Own 13.1% Ownership Rent 86.9% Population Growth (Annual %) 90 38 LifeMode Group: Midtown Singles Young and Restless TAPESTRY TM 11B SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry Housing Affordability Index 35 0 117 SEGMENT DENSITY This map illustrates the density and distribution of the Young and Restless Tapestry Segment by households. High Low Copyright © 2021 Esri. All rights reserved. Esri, the Esri globe logo, The Science of Where, Tapestry, @esri.com, and esri.com are trademarks, service marks, or registered marks of Esri in the United States, the European Community, or certain other jurisdictions. Other companies and products or services mentioned herein may be trademarks, service marks, or registered marks of their respective mark owners. G1804565 ESRI2C6/21dm For more information 1-800-447-9778 info@esri.com esri.com 11B LifeMode Group: Midtown Singles Young and Restless esri.com/tapestry Housing Study & Strategy City of Dublin, OH Submitted to: City of Dublin, OH Prepared by URBAN PARTNERS 123 S. Broad Street, Suite 2042 Philadelphia, PA 19109 March 2023 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 2 Table of Contents 1. STUDY BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................................... 4 – Glossary of Housing Terms ............................................................................. 6 2. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS .............................................................................................................................. 9 – Population and Household Characteristics ................................................................... 10 – Household Income & Poverty Characteristics ............................................................... 14 3. EMPLOYMENT TRENDS .............................................................................................................................. 17 – Jobs Located in Dublin ............................................................................................ 17 – Employed Dublin Residents .......................................................................... 20 4. HOUSING SUPPLY ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................... 23 – Income-Restricted Communities in the Study Area ...................................................... 27 5. HOME BUILDING ACTIVITY ........................................................................................................................ 28 – Residential Building Permits Issued in Dublin ............................................................... 28 – Comparison of Dublin’s Permitting Activity to Franklin County’s ................................... 30 6. FOR-SALE HOUSING MARKET ANALYSIS............................................................................................... 31 – Summary of Recently Sold Homes ............................................................................... 31 – Single-Family Detached Homes ................................................................................... 33 o Single-Family Home Sales within the Study Area ................................................... 33 o Single-Family Home Sales within the City of Dublin ............................................... 34 o Single-Family Home Builder Sales ......................................................................... 35 o Single-Family Home Sales by Home Size .............................................................. 35 o Newly Constructed Single-Family Home Sales ...................................................... 38 – Condominiums ........................................................................................................ 39 – Months of Inventory, For-Sale Homes .......................................................................... 41 7. RENTAL HOUSING MARKET ANALYSIS ................................................................................................... 44 – Multi-Family Rental Housing Complexes ...................................................................... 44 o Age of Complexes .................................................................................... 55 o Number of Units ....................................................................................... 61 o Rents ...................................................................................................................... 61 o Availability ......................................................................................................... 62 – Individual Apartments for Rent ....................................................................... 63 o Condominiums ......................................................................................... 64 o Detached Homes .............................................................................................. 65 o Duplexes ........................................................................................................... 65 o Townhomes ...................................................................................................... 66 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 3 8. PEER COMMUNITIES COMPARISON ........................................................................................................ 67 – General Demographics ........................................................................................... 67 – Housing Value and Affordability .............................................................................. 76 – Jobs and Employment ............................................................................................ 83 – Summary Comparison ............................................................................................ 85 9. POPULATION PROJECTIONS, FUTURE HOUSING NEEDS ............................................................................. 86 – Population Growth Assumptions & Housing Demand ................................................... 86 – Population Growth by Age Group ........................................................................................ 88 – Components of Housing Demand ........................................................................... 89 10. Housing Strategies………………………………………………………………… APPENDIX 1: SUMMARY OF STAKEHOLDER INTERVIEWS ....................................................................... 94 – Home Builders and Developers .................................................................................... 94 – Realtors - Residential ............................................................................................. 98 – Realtors - Commercial ................................................................................. 100 – School District Officials ................................................................................ 103 – Employers ............................................................................................................. 106 – Regional Partners and Neighboring Municipalities .............................................................. 111 – Mobility and Transportation Partners .......................................................................... 117 – Social Service Agencies and Advocacy Groups .................................................................. 119 – Neighborhood Associations .................................................................................. 122 APPENDIX 2: RESIDENTIAL TAPESTRY SEGMENTATION ....................................................................... 125 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 4 1. Study Background The City of Dublin is known as a high-quality, single-family residential suburb in the Columbus Region with primarily large lots and an abundance of parks and open space that includes 1,136 acres of undeveloped parkland, 60 developed parks, and 100 miles of bike paths. Dublin is also known for corporate headquarters, research, and technology companies. More recently, Dublin has integrated a more urban mix of residential development, retail, restaurant, office, and services uses creating a unique “urban core” for the City within the Bridge Street District. With 80 percent of future housing needs projected to be one and two person households with no children, the Bridge Street District is targeted to help fulfill this future need. The Bridge Street District provides one- to three-bedroom homes, including condominium units, that focus on empty nesters and young professionals. Figure 1: Bridge Park District Photo Credit: MKSK Other areas of the city that provide varied housing options including the Historic District that provides two-dwelling housing and live work units that typically appeal to young professionals. Housing more suited for aging residents include residential developments with housing dedicated to dense patio homes that contain less square footage than a typical suburban house and have less maintenance needs of outdoor space. Dublin also has unique residential care communities that provide a range of housing types and associated care options that allow older adults to transition from independent living units to a full care housing facility all within the same community. These housing projects have assisted the City in providing additional housing options for the residents and the City strives to continue this objective through this Housing Study. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 5 Figure 2: Dublin’s Historic District Photo Credit: City of Dublin The primary goal of this study is to further the objectives of several regional housing analyses including Insight 2050 and the Regional Housing Strategy completed by the Mid -Ohio Regional Planning Commission (MORPC). Housing has also been discussed in more localized studies including the Historic District Task Force recommendations and the Dublin 2035 Framework Plan. Following the completion of the MORPC Regional Housing Strategy, Dublin’s City Council directed staff to conduct their own assessment of housing variety and attainability within the city, as well as define strategies for implementation and metrics to measure success. To guide the City in this effort, the City of Dublin retained Urban Par tners as a consultant to complete the study. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 6 Glossary of Housing Terms The following are housing terms used throughout this document. Affordable: housing is generally considered affordable if the occupant is paying no more than 30 percent of gross income for housing costs, including utilities. American Community Survey (ACS): a national survey by the U.S. Census Bureau that collects information such as age, race, income, commute time to work, home value, veteran status and other important household data. It is collected more regularly than the Decennial Census but has a larger margin of error because it’s derived from a smaller sample. Cost burden: policymakers and advocates consider a household “cost burdened” if more than 30% of their income goes towards housing costs. Being housing cost burdened is an indicator that a household may be unable to afford other critical and nondiscretionary costs such as health and childcare, education, food, and transportation. Decennial Census: undertaken by the U.S. Census Bureau every ten years ending in zero. It provides a count of the population and housing units for the entire United States. Its primary purpose is to provide the population counts that determine how seats in the U.S. House of Representatives are apportioned between the states. Group Quarters: places where people live or stay in a group living arrangement. Examples include group homes, nursing homes, university student housing (e.g., residence halls, fraternity/sorority houses), and correctional facilities. Household: all the people who occupy a housing unit. A household includes the related family members and all the unrelated people. A person living alone in a housing unit, or a group of unrelated people sharing a housing unit such as partners or roomers, is also counted as a household. HUD: the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is a cabinet department in the executive branch of the U.S. federal government that supports community development and homeownership. HUD enforces the Fair Housing Act and offers housing assistance through the Community Development Block Grant, Housing Choice Voucher program, and other programs. Housing Subsidy: policy tool designed to make the cost of housing affordable to low - income households. The most common housing subsidies include the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit, Housing Choice Vouchers (also known as Section 8 Vouchers), and HUD Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly. Developments that utilize these subsidies are required to rent to low-income households (usually below 50% or 60% of the AMI). Ohio Housing Finance Agency: OHFA is the state housing agency that administers and allocates various state and federal housing assistance programs, such as the Low Income Housing Tax Credits. Market-Rate Housing: homes offered at the prevailing cost (rent or sale price) for the local market. It is set by the landlord/seller without restrictions. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 7 Workforce Housing: the Urban Land Institute defines it as housing affordable to households earning between 60 and 120 percent of area median income (AMI). Workforce housing targets middle-income workers which include professions such as police officers, firefighters, teachers, health care workers, retail clerks, and the like (Matthew J. Parlow, 2015). Zoning: a planning control tool for regulating the built environment and creating functional real estate markets. It does so by dividing land that comprises the statutory area of a local authority into sections, permitting particular land uses on specific sites to shape the layout of towns and cities and enable various types of development. The purpose of zon ing is to allow local and national authorities to regulate and control land and property markets to ensure complementary uses (The World Bank). Area Median Income (AMI) The AMI is the estimated median income, adjusted for family size, by metropolitan area (or county, in nonmetropolitan areas). AMI is updated annually by HUD and used as the basis of eligibility for most housing assistance programs. For income-restricted rental communities that are subsidized by Low Income Housing Tax Credits and other government subsidies, the income cut-off is generally 50% or 60% of the AMI. The following table shows the AMI for Dublin: 1 person 2 person 3 person 4 person 5 person 6 person 7 person 8 person Median Income 100% of AMI $65,600 $75,000 $84,400 $93,700 $101,200 $108,700 $116,200 $123,700 Low Income 80% of AMI $52,500 $60,000 $67,500 $74,950 $80,950 $86,950 $92,950 $98,950 60% of AMI $39,360 45,000 $50,640 $56,220 $60,720 $65,220 $69,720 $74,220 Very Low Income 50% of AMI $32,800 37,500 $42,200 $46,850 $50,600 $54,350 $58,100 $61,850 30% of AMI $19,700 $22,500 $25,300 $28,100 $30,350 $32,600 $34,850 $37,100 Max Housing Costs for 80% AMI Maximum Annual Housing Cost $17,700 $16,800 $17,700 $20,976 $22,668 $24,348 $26,028 $27,708 Maximum Monthly Rent/Mortgage $1,225 $1,400 $1,575 $1,748 $1,889 $2,029 $2,169 $2,309 Maximum Mortgage Amount $230,816 $263,789 $296,763 $329,517 $355,896 $382,275 $408,654 $435,032 ** at current 30-year mortgage interest rates (4.9%), $4,700 in property tax annually and $500 hazard insurance. Downpayment not factored. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 8 Residential Housing Types The following residential housing types are discussed throughout the report. Each of the housing types can be offered to the public as for-sale and/or for-rent products. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 9 2. Demographic Trends The starting point for a housing market analysis is an examination of key demographic trends to identify the composition of the market’s residents as they relate to its housing stock. Specific elements of these trends include population and household characteristics, and income and poverty rates. Detailed analyses of the housing stock and housing market conditions will be discussed in subsequent sections of this study. The primary data sources for this demographic analysis are the U.S. Census Bureau’s Decennial Census —providing actual counts for the years 2010 and 2020 when available, and the American Community Survey—providing data based on calculated estimates for 2010 and 2019, the latest year for which detailed data is available for most demographic trends. The geographic study areas analyzed and compared for this analysis include the City of Dublin; surrounding Delaware, Franklin, and Union Counties; and a Study Area composed of multiple Census Tracts that fall within each of those jurisdictions (see Figure 3). While some of the actual tracts changed with the new 2020 Redistricting Dataset, the Study Area has remained the same for the Decennial Census and American Community Survey data. Figure 3: Map of Study Area Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 10 Population and Household Characteristics The 2020 Census reported a total of 136,345 residents for the Study Area, an increase of 27,766 residents, or 25.6% from 2010 (see Table 1). This rapid growth resulted from robust productions of new residential communities in high growth areas within the Study Area. During the same period, the City of Dublin increased by 7,577 residents, or 18.1%. In comparison, Delaware County grew by 22.9%, adding 39,910 residents from 2010 to 2020, while Franklin County grew by 13.8% (160,393 residents), and Union County by 20.0% (10,484 residents). Table 1: Population Trends, 2010-2020 2010 Census 2020 Census Change (2010-2020) % Change (2010-2020) Study Area 108,579 136,345 27,766 25.6% City of Dublin 41,751 49,328 7,577 18.1% Delaware County 174,214 214,124 39,910 22.9% Franklin County 1,163,414 1,323,807 160,393 13.8% Union County 52,300 62,784 10,484 20.0% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Urban Partners As shown on Table 2 below, the area’s household growth trends were similar to the population growth from 2000 to 2020. The Study Area’s households increased by 25.4% from 2010 to 2020—again, likely the result of rapid housing production. The City of Dublin’s households grew by 16.4% during the same deca de. The growth of households for the three counties also closely mirrored the rates of population growth for their respective geographies. Table 2: Household Trends, 2010-2020 2010 Census 2020 Census Change (2010-2020) % Change (2010-2020) Study Area 43,889 55,027 11,138 25.4% City of Dublin 14,984 17,435 2,451 16.4% Delaware County 62,760 77,713 14,953 23.8% Franklin County 477,235 540,369 63,134 13.2% Union County 18,065 21,807 3,742 20.7% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Urban Partners Contrary to national trends, the Study Area experienced a slight net increase in average household size from 2010 to 2019, according to the American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates (ACS), expanding from 2.51 to 2.52 (see Table 3 on the following page). This was the second lowest among the geographies examined. Renter -occupied household size also increased slightly while owner-occupied households declined slightly. In the City of Dublin, average household size decreased slightly overall, from 2.76 to 2.75, while it s tayed the same for renters and grew rather significantly (6.7%) for renters. While average household size among renters also increased notably in the three counties, only Union County experienced a net overall decrease (-1.1%) due to its decrease in size of owner-occupied households. Table 3: Average Household Size, 2010-2019 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 11 All 2010 ACS Owner Renter All 2019 ACS Owner Renter % Change (2010-2019) All Owner Renter Study Area 2.51 2.65 2.24 2.52 2.64 2.26 0.5% -0.4% 0.9% Dublin City 2.76 2.92 2.09 2.75 2.92 2.23 -0.4% 0.0% 6.7% Delaware County 2.67 2.77 2.16 2.84 2.97 2.27 6.4% 7.2% 5.1% Franklin County 2.44 2.55 2.30 2.47 2.57 2.35 1.2% 0.8% 2.2% Union County 2.68 2.81 2.22 2.65 2.71 2.41 -1.1% -3.6% 8.6% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Urban Partners The Study Area had only 0.4% of its residents living in non-household group quarters in 2019, just slightly above the City of Dublin at 0.3% and well below the Counties (see Table 4). The portion of the population living in family versus non-family households among the examined geographies was quite varied. In the Study Area, 82.6% of its households were family households—the second lowest. To the contrary, Dublin City had the highest proportion of family households at 91.1%. Table 4: Population by Household Type, 2019 Study Area Dublin City Delaware County Franklin County Union County Total Population 121,435 45,559 197,008 1,275,333 55,654 In Households 120,926 45,408 194,387 1,247,164 52,455 In Households (% of Total Population) 99.6% 99.7% 98.7% 97.8% 94.3% In Family Households (% of Households) 82.6% 91.1% 89.6% 77.5% 87.2% In Non-Family Households (% of Households) 17.4% 8.9% 10.4% 22.5% 12.8% In Group Quarters (% of Total Population)1 0.4% 0.3% 1.3% 2.2% 5.7% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Urban Partners The ethnic/racial composition of the Study Area and region’s population is predominantly White, though the region has grown more diverse since 2010 (see Table 5 shown on the following page). In the Study Area in 2020, the White population was just below 70%, d own from 77.8% in 2010. The second highest percentage of the Study Area’s 2020 population was Asian at 15.8%, followed by the Hispanic population at 5.6%. Dublin City had the highest 2020 Asian proportion of its population at 20.4% while Franklin County had the highest African American and Hispanic proportions among the geographies examined (22.4% and 6.9%, respectively). Almost no American Indian, Alaskan Native, or Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders live in the region. 1 The Census Bureau classifies all people not living in housing units (house, apartment, mobile home, rented rooms) as living in Group Quarters, of which there are two types: 1) Institutional, such as correctional facilities, nursing homes, or mental hospitals; and 2) Non- Institutional, such as college dormitories, military barracks, group homes, missions, or shelters. Table 5: Ethnic/Racial Composition, 2010-2020 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 12 White Alone Black or African American Alone American Indian & Alaska Native Alone Asian Alone Native Hawaiian & Other Pac Islander Alone Some other Race Alone Two or More Races Hispanic (All Races) Study Area 2010 77.8% 3.6% 0.1% 11.9% 0.0% 0.2% 2.1% 4.2% 2020 69.1% 4.5% 0.1% 15.8% 0.0% 0.5% 4.4% 5.6% Dublin City 2010 79.3% 1.7% 0.1% 15.3% 0.0% 0.1% 1.7% 1.8% 2020 70.6% 1.9% 0.1% 20.4% 0.0% 0.3% 3.8% 2.9% Delaware County 2010 88.4% 3.3% 0.1% 4.2% 0.0% 0.1% 1.7% 2.1% 2020 80.1% 3.6% 0.1% 8.5% 0.0% 0.4% 4.1% 3.3% Franklin County 2010 67.3% 21.0% 0.2% 3.8% 0.1% 0.2% 2.6% 4.8% 2020 59.5% 22.4% 0.2% 5.6% 0.0% 0.5% 4.9% 6.9% Union County 2010 92.1% 2.3% 0.2% 2.7% 0.0% 0.1% 1.3% 1.3% 2020 84.9% 2.0% 0.1% 6.4% 0.0% 0.3% 3.7% 2.4% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Urban Partners Table 6 and Figure 4 compare the age distribution patterns between the Study Area, City of Dublin, and the surrounding counties. The largest age cohort in 2019 in the Study Area, according to the ACS, is school-aged children (5 to 17 years old) at 17.7%. However, this figure declined by two percentage points since 2010. This is followed closely by the population aged 25 to 34 at 17.5%, which experienced a slight increase in the Study Area since 2010. Table 6: Distribution of Age, 2010-2019 Under 5 5 to 17 18 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 65 to 74 75 to 84 85 & Over Study Area 2010 6.1% 19.7% 7.8% 17.0% 15.0% 15.5% 10.6% 4.2% 2.5% 1.5% 2019 6.4% 17.7% 5.5% 17.5% 15.5% 13.8% 11.4% 7.4% 3.3% 1.4% Dublin City 2010 6.4% 23.7% 5.1% 10.3% 18.5% 17.0% 11.4% 4.2% 2.2% 1.1% 2019 5.9% 22.4% 4.8% 8.3% 17.7% 15.8% 13.0% 7.5% 3.1% 1.6% Delaware County 2010 7.8% 21.1% 6.4% 12.0% 17.6% 15.3% 10.7% 5.3% 2.8% 0.9% 2019 6.2% 20.5% 7.8% 9.8% 15.3% 15.2% 12.1% 8.2% 3.6% 1.3% Franklin County 2010 7.1% 17.0% 11.6% 16.6% 14.0% 13.8% 9.9% 5.3% 3.3% 1.3% 2019 7.1% 16.3% 9.8% 18.2% 13.4% 12.1% 11.4% 7.1% 3.2% 1.4% Union County 2010 6.9% 20.7% 7.1% 13.5% 17.1% 15.7% 9.8% 5.3% 3.0% 1.0% 2019 6.2% 18.5% 7.9% 12.8% 15.3% 15.1% 12.2% 7.4% 3.2% 1.4% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 13 As with the Study Area, the City of Dublin’s largest age cohort is also school-aged children— comprising 22.4% of the City’s population—but also experienced a decrease in percentage. The same holds true for Delaware, Franklin, and Union Counties. At the same time, in each jurisdiction examined, the proportion of older residents have increased —with seniors 65 years-of-age and older growing from about 8% of the population in 2010 to more than 12% in 2019 in both the Study Area and Dublin City. Figure 4: Comparison of Age Distribution - City of Dublin, Study Area, 2019 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Urban Partners The Study Area in 2019 had a significantly higher educational attainment level of residents over the age of 25 than the surrounding Counties, but lower than the City of Dublin (see Table 7 shown on the following page). Over 69% of the residents aged 25 and above in the Study Area had bachelor’s degrees or graduate/professional degrees as the highest educational attainment, up from 64.1% in 2010—compared to 78.1% and 75.8%, respectively, in Dublin City. In the Study Area, City, and Delaware County, residents with bachelor’s degrees made up the largest proportion of their respective populations in 2019. In Franklin and Union Counties, the highest proportion had high school diplomas as the highest attainment, though this figure decreased as more residents received higher degrees since 2010. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 14 Table 7: Educational Attainment for Population 25 Years and Over, 2010-2019 Less Than 9th Grade 9th to 12th Grade, No Diploma High School Graduate (Includes Equiv.) Some College, No Degree Associate's Degree Bachelor's Degree Graduate/ Professional Degree Study Area 2010 1.2% 2.4% 14.6% 17.7% 6.4% 36.9% 20.9% 2019 1.2% 2.3% 12.3% 15.0% 6.1% 38.2% 24.9% Dublin City 2010 1.0% 0.6% 8.4% 14.2% 4.9% 42.6% 28.2% 2019 0.7% 2.3% 7.5% 10.9% 4.1% 42.7% 31.9% Delaware County 2010 1.3% 3.2% 20.7% 18.0% 7.4% 32.5% 17.0% 2019 0.8% 2.8% 18.3% 17.2% 6.6% 34.4% 19.9% Franklin County 2010 3.2% 7.9% 27.0% 20.5% 6.3% 22.8% 12.2% 2019 2.9% 5.9% 24.6% 19.6% 6.9% 25.3% 14.8% Union County 2010 1.9% 7.8% 37.6% 18.7% 6.7% 19.7% 7.7% 2019 1.5% 5.1% 32.0% 19.1% 6.8% 23.0% 12.5% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Urban Partners Household Income & Poverty Characteristics As shown in Figure 5, Study Area households —with a median household income of $105,347— were wealthier than households in Franklin and Union Counties, according to the 2019 ACS. However, median household income in Dublin City (with the high est among the examined jurisdictions at $137,867) and Delaware County exceeded that of the Study Area. Figure 5: Median Household Income, 2019 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 15 In the Study Area in 2019, almost 48% of the households earned more than $100,000 annually, compared to 66.8% in Dublin City (see Figure 6). The largest income category in the Study Area was $100,000 to $149,000 (20.1%), compared to $200,000 or more in Dublin City (29.8%). Figure 6: Distribution of Median Household Income - City of Dublin, Study Area, 2019 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Urban Partners According to the 2019 ACS, 6,858 Study Area residents (or 5.5%) were living below the poverty level, compared to just 2.5% in the City of Dublin (see Table 8). As a comparison, the poverty rate for Delaware County was slightly lower than the Study Area at 4.8%, Union County slightly higher at 5.9%, and Franklin County significantly higher at 15.7%. Table 8: Population Living Below Poverty Level, 2019 Study Area Dublin City Delaware County Franklin County Union County Population Living Below Poverty Level 6,858 1,162 9,530 197,950 3,143 Population Living Below Poverty Level (%) 5.5% 2.5% 4.8% 15.7% 5.9% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Urban Partners At the same time, 17.7% of owner-occupant households in the Study Area pay more than 30% of their income toward housing costs (and thus are “cost -burdened”), and 32.0% of renter households are cost burdened (see Table 9 shown on the following page). Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 16 Table 9: Tenure by Housing Costs - Study Area, 2019 Owner Occupants % Renter Occupants % All Household Income Levels 30,947 - 19,692 - Less than 20% 17,850 57.7% 7,825 39.7% 20 to 29% 7,579 24.5% 4,839 24.6% 30% or more 5,480 17.7% 6,306 32.0% Zero or negative income/no cash rent 38 0.1% 722 3.7% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Urban Partners The most cost burdened households in 2019 in the Study Area are renters with annual household incomes under $35,000 (see Table 10). A total of 4,242 such renter households resided in the Study Area and 4,055 (or 95.6%) were cost burdened.2 At earnings greater than $35,000 annually, owner-and renter-occupied households have a much more even burden of housing costs as a percentage. Households with annual earnings greater than $75,000 are effectively free of housing cost burdens, particularly among renter-occupants. Table 10: Tenure by Housing Costs as a Percentage of Household Income - Study Area, 2019 Owner Occupants % Renter Occupants % Households earning less than $20,000 1,089 1,810 Less than 30% (not cost burdened) 34 3.1% 38 2.1% 30% or more (cost burdened) 1,055 96.9% 1,772 97.9% Households earning $20,000 to $34,999 1,210 2,432 Less than 30% (not cost burdened) 212 17.5% 149 6.1% 30% or more (cost burdened) 998 82.5% 2,283 93.9% Households earning $35,000 to $49,999 1,859 2,717 Less than 30% (not cost burdened) 946 50.9% 1,295 47.7% 30% or more (cost burdened) 913 49.1% 1,422 52.3% Households earning $50,000 to $74,999 4,633 4,352 Less than 30% (not cost burdened) 3,329 71.9% 3,744 86.0% 30% or more (cost burdened) 1,304 28.1% 608 14.0% Households earning $75,000 or more 22,118 7,659 Less than 30% (not cost burdened) 20,908 94.5% 438 97.1% 30% or more (cost burdened) 1,210 5.5% 221 2.9% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Urban Partners 2 This figure includes 1,772 renter households earning less than $20,000 and 2,283 renter households earning between $20,000 and $34,999. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 17 3. Employment Trends The correlation between job growth (or decline) and the local housing market is complex and beyond the scope of this housing study, but simply stated —as a region or municipality adds new jobs, it attracts new workers and their households that will need housing. The increase in new workers will increase demand for homes and will result in a more competitive marketplace for housing. Conversely, the opposite will occur when a region or municipality loses jobs. The following is an examination of employment patterns for the City of Dublin and its residents from 2002 to 2019. The data source for this analysis is the OnTheMap application from the U.S. Census Bureau’s Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics Program, which uses employer payroll tax information to geo-locate jobs within a defined area. Jobs Located in Dublin According to the OnTheMap application, the City of Dublin reported a total of 48,007 jobs, adding 10,108 jobs from 2002 to 2019, a growth of 26.7% (see Figure 7). Apart from 2008 to 2010 when the number of jobs dipped during the Great Recession, Dublin consistently added new workers during the examination period. Figure 7: Jobs Located in the City of Dublin (2002-2019) Source: U.S. Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies, Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 18 Detailed in Table 11 below, three industrial sectors experienced robust job growth in Dublin from 2002 to 2019—Health Care & Social Assistance sector added 4,878 net new jobs (growth rate of 156.7%); Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services sector added 3,593 net new jobs (growth rate of 84.9%); and Management of Companies and Enterprises sector added 2,043 net new jobs (growth rate of 85.0%). Of the sectors that experienced job losses, the contraction of the Retail Trade sector was the most significant. In 2002, there were 4,924 jobs in the Retail Trade sector, more than any other sector in Dublin. Between 2002 and 2019, Dublin shed 1,777 Retail Trade jobs, which represents a decline of 36.1%. Other sectors reporting job losses in this period include Administrative & Support, Waste Management/Remediation 3 (loss of 564 jobs, or 12.3% decline); Manufacturing (loss of 535 jobs, or 32.5% decline); and Real Estate and Rental & Leasing (loss of 490 jobs, or 40.7% decline). Table 11: Jobs Located in the City of Dublin by Industry Sectors, 2002-2019 Jobs in 2002 % Jobs in 2019 % Change 2002-2019 All Sectors 37,899 100.0% 48,007 100.0% 10,108 Health Care and Social Assistance 3,112 8.2% 7,990 16.6% 4,878 Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services 4,233 11.2% 7,826 16.3% 3,593 Management of Companies and Enterprises 2,404 6.3% 4,447 9.3% 2,043 Admin & Support, Waste Mgmt/Remed. 4,594 12.1% 4,030 8.4% -564 Finance and Insurance 3,390 8.9% 3,467 7.2% 77 Accommodation and Food Services 2,696 7.1% 3,257 6.8% 561 Retail Trade 4,924 13.0% 3,147 6.6% -1,777 Wholesale Trade 2,052 5.4% 3,032 6.3% 980 Information 2,234 5.9% 2,779 5.8% 545 Educational Services 1,636 4.3% 1,828 3.8% 192 Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation 444 1.2% 1,137 2.4% 693 Manufacturing 1,648 4.3% 1,113 2.3% -535 Other Services (excluding Public Administration) 928 2.4% 1,089 2.3% 161 Construction 1,118 2.9% 1,008 2.1% -110 Transportation and Warehousing 830 2.2% 728 1.5% -102 Real Estate and Rental and Leasing 1,204 3.2% 714 1.5% -490 Public Administration 327 0.9% 371 0.8% 44 Utilities 96 0.3% 44 0.1% -52 Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting 9 0.0% 0 0.0% -9 Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction 20 0.1% 0 0.0% -20 Source: U.S. Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies, Urban Partners 3 Top occupations in the Administrative & Support, Waste Management/Remediation sector include: janitors and cleaners, laborers; freight, stock, and material movers; landscaping and groundskeeping workers; office clerks; and security guards. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 19 In terms of commuting, the OnTheMap application reports that the number and the percentage of workers living and working in Dublin have increased from 1,745 (4.6%) in 2002 to 3,575 (7.4%) in 2019 (see Figure 8). Though making up a slightly smaller percentage of the employment base, the number of individuals commuting from outside of Dublin has increased from 36,154 workers in 2002 to 44,432 workers in 2019. Figure 8: Percentage of Dublin Residents Working in the City, 2002-2019 Source: U.S. Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies, Urban Partners Workers “reverse-commuting” from Columbus make up the largest block of the labor force in Dublin (16,434 workers, or 34.2% of the total), followed by residents of Dublin (3,575 workers, 7.4% of all workers in the city). Workers commuting from Hilliard have increased significantly, comprising 3.0% of Dublin’ workforce in 2019 (a total of 1,460 workers. See Table 12). Table 12: Top 10 Commuting Origins for Dublin Workers, 2002-2019 Jobs in 2002 % Jobs in 2019 % % Change 2002-2019 Columbus 10,083 26.6% 16,434 34.2% 63.0% Dublin 1,745 4.6% 3,575 7.4% 104.9% Hilliard 641 1.7% 1,460 3.0% 127.8% Delaware 800 2.1% 855 1.8% 6.9% Marysville 703 1.9% 810 1.7% 15.2% Westerville 551 1.5% 784 1.6% 42.3% Powell 483 1.3% 578 1.2% 19.7% Gahanna 315 0.8% 476 1.0% 51.1% Reynoldsburg 368 1.0% 373 0.8% 1.4% Cincinnati 448 1.2% 321 0.7% -28.3% Toledo 404 1.1% 230 0.5% -43.1% All Other Locations 21,358 56.4% 22,111 46.1% 3.5% Source: U.S. Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies, Urban Partners 2002 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 20 Employed Dublin Residents According to the OnTheMap application, there were a total of 24,592 employed residents of Dublin in 2019, an increase of 13,185 persons (115.6%) from 2002 (see Table 13). Employment in all 20 sectors grew, with the following five sectors representing the top five sectors in which Dublin residents were employed in 2019: Health Care & Social Assistance; Educational Services; Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services; Retail Trade; and Finance & Insurance. Table 13: Jobs of Dublin Residents by Industry Sectors, 2002-2019 Jobs in 2002 % Jobs in 2019 % Change 2002-2019 All Sectors 11,407 100.0% 24,592 100.0% 13,185 Health Care and Social Assistance 1,079 9.5% 3,158 12.8% 2,079 Educational Services 1,156 10.1% 3,073 12.5% 1,917 Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services 1,137 10.0% 3,051 12.4% 1,914 Retail Trade 1,251 11.0% 1,923 7.8% 672 Finance and Insurance 979 8.6% 1,875 7.6% 896 Accommodation and Food Services 738 6.5% 1,710 7.0% 972 Admin & Support, Waste Mgmt/Remed. 690 6.0% 1,446 5.9% 756 Manufacturing 944 8.3% 1,388 5.6% 444 Management of Companies and Enterprises 342 3.0% 1,283 5.2% 941 Wholesale Trade 520 4.6% 1,122 4.6% 602 Transportation and Warehousing 341 3.0% 796 3.2% 455 Information 424 3.7% 792 3.2% 368 Public Administration 605 5.3% 731 3.0% 126 Other Services (excluding Public Administration) 362 3.2% 668 2.7% 306 Construction 346 3.0% 559 2.3% 213 Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation 182 1.6% 467 1.9% 285 Real Estate and Rental and Leasing 217 1.9% 342 1.4% 125 Utilities 81 0.7% 151 0.6% 70 Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting 9 0.1% 43 0.2% 34 Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction 4 0.0% 14 0.1% 10 Source: U.S. Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies, Urban Partners The OnTheMap application reports that 3,575 out of the 24,592 employed Dublin residents (14.5%) work inside the city, meaning that 85.5% of employed city residents commute elsewhere for work. In 2002, 84.7% of employed city residents commuted to locations outside of Dublin for work. In 2019, 43.6% of all employed Dublin residents commuted to Columbus for work, followed by those staying in Dublin (14.5%), and those commuting to Westerville (2.7%) and Hilliard (2.5%. See Table 14 on the following page). Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 21 Table 14: Top Commuting Destinations for Employed Dublin Residents, 2002-2019 Jobs in 2002 % Jobs in 2019 % % Change 2002-2019 Columbus 5,311 46.6% 10,732 43.6% -6.3% Dublin 1,745 15.3% 3,575 14.5% -5.0% Westerville 250 2.2% 674 2.7% 25.1% Hilliard 301 2.6% 608 2.5% -6.3% Gahanna 178 1.6% 432 1.8% 12.6% Worthington 358 3.1% 396 1.6% -48.7% Marysville 278 2.4% 381 1.5% -36.4% Upper Arlington 196 1.7% 338 1.4% -20.0% All Other Locations 2,790 24.5% 7,456 30.3% 24.0% Source: U.S. Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies, Urban Partners Figure 9 is a graphic illustration of commuting patterns for employed Dublin residents. There are two significant employment nodes for out-commuters from Dublin: 1) Downtown Columbus; and 2) the Ohio State University campus. Figure 9: Map of Commuting Destinations for Employed Dublin Residents Source: U.S. Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies, Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 22 Commuting distances have increased slightly among employed Dublin residents. In 2002, 45.8% of employed Dublin residents traveled less than 10 miles for work and 10.1% lived more than 50 miles from their work locations. In 2019, 43.3% of employed Dublin residents reported commutes of less than 10 miles, while the percentage of Dublin residents commuting more than 50 miles increased to 11.9% (see Figure 10). Figure 10: Percentage of Employed Dublin Residents by Commuting Distances, 2002-2019 Source: U.S. Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies, Urban Partners Figure 11 shows the percentage of employed residents who live more than 50 miles from their place of employment from 2002 to 2019. Compared to the state average, a slightly smaller percentage of employed Dublin residents commute more than 50 miles (11.9% compared to 13.1%)—though from 2006 to 2007 the rates exceeded the state average before falling again starting in 2008. Figure 11: Percentage of Workers that Live More than 50 Miles from Work, 2002-2019 Source: U.S. Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies, Urban Partners Ohio Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 23 4. Housing Supply Analysis From 2010 to 2019, the total number of housing units in the City of Dublin grew by 16.0%, which was a slightly higher growth rate than the Study Area’s increase of 14.9%. Even as the overall supply of housing has been increasing, the vacancy rates have been falling. In 2010, the U.S. Census Bureau reported 914 vacant homes in Dublin which represented a vacancy rate of 6.1%. In 2019, there were 642 vacant homes reported for a 3.7% vacancy rate. The Study Area’s vacancy rate also dropped from 7.8% in 2010 to 5.0% in 2019 (see Table 15). Table 15: Total Housing Units and Occupancy Status, 2010-2019 2010 ACS % 2019 ACS % % Change 2010-2019 City of Dublin 15,057 - 17,472 - 16.0% Occupied Units 14,143 93.9% 16,830 96.3% 19.0% Vacant Units 914 6.1% 642 3.7% -29.8% Study Area 46,379 - 53,300 - 14.9% Occupied Units 42,754 92.2% 50,639 95.0% 18.4% Vacant Units 3,625 7.8% 2,661 5.0% -26.6% Source: U.S. Census Bureau The 2019 ACS specifies that in Dublin, 46.9% of the vacant units were “available for rent,” while another 12.0% were “rented but not yet occupied.” The Study Area’s vacancy characteristics mirrors Dublin’s, with slight variations in the “for rent” segment (41.1%) and “for seasonal use” category (16.1%). “Other vacant” units in Dublin accounted for 12.0% of all vacant units, compared to 14.0% for the Study Area as a whole4 (see Table 16). Table 16: Vacancy Status, 2019 City of Dublin % Study Area % Total 642 2,661 For rent 301 46.9% 1,094 41.1% Rented, not occupied 77 12.0% 353 13.3% For sale only 69 10.7% 270 10.1% Sold, not occupied 42 6.5% 143 5.4% For seasonal use 76 11.8% 428 16.1% For migrant workers 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Other vacant 77 12.0% 373 14.0% Source: U.S. Census Bureau 4 “Other Vacant” units includes: foreclosed properties; units vacant due to the owners’ preferences and/or personal situation (owner does not want to rent/sell, owner is staying with family, owner is in assisted living, etc.); units vacant due to legal issues or disp utes; unoccupiable properties (abandoned/condemned); units needing repairs before they can be sold or rented, and units being repaired; and units used for storage of household furniture. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 24 Table 17 describes changes in tenure, or owner/renter characteristics. In Dublin, the number of renter-occupied units increased by 1,313 units between 2010 and 2019 to comprise 23.9% of the housing stock. This is substantially lower than Study Area’s 40.3% renter rate in 2019 — though the growth of renter-occupied units from 2010 to 2019 in the Study Area was slower than the City Dublin’s (24.7% compared to 48.6%, respectively). Table 17: Housing Tenure, 2010-2019 2010 ACS % 2019 ACS % % Change 2010-2019 City of Dublin 14,143 - 16,830 - 19.0% Owner-Occupied Units 11,439 80.9% 12,813 76.1% 12.0% Renter-Occupied Units 2,704 19.1% 4,017 23.9% 48.6% Study Area 41,390 - 48,572 - 17.4% Owner-Occupied Units 25,717 62.1% 29,020 59.7% 12.8% Renter-Occupied Units 15,673 37.9% 19,552 40.3% 24.7% Source: U.S. Census Bureau Compared to the Study Area, the City of Dublin reports a smaller proportion of newer housing stock. According to the 2019 ACS, 8.7% of all housing units in the City of Dublin were built after 2010, compared to 10.9% in the Stud y Area. The percentage of homes built prior to 1970 are similar (6.0% for the City of Dublin and 6.3% for the Study Area. See Table 18). Table 18: Age of Housing Stock, 2019 City of Dublin % Study Area % Built 2014 or later 679 4.0% 3,084 5.8% Built 2010 to 2013 784 4.7% 2,749 5.2% Built 2000 to 2009 3,747 22.3% 8,372 15.7% Built 1990 to 1999 5,153 30.6% 12,637 23.7% Built 1980 to 1989 4,319 25.7% 16,399 30.8% Built 1970 to 1979 1,132 6.7% 6,682 12.5% Built 1960 to 1969 418 2.5% 1,675 3.1% Built 1950 to 1959 367 2.2% 755 1.4% Built 1940 to 1949 45 0.3% 187 0.4% Built 1939 or earlier 186 1.1% 760 1.4% Source: U.S. Census Bureau Summarized in Table 19 shown on the following page, 87.2% of all housing units in the City were built after 1980. The U.S. Census Bureau also reports that renter -occupied homes are newer than owner-occupied homes (18.3% of the renter -occupied housing were built in 2010 or later, compared to 5.7% of owner-occupied homes). Table 19: Age of Housing Stock by Tenure - City of Dublin, 2019 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 25 All Units % Owner- Occupied % Renter- Occupied % Built 2014 or later 679 4.0% 394 3.1% 285 7.1% Built 2010 to 2013 784 4.7% 334 2.6% 450 11.2% Built 2000 to 2009 3,747 22.3% 2,922 22.8% 825 20.5% Built 1990 to 1999 5,153 30.6% 3,951 30.8% 1,202 29.9% Built 1980 to 1989 4,319 25.7% 3,727 29.1% 592 14.7% Built 1970 to 1979 1,132 6.7% 771 6.0% 361 9.0% Built 1960 to 1969 418 2.5% 324 2.5% 94 2.3% Built 1950 to 1959 367 2.2% 224 1.7% 143 3.6% Built 1940 to 1949 45 0.3% 45 0.4% 0 0.0% Built 1939 or earlier 186 1.1% 121 0.9% 65 1.6% Source: U.S. Census Bureau Compared to the Study Area, the City of Dublin’s housing stock is significantly more dominated by one-unit structures. According to the 2019 ACS, 81.6% of all housing units in the City of Dublin were one-unit structures, compared to 63.9% in the Study Area. On the flipside, the U.S. Census Bureau reports that 7.9% of Dublin’s total housing stock are in structures with ten or more units, compared to 14.7% for the Study Area (see Table 20). Table 20: Units in Structure, 2019 City of Dublin % Study Area % 1 Unit, detached 11,716 69.6% 19,021 51.0% 1 Unit, attached 2,013 12.0% 4,821 12.9% 2 Units 81 0.5% 661 1.8% 3 or 4 Units 672 4.0% 3,175 8.5% 5 to 9 Units 883 5.2% 4,101 11.0% 10 to 19 Units 507 3.0% 2,346 6.3% 20 to 49 Units 413 2.5% 1,165 3.1% 50 or more Units 402 2.4% 1,986 5.3% Mobile home 143 0.8% 39 0.1% Boat, RV, van, etc. - - - - Source: U.S. Census Bureau According to the 2019 ACS, 97.3% of the homeowners live in residential structures with just one unit (see Table 21 shown on the following page). Renter households are more evenly distributed in terms of units in structure, with the largest segment of renters (810 households, or 20.2% of all rental units) living in structures with 5 to 9 units. Just under ten percent (9.6%) of all renter households reside in buildings with 50 or more units. Table 21: Units in Structure by Tenure - City of Dublin, 2019 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 26 All Units % Owner- Occupied % Renter- Occupied % 1 Unit, detached 11,716 69.6% 11,017 86.0% 699 17.4% 1 Unit, attached 2,013 12.0% 1,445 11.3% 568 14.1% 2 Units 81 0.5% 0 0.0% 81 2.0% 3 or 4 Units 672 4.0% 52 0.4% 620 15.4% 5 to 9 Units 883 5.2% 73 0.6% 810 20.2% 10 to 19 Units 507 3.0% 38 0.3% 469 11.7% 20 to 49 Units 413 2.5% 30 0.2% 383 9.5% 50 or more Units 402 2.4% 15 0.1% 387 9.6% Mobile home 143 0.8% 143 1.1% 0 0.0% Source: U.S. Census Bureau Table 22 and Figure 12 below summarize the distribution of rental homes by units in structure in the City of Dublin. According to the 2019 ACS, rental homes in single-family structures (both detached and attached) constituted 31.5% of the rental market in Dublin, a decrease from 35.2% reported in 2010. The number of units in larger structures with 20 or more units increased from 390 in 2010 to 770 in 2019. Table 22: Units in Structure for Rental Homes - City of Dublin, 2010-2019 2010 ACS % 2019 ACS % All Rental Homes 2,704 - 4,017 - 1 Unit, Detached 322 11.9% 699 17.4% 1 Unit, Attached 631 23.3% 568 14.1% 2 Units 62 2.3% 81 2.0% 3 or 4 Units 289 10.7% 620 15.4% 5 to 9 Units 517 19.1% 810 20.2% 10 to 19 Units 480 17.8% 469 11.7% 20 to 49 Units 104 3.8% 383 9.5% 50 or more Units 286 10.6% 387 9.6% Mobile home 13 0.5% - - Source: U.S. Census Bureau Figure 12: Distribution of Units in Renter-Occupied Structures – City of Dublin, 2010-2019 0.5% 3.8% 10.6% 2010 0.0% 9.6% 2019 35.2% 1 Unit 2 to 4 Units 9.5% 31.5% 1 Unit 2 to 4 Units 5 to 19 Units 5 to 19 Units 36.9% 20 to 49 Units 31.8% 20 to 49 Units 13.0% 50 or More Units 17.5% 50 or More Units Other Other Source: U.S. Census Bureau Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 27 Income-Restricted Communities in the Study Area Table 23 is a detailed list of the five income-restricted communities in the Study Area that total 604 units. These units currently represent approximately 3% of the total rental market in the Study Area. The 227 units located within the City of Dublin (at Avondale II, Avondale Woods of Dublin, and Stoneridge Court) represent approximately 6% of Dublin’s rental market. With the exception of Seton Square North, all the income -restricted communities listed below are managed by National Church Residences (formerly known as Ohio Church Residences) which is one of t he largest non-profit senior housing providers in the country. Table 23: List of Income-Restricted Communities – Study Area, 2019 Name Address Location Type Subsidized Units Earliest Expiration Date 1 Abbey Church Village 2914 Bishops Retreat Pl City of Columbus LIHTC 159 2026 2 Avondale II 5215 Avery Rd City of Dublin LIHTC 100 2033 3 Avondale Woods of Dublin 6516 Delta Loop City of Dublin LIHTC 80 2028 4 Seton Square North 1776 Drew Ave City of Columbus HUD MF – Section 8 218 2040 5 Stoneridge Court 4105 Stoneridge Ln City of Dublin HUD MF – Senior 47 2021 Source: HUD, PolicyMap, Urban Partners Figure 13: Avondale Source: National Church Residences Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 28 5. Home Building Activity Residential Building Permits Issued in Dublin5 Shown below in Figure 14 are the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development’s data on the number of authorized residential building permits in the City of Dublin. From 2000 to 2020, Dublin issued a total of 6,013 permits, equivalent to 300 units per year. The pace of permitting prior to the Great Recession (2000 to 2007) was approximately 440 units per year. During the Great Recession and the subsequent years of recovery (2008 to 2010), Dublin authorized as few as 81 building permits (in 2008). Aside from 2016-2017 when large numbers of multi-family units were permitted, Dublin has been permitting approximately 160 units per year since 2011. Figure 14: Building Permits Issued (Total Units), 2000-2020 Source: HUD State of the Cities Data Systems (SOCDS), Urban Partners The peak period for single-family permitting was 2003 to 2004 when 926 units were permitted. Starting in 2006, however, the permitting of single-family homes started to drop precipitously until hitting an average of 72 units per year during the Great Recession and the recovery period (2008 to 2011). From 2012 to 2020, Dublin permitted an average of 160 single -family units per year (see Figure 15 on the following page). 5 Though small portions of the City of Dublin are situated in Delaware and Union Counties, this analysis is limited to the Franklin County portion of the City. 406 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 29 Figure 15: Building Permits Issued (Single-Family Dwellings), 2000-2020 Source: HUD State of the Cities Data Systems (SOCDS), Urban Partners As illustrated in Figure 16 below, Dublin permitted an average of 76 units annually in multi- family dwellings from 2000 to 2020. There were multiple years when very few or no multi - family permits were issued —including 2019 to 2020 —and there were other years when large numbers of units were permitted (i.e., 381 units in 2015, 153 units in 2006, 136 units in 2011, and 482 units in 2016). Figure 16: Building Permits Issued (Multi-Family Dwellings), 2000-2020 Source: HUD State of the Cities Data Systems (SOCDS), Urban Partners 50 82 80 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 30 Comparison of Dublin’s Permitting Activity to Franklin County’s Figure 17 shows Dublin’s share of the building permits issued in Franklin County. In 2020, building permits issued in Dublin represented just 1% of all residential permits issued in the county—which is significantly lower than the 5% average for 2000 to 2020. The two high points in 2005 (10%) and in 2016 (11%) mirror the issuance of large numbers of multi-family permits. Figure 17: Dublin’s Share of All Building Permits in Franklin County, 2000-2020 Source: HUD State of the Cities Data Systems (SOCDS), Urban Partners Figure 18 shows Dublin’s share of the single-family building permits issued in Franklin County. In 2020, single -family building permits issued in Dublin (a total of 108) represented 6% of all single-family permits issued in the county—slightly less than the 8% average for the analysis period. The high point was in 2017 when the 258 units issued in Dublin represented 15% of the county’s total. Figure 18: Dublin’s Share of Single-Family Building Permits in Franklin County, 2000-2020 Source: HUD State of the Cities Data Systems (SOCDS), Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 31 6. For-Sale Housing Market Analysis Summary of Recently Sold Homes To understand the for-sale housing market in the Study Area, Urban Partners examined market conditions for single -family detached homes, townhomes, and condominiums. By using a comprehensive real estate database service called RealQuest, we can gauge pricing information for recently sold homes in the Study Area. For this analysis, we obtained records of home sales for a 5-year period starting in January 2017 and ending in December 2021. As evidenced by close to 8,000 home sales examined during the 5-year study period, the Study Area’s homeownership market is very active. The median sale price during the 5 -year study period was $320,000, or $154.02 per sq uare foot, “SF” henceforth). Single -family detached is the dominant home type in the Study Area, representing 71.5% of the sales with a median sale of $378,500, or $159.14 per SF. The sale of 1,953 condominium units represented a quarter of all sales in the Study Area (with a median sale price of $174,000, or $141.34 per SF), while 288 homes categorized as duplex or triplex were sold for a median price of $190,000 or $121.53 per SF. Lastly, townhouse or rowhouse sales comprised less than 1% of all home sales in the Study Area, selling for a median sale price of $138,000, or $122.64 per SF (see Table 24). Table 24: Breakdown of Home Sales in Study Area (2017 to 2021) No. of Transactions % of Transactions Median Sales Price Median Square Footage Median Price Per SF Single-Family Detached 5,650 71.5% $378,500 2,335 $159.14 Condominiums 1,953 24.7% $174,000 1,232 $141.34 Duplex/Triplex 228 2.9% $190,000 1,470 $121.53 Townhouse/Rowhouse 71 0.9% $138,000 1,200 $122.64 Total 7,902 100.0% $320,000 2,021 $154.02 Source: RealQuest, Urban Partners The price of homes in the Study Area has been steadily increasing in the last five years, with a one-year exception from 2018 to 2019. In 2017, the median sale price was $286,000, or $138.30 per SF. Increasing at an annualized rate of 5.2%, the median sale price reported in 2021 was $350,000 or $182.13 per SF (See Figure 19). Figure 19: Median Sale Price by Year Home Sold (2017-2021) Source: RealQuest, Urban Partners $286,000 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 32 Table 25 illustrates the pricing variance between the City of Dublin and the portions of the Study Area located outside of Dublin. During the 5 -year study period, homes within Dublin commanded prices that were 65.0% higher than Study Area homes outside the City (with a median sale price of $428,000 compared to $259,350). Upon c loser examination, the sale price per SF in Dublin was just 9.0% higher ($161.59/SF compared to $148.22/SF) but the size of the homes was much more of a factor in the overall sale prices. The median home size for Dublin homes were 58.1% larger (2,610 SF compared to 1,651 SF). Table 25: Comparison of Home Sale Prices in Study Area, City of Dublin (2017 to 2021) No. of Transactions % of Transactions Median Sales Price Median Square Footage Median Price Per SF Study Area (Outside the City of Dublin) Single-Family Detached 3,235 67.2% $294,600 1,918 $154.23 Condominiums 1,357 28.2% $162,000 1,152 $136.82 Duplex/Triplex 159 3.3% $190,000 1,376 $120.86 Townhouse/Rowhouse 66 1.4% $134,500 1,200 $117.68 Total 4,817 100.0% $259,350 1,651 $148.22 City of Dublin Single-Family Detached 2,415 78.3% $459,900 2,833 $164.43 Condominiums 596 19.3% $235,000 1,513 $152.38 Duplex/Triplex 69 2.2% $182,200 1,630 $122.70 Townhouse/Rowhouse 5 0.2% $280,000 1,649 $160.64 Total 3,085 100.0% $428,000 2,610 $161.59 Source: RealQuest, Urban Partners In Figure 20, the Study Area’s median home prices per year are disaggregated to compare Dublin to the portions of the Study Area located outside of the City. From 2017 to 2021, the median sale price rose by 31.6% in the City of Dublin and 27.2% in the Study Area outside of Dublin. In 2021, the median sale price of homes sold in Dublin was $500,000. Figure 20: Median Sale Price by Year Home Sold in Study Area, City of Dublin (2017-2021) Source: RealQuest, Urban Partners $380,000 $259,450 $0 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 33 Single-Family Detached Homes Single-Family Home Sales within the Study Area Table 26 summarizes the sales transactions for single-family detached homes by the year homes were built. The median sale price per SF was strong for single-family homes of all ages, but the data shows that the size of the homes progressively became larger over the years, which is resulting in escalating home prices. The median interior living space for homes built before 1970 was 1,855 SF. At $175.37 per SF, these oldest homes commanded a median sale price of $335,000 in the 5-year study period. For homes that were built after 2010, the median interior living space was 3,478 SF—escalating the median sale price to $568,100, though the $163.66 per SF figure is 7% lowest than the oldest homes (see Table 26, Figure 21). Table 26: Single Family Sales by Age of Home, Study Area (2017-2021) No. of Transactions Median Sales Price Price Range Median Square Footage Median Price Per SF Home Built Before 1970 246 $335,000 $95,000 to $3,450,000 1,855 $175.37 Home Built 1970-1979 665 $282,000 $110,000 to $1,690,000 1,912 $148.36 Home Built 1980-1989 2,240 $293,000 $49,400 to $3,000,000 1,901 $157.09 Home Built 1990-1999 1,038 $423,000 $95,300 to $3,750,000 2,661 $161.21 Home Built 2000-2009 612 $540,000 $90,000 to $2,600,000 3,355 $160.83 Home Built After 2010 530 $567,900 $71,700 to $1,834,000 3,480 $163.52 No Home Age Information 319 $516,000 $43,000 to $2,400,000 3,154 $171.46 Total 5,650 $378,500 $43,000 to $3,750,000 2,335 $159.14 Source: RealQuest, Urban Partners Figure 21: Median Sale Price/Size of Single-Family Detached Homes by Age of Homes, Study Area Source: RealQuest, Urban Partners Price SF 1990-1999 2000-2009 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 34 Single-Family Home Sales within the City of Dublin Table 27 summarizes the sales transactions within the City of Dublin for single-family detached homes by the year homes were built. Consistent with trends for the Study Area as a whole, the increasing size of the homes is a major factoring in escalating home sale prices. Homes built after 2010 are 47.0% larger than homes built in the 1970s (3,688 SF compared to 2,509 SF. See Table 27, Figure 22) Table 27: Single Family Sales by Age of Home, City of Dublin (2017-2021) No. of Transactions Median Sales Price Price Range Median Square Footage Median Price Per SF Home Built Before 1970 116 $390,000 $155,000 to $900,000 1,885 $194.65 Home Built 1970-1979 128 $415,000 $145,000 to $1,690,000 2,509 $175.20 Home Built 1980-1989 837 $405,000 $49,400to $3,000,000 2,598 $159.23 Home Built 1990-1999 694 $443,250 $107,400 to $3,750,000 2,822 $161.96 Home Built 2000-2009 435 $550,000 $90,000 to $2,600,000 3,253 $165.56 Home Built After 2010 193 $649,200 $77,100 to $1,834,000 3,688 $177.89 No Home Age Information 12 $747,975 $43,000 to $1,000,000 3,421 $183.91 Total 2,415 $459,900 $43,000 to $3,750,000 2,833 $164.43 Source: RealQuest, Urban Partners Figure 22: Median Sale Price/Size of Single-Family Detached Homes by Age of Homes, City of Dublin Source: RealQuest, Urban Partners Price SF 1990-1999 2000-2009 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 35 Single-Family Home Builder Sales Table 28 below summarizes single-family detached home sales from home builders and investors. Home builders that sold less than 25 total units in this period were categorized as “Small-Scale Builders” while “Production Builders” are comprised of national/regional residential developers. The top producing Production Builders in the Study Area during thi s period were: M/I Homes (136 sales) Epcon (87 sales) Pulte (54 sales) Rockford (39 sales) Bob Webb (36 sales) Fischer (36 sales) Trinity (33 sales), Schottenstein (32 sales) Romanelli & Hughes (25 sales) “Investors” are other non-owner-occupant entities that sold homes during the study period. The sale prices for the 525 single -family detached homes sold by Production Builders ranged from $177,900 to $3.046 million, with a median sale price of $541,300 (or $172.48 per SF). The median sale price of single-family detached homes sold by Small-Scale Builders and Investors was $324,950 (or $161.02 per SF). Table 28: Builder/Investor Sold Single-Family Detached Homes (2017 to 2021) Sold by No. of Transactions Median Sales Price Price Range Median Square Footage Median Price Per SF Production Builder 524 $541,300 $177,900 to $1,834,000 3,342 $172.48 Small-Scale Builder/Investor 242 $324,950 $70,000 to $$1,471,600 2,039 $161.02 Total 766 $500,000 $70,000 to $1,834,000 2,986 $168.32 Source: RealQuest, Urban Partners Single-Family Home Sales by Home Size Table 29 to Table 32 shown below summarize the sale prices by the size of single -family homes purchased by owner-occupants, as well as the seller type. The median sale price for the smallest homes (less than 2,000 SF) was $252,800, or $162.86 per SF. Table 29: Small Single-Family Homes (2017 to 2021) Less than 2,000 SF Sold by No. of Transactions Median Sales Price Price Range Median Square Footage Median Price Per SF Production Builder 62 $385,950 $177,900 to $670,600 1,782 $219.63 Small-Scale Builder/Investor 113 $260,000 $70,000 to $610,000 1,548 $167.59 Owner-Occupant 1,818 $250,000 $43,000 to $1,080,000 1,548 $161.11 Other 5 $205,000 $65,089 to $230,000 1,518 $109.98 Total 1,998 $252,800 $43,000 to $1,080,000 1,560 $162.86 Source: RealQuest, Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 36 Figure 23: Notable Communities in the Small Single-Family Segment For medium-sized homes (between 2,000 SF and 2,700 SF), the median sale price was $365,000, or $157.06 per SF (see Table 30). Table 30: Medium Single-Family Homes (2017 to 2021) 2,000 to 2,699 SF Sold by No. of Transactions Median Sales Price Price Range Median Square Footage Median Price Per SF Production Builder 83 $510,500 $225,100 to $1,092,782 2,287 $221.66 Small-Scale Builder/Investor 67 $363,000 $240,500 to $1,150,000 2,268 $154.65 Owner-Occupant 1,381 $360,000 $100,000 to $1,450,000 2,318 $155.10 Other 7 $360,000 $187,000 to $468,500 2,400 $165.80 Total 1,538 $365,000 $100,000 to $1,450,000 2,312 $157.06 Source: RealQuest, Urban Partners Figure 24: Notable Communities in the Medium Single-Family Segment Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 37 For large homes between 2,700 SF and 3,600 SF, the median sale price was $490,000, or $158.08 per SF (see Table 31). Table 31: Large Single-Family Homes (2017 to 2021) 2,700 to 3,599 SF Sold by No. of Transactions Median Sales Price Price Range Median Square Footage Median Price Per SF Production Builder 185 $513,600 $240,000 to $1,834,000 3,188 $161.61 Small-Scale Builder/Investor 32 $496,000 $280,000 to $900,000 3,163 $159.74 Owner-Occupant 1,002 $485,000 $168,900 to $1,562,500 3,062 $157.27 Other 3 $420,000 $275,000 to $435,000 2,818 $141.56 Total 1,222 $490,000 $168,900 to $1,834,000 3,084 $158.08 Source: RealQuest, Urban Partners Figure 25: Notable Communities in the Large Single-Family Segment For the largest homes in the Study Area that are over 3,600 SF, the median sale price was $669,700, or $157.46 (see Table 32). Table 32: Very Large Single-Family Homes (2017 to 2021) 3,600 SF or Larger Sold by No. of Transactions Median Sales Price Price Range Median Square Footage Median Price Per SF Production Builder 194 $648,550 $384,300 to $1,184,800 4,070 $159.12 Small-Scale Builder/Investor 30 $731,500 $230,000 to $1,471,600 4,825 $148.66 Owner-Occupant 666 $670,000 $166,900 to $3,750,000 4,202 $157.16 Other 2 $461,000 $240,000 to $682,000 3,960 $116.47 Total 892 $669,700 $166,900 to $3,750,000 4,172 $157.46 Source: RealQuest, Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 38 Figure 26: Notable Communities in the Very Large Single-Family Segment Newly Constructed Single-Family Home Sales Table 33 shows the size of newly built single-family homes (constructed in 2010 or later). Four out of five homes built in this period were designed with interior living space of 2,700 SF or larger, with 239 (or 45.1%) homes with more than 3,600 SF. Table 33: Size of Single-Family Homes Built 2010 or Later No. of Transactions % of Transactions Median Sales Price Median Square Footage Median Price Per SF Small (2,000 SF or less) 42 7.9% $359,100 1,791 $199.58 Medium (2,000 SF to 2,699 SF) 60 11.3% $472,500 2,398 $207.13 Large (2,700 SF to 3,599 SF) 189 35.7% $500,900 3,140 $162.20 Very Large (3,600 SF or larger) 239 45.1% $659,500 4,162 $159.07 All Sizes 530 100.0% $568,100 3,478 $159.14 Source: RealQuest, Urban Partners Figure 27: Distribution of Home Sizes for Newly Built Single-Family Homes 42 60 189 239 Source: RealQuest, Urban Partners Amberleigh Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 39 Condominiums Condominium sales represented 24.7% of the total number of residential transactions in the Study Area during the aforementioned 5-year period. Overall, the 1,953 condo units were sold for a median sale price of $174,000, or $141.34 per SF. There were 115 units sold by production builders at a median sale price of $480,900, or $208.50 per SF; while sales between owner- occupants were sold for a median sale price of $170,000, or $139.07 per SF (see Table 34). Table 34: Condominium Sales by Seller Type (2017 to 2021) No. of Transactions Median Sales Price Price Range Median Square Footage Median Price Per SF Production Builder 115 $480,900 $301,700 to $1,690,200 2,390 $208.50 Small-Scale Builder/Investor 127 $156,000 $45,000 to $1,500,000 1,152 $129.78 Owner-Occupant 1,707 $170,000 $35,000 to $1,842,000 1,206 $139.07 Other 4 $150,078 $99,800 to $205,000 1,437 $103.70 Total 1,953 $174,000 $35,000 to $1,842,000 1,232 $141.34 Source: RealQuest, Urban Partners As summarized in Table 35, the majority of the condominiums sold in the Study Area in the last five years were built in the 1980 and 1990s (a total of 1,358 units, or 69.5% of all condo sales) and command median sale prices of $158,000 and $165,700, respectively. Newly built condominiums (constructed in 2010 or later) are commanding strong prices —with median sale price of $432,150, or $192.54 per SF. The highest sale price of $1,842,000 was recorded for a three-bed/3.5 bath, 2-story penthouse at the Bridge Park West Condominiums in January 2021. Table 35: Condominium Sales by Age of Home (2017-2021) No. of Transactions Median Sales Price Price Range Median Square Footage Median Price Per SF Home Built Before 1980 165 $121,900 $60,000 to $650,000 1,035 $116.43 Home Built 1980-1989 664 $158,000 $58,400 to $680,000 1,195 $130.84 Home Built 1990-1999 694 $165,700 $45,000 to $1,050,000 1,152 $141.11 Home Built 2000-2009 225 $289,900 $60,000 to $1,092,600 1,635 $157.23 Home Built After 2010 168 $432,150 $50,000 to $1,842,000 2,340 $192.54 No Home Age Information 37 $480,000 $35,000 to $1,002,200 2,468 $202.20 Total 1,953 $174,000 $35,000 to $1,842,000 1,232 $141.34 Source: RealQuest,, Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 40 Figure 28: Notable Condominium Communities in the Study Area Bridge Park West Riverview Street City of Dublin Total Sales: 38 Sale Price Ranges: $415,700 to $1,842,000 Median Sale Price/ SF: $353.93 Average Home Size: 2,701 SF Craughwell Village Inishmore Lane & Craughwell Lane City of Dublin Total Sales: 93 Sale Price Ranges: $75,000 to $240,000 Median Sale Price/ SF: $112.01 Average Home Size: 1,104 SF Scioto Crossing Sawmill Road & Scioto Crossing Boulevard City of Dublin Total Sales: 100 Sale Price Ranges: $131,500 to $467,000 Median Sale Price/ SF: $147.12 Average Home Size: 1,619 SF Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 41 Dublin Green Dublin Granville Road & Federated Boulevard City of Columbus Total Sales: 69 Sale Price Ranges: $94,000 to $292,000 Median Sale Price/ SF: $122.60 Average Home Size: 1,093 SF Bethel Commons Dierker Road & W. Case Road City of Columbus Total Sales: 145 Sale Price Ranges: $86,000 to $360,000 Median Sale Price/ SF: $151.37 Average Home Size: 1,024 SF Months of Inventory, For-Sale Homes Columbus REALTORS® maintains statistics on residential sales for the Fayette, Franklin, Madison, Morrow, Pickaway and Union counties of Ohio based on the Multiple Listing Service (MLS) data. Typically, home sales that utilize the MLS service represent approximately 90% of all sales reported to the county assessor’s offices. The Months of Inventory is a useful indicator in determining the size of the for-sale inventory in relation to the number of homes sold. It provides an estimate of the number of months it would take for a typical home to sell if no new listings became available in the area. For instance, if the Months of Inventory number is 5.0, all the current listings can expect to be sold within 5 months. According to the National Association of REALTORS, “six months of Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 42 supply is associated with moderate price appreciation, and a lower level of months’ supply tends to push prices up more rapidly.” Figure 29 illustrates the Months of Inventory for the two Study Area school districts for the 5- year study period. From 2017 to 2019, the Dublin City Schools market area averaged 2.1 months’ supply of single-family homes.6 In comparison, the Hilliard City Schools market area maintained a smaller supply of single-family homes for sale, averaging 1.1 months’ supply for the same period. Starting in the first quarter of 2020 which coincides with the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, the supply of homes tightened even more for both school district market areas. Starting from January of 2020, the Dublin City Schools market area averaged 0.9 months of inventory and ended with 0.4 months’ supply in December of 2021, while the Hilliard City Schools market area averaged 0.5 months of inventory for the same period, peaking at 0.8 months’ supply in October of 2021 and ended at 0.3 months of inventory in December of 2021. Figure 29: Months of Inventory of Homes for Sale by Study Area School Districts, 2017 to 2021 Source: Columbus REALTORS®, Urban Partners Compared to the national average, the Study Area’s Months of Inventory for single -family homes is extremely low, indicating a limited supply of homes and pointing to a rapid escalation of housing prices. In January of 2020, the two Study Area school districts maintained 1.3 and 0.6 months of single -family inventory, compared to the national average of 5.5 months. In the fourth quarter of 2020 when the national average was slowly replenishing the low supply reported the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Study Area markets tightened even further, dipping below 1.0 months’ supply and remaining below that level for the duration of 2021 (see Figure 3 shown on the following page). 6 Single family Months of Inventory figures also include Townhomes and Condominiums. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 43 Figure 30: Months of SFR Inventory for Study Area and U.S. Average, 2020 to 2021 Source: Federal Reserve of St. Louis, Columbus REALTORS®, Urban Partners 6.5 6.7 6.9 6.5 6.1 6.2 5.5 5.7 5.8 6.0 5.3 5.4 5.6 4.8 4.7 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.2 3.5 3.3 3.4 3.4 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 6 0.6 0.6 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 44 7. Rental Housing Market Analysis To understand the market-rate rental housing market in the Study Area, Urban Partners examined market conditions for multi-family rental housing complexes as well as individual rental units found in single-family detached homes. Multi-Family Rental Housing Complexes This analysis involves the examination of 17,544 units offered in 72 market -rate multi-family rental complexes located in the Study Area. As illustrated in Figure 31 below, most of the complexes in the Study Area are located to the south and east of the City of Dublin, with Dublin’s share of the supply as of this report at 21% (total of 3,592 units in 13 communities). Figure 31: Locations of Multi-Family Rental Complexes in the Study Area Multi-Family Rental Communities Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 45 The following is a list of the 13 multi-family rental communities located in the City of Dublin: Bridge Park 720 units (2017) Asherton at Dublin 514 units (1987) Tuller Flats 420 units (2017) Britton Woods 352 units (1992) Sycamore Ridge 270 units (1996) The Crossings at Avery 223 units (2001) Tuttle Parke 200 units (1997) Gage Crossing 196 units (2018) Perimeter Lakes 189 units (1992) The Residences at Scioto Crossing 174 units (2006) Garden Farms 168 units (2005) Hawthorne Commons 86 units (2017) Turkey Run Village 80 units (1980) Figure 32 shown below details the top performing multi -family complexes in terms of key unit/community amenities, total units, and the age of the community to demonstrate the variety that exists throughout the Study Area. Figure 32: Select Rental Housing Complexes Representing the Variety in Study Area Jerome Grand 7027 Park Mill Drive, Plain City Total Units: 300 Built: 2019 Type: 2-Story Low-Rise & Townhouses Key Unit Amenities: Stainless appliances/granite counters Vaulted ceilings Walk-in closets Patio Key Community Amenities: Pool and clubhouse Fitness center Business center Grill/picnic area Pet play area Asherton at Dublin 5400 Asherton Boulevard, Dublin Total Units: 514 Built: 1987 Type: 2-Story Low-Rise Key Unit Amenities: Stainless appliances Walk-in closets Vaulted ceilings Patio/deck Key Community Amenities: Pool and clubhouse Fitness center Tennis court Storage space Pond and walking/biking trails Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 46 Perimeter Lakes Apartments 6146 Perimeter Lakes Drive, Dublin Total Units: 189 Built: 1992 Type: 2-Story Low-Rise Key Unit Amenities: In-unit washer/dryers Fireplace Walk-in closets Patio/deck Key Community Amenities: Pool and clubhouse Fitness center Business center Grill area Car wash area The Crossings at Avery 6200 Avery Crossing Boulevard, Dublin Total Units: 223 Built: 2001 Type: 2-Story Low-Rise & Townhouses Key Unit Amenities: In-unit washer/dryers Walk-in closets Fireplace Vaulted ceilings Key Community Amenities: Pool and clubhouse Fitness center Business center Tennis court Media center/movie theater The Pines at Tuttle Crossing 5303 Wilcox Road, Dublin Total Units: 598 Built: 2014 Type: 2-Story Low-Rise & Townhouses Key Unit Amenities: Stainless appliances/granite counters In-unit washer/dryers Walk-in closets Loft layout Key Community Amenities: Pool and clubhouse Fitness center and sauna Business center Movie theater/media center Car wash Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 47 Greydon House Apartments 5284 Avery Road, Dublin Total Units: 144 Built: 2018 Type: 3-Story Mid-Rise Key Unit Amenities: Stainless appliances/granite counters Hardwood floors and carpet Walk-in closets Patio/deck Key Community Amenities: Pool Clubhouse Fitness center Business center Picnic area and grill Tuttle’s Grove Apartments 5885 Tuttle’s Grove Boulevard, Dublin Total Units: 519 Built: 1994 Type: 2-Story Low-Rise Key Unit Amenities: In-unit washer/dryers Vaulted ceilings Walk-in closets Balcony/patio Key Community Amenities: Pool and clubhouse Fitness center Business center Lounge and game room Basketball and tennis courts LC Dublin 5730 Silver Falls Street, Dublin Total Units: 552 Built: 2009 Type: 3-Story Mid-Rise Key Unit Amenities: Stainless appliances In-unit washer/dryers Hardwood floors Walk-in closets Den Key Community Amenities: Pool Clubhouse Fitness center Volleyball court Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 48 The Charles at Riggins Run 5252 Riggins Run, Columbus Total Units: 218 Built: 2018 Type: 3-Story Mid-Rise Key Unit Amenities: Stainless appliances/granite counters In-unit washer/dryers Walk-in closets Patio/deck Key Community Amenities: Pool and clubhouse Fitness center and spa Business center Picnic area Car wash and charging area Karrick Place of Dublin 5541 Bowland Place, Dublin Total Units: 540 Built: 1985 Type: 1-Story Low-Rise Key Unit Amenities: In-unit washer/dryers Vinyl floors and carpet Walk-in closets Patio/deck Key Community Amenities: Pool Sundeck Clubhouse Fitness center Extra storage Camden Place 4311 Camden Circle, Dublin Total Units: 238 Built: 1990 Type: 2-Story Low-Rise Key Unit Amenities: Kitchen pantry In-unit washer/dryers Carpet Patio/deck Key Community Amenities: Pool, sundeck, and spa Clubhouse Lounge Fitness center Pond and waterfalls Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 49 Strathmoor Apartments 5541 Bowland Place, Dublin Total Units: 276 Built: 2014 Type: 4-Story Mid-Rise Key Unit Amenities: Stainless appliances/granite counters In-unit washer/dryers Hardwood floors and carpet Walk-in closets Patio/deck Key Community Amenities: Pool, sundeck, and clubhouse Lounge Fitness center Business center Extra storage and bike storage Hayden Lofts 4125 Hayden Lofts Place, Dublin Total Units: 273 Built: 2015 Type: 3-Story Mid-Rise Key Unit Amenities: Stainless appliances In-unit washer/dryers Hardwood floors Balconies Key Community Amenities: Pool and clubhouse Fitness center Business center and media room Pet play area and washing station Volleyball court Grill and picnic area Emerald Lakes Apartments 4600 Emerald Lakes Boulevard, Powell Total Units: 192 Built: 1994 Type: 2-Story Low-Rise Key Unit Amenities: Walk-in closets Carpet Large bedrooms Linen closet Key Community Amenities: Pool Fitness center Clubhouse Walking paths Lakes and ponds Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 50 Hawthorne Commons 4050 Hawthorne Lane, Dublin Total Units: 86 Built: 2017 Type: 1-Story Low-Rise with Garage, 55+ Key Unit Amenities: Stainless appliances/granite counters Walk-in closets Fireplace Office/den Patio/deck Key Community Amenities: Fitness center and business center Clubhouse and lounge Media room and game room Pet play area Grill area The Residences at Scioto Crossing 3900 Suffolk Drive, Dublin Total Units: 174 Built: 2006 Type: 2-Story Low-Rise Key Unit Amenities: Kitchen island In-unit washer/dryers Hardwood floors Balcony/patio Key Community Amenities: Pool and clubhouse Fitness center Lounge Business center Car wash and bike storage Heathermore & Bedford Commons 2645 Hard Road, Columbus Total Units: 392 Built: 1988 Type: 2-Story Low-Rise Key Unit Amenities: Stainless appliances In-unit washer/dryers Walk-in closets Vaulted ceilings Patio Key Community Amenities: Pool and clubhouse Clubhouse Business center Extra storage Courtyard and grill area Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 51 Bridge Park 6741 Longshore Drive, Dublin Total Units: 720 Built: 2017-2022 Type: 5-Story Mid-Rise Key Unit Amenities: Elevator Stainless appliances/granite counters In-unit washer/dryers Hardwood floors Balcony Key Community Amenities: Pool Rooftop deck Courtyard with grilling stations Bike storage Walking distance to amenities Sycamore Ridge Apartments 6700 Sycamore Ridge Boulevard, Dublin Total Units: 270 Built: 1996 Type: 3-Story Mid-Rise Key Unit Amenities: In-unit washer/dryers Walk-in closets Vaulted ceilings Fireplace Patio/balcony Key Community Amenities: Pool and cabana Fitness center Courtyard and grill Pet washing station Tuller Flats Apartments 4272 McCune Avenue, Dublin Total Units: 420 Built: 2017 Type: 3-Story Mid-Rise Key Unit Amenities: Granite counters Kitchen island Linen closet Patio/deck Key Community Amenities: Pool Fitness center Clubhouse and lounge Sundeck Walking/biking trails Grill area Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 52 Dublin Square 7331 Skyline Drive, Columbus Total Units: 354 Built: 2009 Type: 3-Story Mid-Rise Key Unit Amenities: Granite counters Walk-in closets Linen closet Patio/balcony Key Community Amenities: Pool and clubhouse Fitness center Multi-use room and game room Sundeck Grill and picnic area Saw Mill Village Apartments 6900 Sawmill Village Drive, Dublin Total Units: 340 Built: 1986 Type: 3-Story Mid-Rise Key Unit Amenities: Stainless appliances Pantry Walk-in closets Vaulted ceilings Patio/balcony Key Community Amenities: Pool and clubhouse Fitness center Grill area Pet play area Luxe at the Highlands 2330 Sawmill Place Boulevard, Columbus Total Units: 166 Built: 2019 Type: 5-Story Mid-Rise Key Unit Amenities: Stainless appliances Kitchen island In-unit washer/dryers Hardwood floors Walk-in closets Key Community Amenities: Pool and clubhouse Fitness center and tanning salon Business center Multi-use room Pet washing area Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 53 Sawmill Crossing 6700 Allister Way, Columbus Total Units: 364 Built: 2003 Type: 3-Story Mid-Rise Key Unit Amenities: In-unit washer/dryers Carpet and vinyl Walk-in closets Linen closet Key Community Amenities: Pool Fitness center Clubhouse Sundeck Grill area Riverside Green Apartments 6512 Linchmere Lane, Dublin Total Units: 166 Built: 1977 Type: 1-Story Low-Rise Key Unit Amenities: Linen closet Carpet and vinyl Built-in bookshelves Patio Key Community Amenities: Laundry facility Extra storage Riverside Village Apartments 3170-3194 Bethel Road, Columbus Total Units: 90 Built: 1989 Type: 2-Story Low-Rise Key Unit Amenities: Updated decor Walk-in closets Carpet and vinyl Linen closet Key Community Amenities: Laundry facility Controlled access Grill area Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 54 Reserve at Sawmill Ravine 3116 Hayden Road, Dublin Total Units: 213 Built: 1978 Type: 2-Story Low-Rise & Townhouses Key Unit Amenities: Updated décor In-unit washer/dryers Walk-in closets Carpet Key Community Amenities: Clubhouse Business center Extra storage Sterling Place 5399 Coachman Road, Dublin Total Units: 307 Built: 1990 Type: 3-Story Mid-Rise Key Unit Amenities: Stainless appliances and granite counters Pantry Loft layout Patio/balcony Key Community Amenities: Pool and sundeck Fitness center Clubhouse, lounge, and game room Roof terrace Basketball court and tennis court Pet play and wash area Braxton on Bethel 1500 Braeton Parkway, Columbus Total Units: 114 Built: 2016 Type: 3-Story Mid-Rise Key Unit Amenities: In-unit washer/dryers Hardwood floors Patio/balcony Key Community Amenities: Pool Fitness center Sundeck Source: Apartments.com, Apartmentfinder.com, individual complexes, Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 55 In Table 36—shown on the following page—summarizes the age, size, rental rate and occupancy information for all 72 market -rate apartment complexes throughout the Study Area. Age of Complexes More than 34% of the multi-family rental complexes in the Study Area were built after 2010 (see Figure 33). The complex with the newest apartments as of this report is Bridge Park, the massive multi-phase, multi-building modern development along the Scioto River. While some buildings in Bridge Park began opening in 2017, others have opened more recently, including the 81-unit Waddell in 2020. Future phases of Bridge Park are still in the pipeline, including The Bailey—a proposed 88-unit senior independent living building slated to open in the fall of 2023. Figure 33: Age of Study Area Multi-Family Rental Homes Source: Apartments.com, Apartmentfinder.com, Apartmentguide.com, individual complexes, Urban Partners The previous decade (2010 to 2019) witnessed the greatest number of multi -family units completed in the past 50 years, including five complexes in 2019. These consist of Jerome Grand in Jerome Township and three complexes clustered in the Highlands area —Harper House, Luxe, and Graham Park at the Highlands. The 25 complexes introduced to the Study Area’s rental market in the past decade offer a total of 5,947 units. The 2000s were a relatively slow period for multi -family rental development in the Study Area. Just eight complexes were built that decade which supplied a total of 2,410 units. The 1990s were only slightly more robust than the 2000s in terms of number of multi-family rental units constructed with a total of 3,095 built. However, these units were distributed among 14 complexes, with several buildings being much smaller than those constructed the following decade. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 56 Table 36: Market-Rate Rental Characteristics for Multi-Family Complexes in the Study Area Name Address City Year Opened Units Type Rent Size Rent/SF Availability (2/22) Availability (3/22+) Bridge Park 6741 Longshore Street Dublin 2017- 2023 720 Studio $799-$1,538 478-615 SF $1.67-$2.50 1 1 1 Bedroom $1,059-$2,113 737-960 SF $1.44-$2.20 1 1 2 Bedroom $1,769-$2,587 1,022-1,345 SF $1.73-$1.92 1 0 3 Bedroom $2,570-$3,289 1,485-2,147 SF $1.53-$1.73 0 0 4 Bedroom $4,121 2,792 SF $1.48 0 0 Jerome Grand 7027 Park Mill Drive Plain City 2019 300 1 Bedroom N/A 783 SF N/A 1 0 2 Bedroom N/A 1,120-1,264 SF N/A 3 0 3 Bedroom N/A 1,651 SF N/A 1 0 Harper House at the Highlands 2350 Sawmill Place Boulevard Columbus 2019 217 1 Bedroom $1,299-$1,404 595-850 SF $1.65-$2.18 3 8 2 Bedroom $1,632-$1,691 1,023-1,194 SF $1.42-$1.60 6 1 Luxe at the Highlands 2330 Sawmill Place Boulevard Columbus 2019 166 1 Bedroom $1,441-$1,825 813-1,155 SF $1.58-$1.77 7 3 2 Bedroom $2,007-$2,095 1,115-1,122 SF $1.80-$1.87 3 6 Graham Park at the Highlands 2930 Harper Isabelle Columbus 2019 216 1 Bedroom $1,291 675 SF $1.92 1 0 2 Bedroom $1,748-$1,764 1,038-1,135 SF $1.55-$1.64 6 0 Duncan Park 3021 Bethel Road Columbus 2019 72 1 Bedroom $1,275-$1,280 681 SF $1.87-$1.88 0 3 2 Bedroom $1,485-$1,630 1,055-1,149 SF $1.41-$1.42 1 4 Greydon House Apartments 5284 Avery Road Dublin 2018 144 1 Bedroom $1,037-$1,117 675 SF $1.54-$1.65 3 3 2 Bedroom $1,298-$1,390 1,038-1,135 SF $1.22-$1.25 4 8 Gage Crossing 5927 Avery Road Dublin 2018 196 1 Bedroom $1,050 685 SF $1.53 1 0 2 Bedroom $1,170-$1,245 960-970 SF $1.22-$1.28 2 0 The Charles at Riggins Run 5252 Riggins Run Dublin 2018 218 1 Bedroom $1,156 725-741 SF $1.56-$1.59 0 0 1 Bedroom N/A 836-854 SF N/A 0 0 2 Bedroom $1,559 1,209 SF $1.32 0 1 2 Bedroom N/A 1,048-1,452 SF N/A 0 0 Hawthorne Commons 4050 Hawthorne Lane Dublin 2017 86 1 Bedroom $2,158-$2,318 1,206-1,219 SF $1.79-$1.90 0 0 2 Bedroom $2,261-$2,807 1,379-1,623 SF $1.64-$1.73 0 0 Tuller Flats Apartments 4272 McCune Avenue Dublin 2017 420 1 Bedroom $1,099-$1,439 648-855 SF $1.68-$1.70 3 1 2 Bedroom $1,629-$1,979 1,081-1,290 SF $1.51-$1.53 0 0 The Wendell 4761 Riggins Road Dublin 2016 182 1 Bedroom N/A 723-800 SF N/A 0 0 2 Bedroom N/A 1,108-1,720 SF N/A 0 0 Grafton Park 2980 Mark Andrew Drive Dublin 2016 252 1 Bedroom $1,179-$1,219 720-778 SF $1.57-$1.64 4 0 2 Bedroom $1,459-$1,489 1,007-1,053 SF $1.12-$1.14 3 1 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 57 Braxton on Bethel 1500 Braeton Parkway Columbus 2016 114 1 Bedroom $1,024-$1,050 678 SF $1.51-$1.55 0 1 2 Bedroom $1,160-$1,250 933 SF $1.24-$1.34 1 1 Avery Brook Apartments 5315 Avery Road Dublin 2015 165 1 Bedroom $975-$1,030 823-844 SF $1.18-$1.22 0 0 2 Bedroom $1,195-$1,540 1,135-1,207 SF $1.05-$1.28 0 0 Hayden Lofts 4125 Hayden Lofts Place Dublin 2015 273 1 Bedroom $1,273 629 SF $2.02 0 1 1 Bedroom N/A 625-946 SF N/A 0 0 2 Bedroom N/A 1,072-1,303 SF N/A 0 0 District at Linworth 2425 W. Dublin- Granville Road Columbus 2015 326 1 Bedroom $1,249-$1,349 719-816 SF $1.65-$1.74 3 0 2 Bedroom $1,449-$1,499 1,111-1,202 SF $1.25-$1.30 3 0 3 Bedroom $2,399 1,951 SF $1.23 1 0 Berkley House 5300 Riverside Drive Upper Arlington 2015 255 1 Bedroom $1,290-$1,325 719-834 SF $1.59-$1.79 3 1 2 Bedroom $1,565-N/A 1,061-1,226 SF $1.48-N/A 2 1 Scioto Ridge Apartments 5639 Scioto Crest Drive Dublin 2015 152 1 Bedroom $1,068-$1,208 760-820 SF $1.41-$1.47 0 0 2 Bedroom $1,338-$1,469 1,072-1,132 SF $1.25-$1.30 0 0 Redwood Dublin 5464 Eagle River Dr. Dublin 2014 186 2 Bedroom $1,739-$2,001 1,129-1,429 SF $1.40-$1.54 0 0 The Pines at Tuttle Crossing 5303 Wilcox Road Dublin 2014 598 1 Bedroom $1,175-$1,225 820-882 SF $1.27-$1.31 2 0 2 Bedroom $1,075-$1,125 1,181 SF $0.91-$0.95 0 0 Strathmoor Apartments 5541 Bowland Boulevard Dublin 2014 276 Studio N/A 466 SF N/A 0 0 1 Bedroom $1,117-$1,462 684-906 SF $1.54-$1.96 0 4 1 Bedroom N/A 570-952 SF N/A 0 0 2 Bedroom $1,673 1,239 SF $1.35 0 1 Madden's Pointe 5548 Madden's Point Lane Dublin 2014 72 1 Bedroom $915 678 SF $1.35 0 1 2 Bedroom $980-$995 933 SF $1.05-$1.07 0 2 Wesbury Park Apartments 6667 Wesbury Park Avenue Columbus 2013 126 1 Bedroom $1,050-$1,125 720-778 SF $1.45-$1.46 0 2 2 Bedroom $1,294-$1,325 1,053 SF $1.23-$1.26 2 1 Hilliard Grand 5399 Grand Drive Dublin 2012 314 1 Bedroom $1,080 780 SF $1.38 0 1 2 Bedroom $1,430-$1,530 1,110-1,370 SF $1.17-$1.29 3 0 3 Bedroom $1,995 1,510 SF $1.32 1 0 LC Dublin 5730 Silver Falls Street Dublin 2009 552 1 Bedroom N/A 750-807 SF N/A 0 0 2 Bedroom N/A 925-1,332 SF N/A 0 0 Dublin Square Apartments 7331 Skyline Drive Columbus 2009 354 1 Bedroom $1,160-$1,235 720-778 SF $1.59-$1.61 3 3 2 Bedroom $1,340-$1,405 1,007-1,168 SF $1.20-$1.33 4 3 The Residences at Scioto Crossing 3900 Suffolk Drive Dublin 2006 174 1 Bedroom N/A 820-850 SF N/A 0 0 2 Bedroom $1,339-$1,705 1,050-1,220 SF $1.28-$1.40 2 4 3 Bedroom N/A 1,250 SF N/A 0 0 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 58 Garden Farms 7200 Garden Farms Parkway Dublin 2005 168 1 Bedroom $925-$1,199 588-796 SF $1.50-$1.57 0 0 2 Bedroom $1,209-$1,460 1,008-1,158 SF $1.20-$1.26 0 0 Times Square 4130 Times Square Boulevard Dublin 2003 355 1 Bedroom $993-$1,104 580-720 SF $1.51-$1.73 0 4 1 Bedroom N/A 590-1,150 SF N/A 0 0 2 Bedroom $1,406-$1,584 1,125-1,325 SF $1.20-$1.25 1 1 2 Bedroom N/A 1,145-1,500 SF N/A 0 0 3 Bedroom N/A 1,600 SF N/A 0 0 Sawmill Crossing 6700 Allister Way Columbus 2003 364 Studio $949 556 SF $1.71 3 0 1 Bedroom $925-N/A 637-1,003 SF $1.45-N/A 0 3 2 Bedroom $1,169-$1,339 957-1,214 SF $1.10-$1.22 9 3 The Crossings at Avery 6200 Avery Crossing Boulevard Dublin 2001 223 1 Bedroom $925-$955 800 SF $1.16-$1.19 0 0 2 Bedroom $1,060-$1,640 1,000-2,150 SF $0.76-$1.06 0 0 3 Bedroom $1,440-$1,920 1,600-2,300 SF $0.83-$0.90 0 0 The Orchard 5353 Wilcox Road Dublin 2000 220 Studio N/A 545 SF N/A 0 0 1 Bedroom N/A 700-820 SF N/A 0 1 2 Bedroom N/A 975-1,345 SF N/A 0 2 2 Bedroom $1,687 1,343-1,395 SF $1.21-$1.26 0 0 3 Bedroom N/A 1,620 SF N/A 0 0 Tuttle Parke Apartments 5701 Ebner Circle Dublin 1997 200 1 Bedroom $869 850 SF $1.02 0 0 2 Bedroom $1,050-$1,150 1,050-1,100 SF $1.00-$1.05 0 0 Glenmuir Apartments 2223 Craigside Drive Columbus 1996 272 1 Bedroom $879-$984 500-800 SF $1.23-$1.76 0 0 2 Bedroom $1,084-$1,264 1,000-1,100 SF $1.08-$1.15 0 0 Sycamore Ridge Apartments 6700 Sycamore Ridge Boulevard Dublin 1996 270 1 Bedroom $1,440-$1,465 878 SF $1.64-$1.67 1 1 2 Bedroom $1,400-$1,705 1,105-1,350 SF $1.26-$1.27 6 0 3 Bedroom $2,535-$2,540 1,474 SF $1.72 0 3 Tuttle's Grove Apartments 5885 Tuttle's Grove Boulevard Dublin 1994 519 1 Bedroom $830-$995 700-800 SF $1.19-$1.24 0 0 2 Bedroom $1,005-$1,127 1,000-1,375 SF $0.82-$1.01 0 0 3 Bedroom $1,485-$1,605 1,600-1,630 SF $0.93-$0.98 0 0 Vistas at Wedgewood 5500-5530 Windrift Drive Powell 1994 192 1 Bedroom $899-$999 750 SF $1.20-$1.33 0 0 2 Bedroom $999-$1,199 844 SF $1.18-$1.42 0 0 Emerald Lakes 4600 Emerald Lakes Boulevard Powell 1994 192 1 Bedroom $899-$999 750 SF $1.20-$1.33 1 0 2 Bedroom $999-$1,199 844 SF $1.18-$1.42 1 0 Perimeter Lakes Apartments 6146 Perimeter Lakes Drive Dublin 1992 189 1 Bedroom $1,060-$1,145 800 SF $1.33-$1.43 3 2 2 Bedroom $1,590-$1,635 1,000-1,400 SF $1.17-$1.59 2 2 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 59 Britton Woods Apartments 5489 Crescent Ridge Drive Dublin 1992 352 1 Bedroom $1,080-$1,155 588-805 SF $1.43-$1.84 4 0 2 Bedroom $1,225-$1,435 977-1,290 SF $1.11-$1.25 6 0 3 Bedroom $2,025 1,282 SF $1.58 1 0 Greensview Apartments 4066 Greensview Drive Powell 1991 96 1 Bedroom $799-$899 750 SF $1.07-$1.20 0 0 2 Bedroom $999 850 SF $1.18 0 0 Victoria Place Commons 2001 Queensgate Ln. Columbus 1991 20 2 Bedroom $1,249-$1,330 1,900 SF $0.66-$0.70 0 0 Camden Place 14311 Camden Circle Dublin 1990 238 1 Bedroom $1,140 740 SF $1.54 0 1 2 Bedroom $1,287-$1,664 978-1,381 SF $1.20-$1.32 1 2 2 Bedroom N/A 1,042-1,538 SF N/A 0 0 Spring Leaf Place 2920 Snouffer Road Columbus 1990 56 1 Bedroom N/A 729-920 SF N/A 0 0 2 Bedroom N/A-$1,705 1,103-1,183 SF N/A-$1.44 1 0 Sawmill Ridge 6564 Millridge Circle Dublin 1990 192 1 Bedroom $956 600 SF $1.59 3 0 2 Bedroom $1,254 900 SF $1.39 1 2 Sterling Place Apartments 5539 Coachman Road Columbus 1990 307 1 Bedroom $1,018-$1,096 605-850 SF $1.29-$1.68 1 5 2 Bedroom $1,405-$1,504 1,135-1,400 SF $1.07-$1.24 0 4 3 Bedroom $1,433-$1,587 1,292 SF $1.11-$1.23 1 1 Copperleaf 8619 Gold Leaf Lane Dublin 1989 108 2 Bedroom $1,098-$1,158 900 SF $1.22-$1.29 1 1 Riverside Village 3170-3194 Bethel Road Columbus 1989 90 Studio $825-$875 500 SF $1.65-$1.75 0 0 1 Bedroom $925-$975 616 SF $1.50-$1.58 0 0 2 Bedroom $1,025-$1,075 717 SF $1.43-$1.50 0 0 Heathermore & Bedford Commons 2645 Hard Road Columbus 1988 392 1 Bedroom $925-$980 650 SF $1.42-$1.51 2 3 2 Bedroom $1,150-$1,515 950-1,650 SF $0.92-$1.21 9 1 Sawmill Place Apartments 7150 Bent Tree Blvd. Columbus 1988 128 2 Bedroom $769 600 SF $1.28 0 0 Asherton at Dublin 5400 Asherton Boulevard Dublin 1987 514 1 Bedroom $1,248-$1.312 868-930 SF $1.41-$1.44 1 2 1 Bedroom N/A 731-1,180 SF N/A 0 0 2 Bedroom $1,498-$2,014 986-1,637 SF $1.23-$1.52 8 10 2 Bedroom N/A 1,294-2,214 SF N/A 0 0 Olde Mill Lakes Apartments 2677 Collinford Drive Dublin 1987 264 1 Bedroom N/A 764 SF N/A 0 0 2 Bedroom $1,161-$1,181 1,124-1,209 SF $0.98-$1.03 1 2 TGM Worthington Green Apartments 1739 Wetherburn Drive Columbus 1987 173 1 Bedroom $1,130 874 SF $1.29 0 0 2 Bedroom $1,235-$1,330 1,004 SF $1.23-$1.32 0 3 Bent Tree Apartments 7200 Chadwood Lane Dublin 1987 256 1 Bedroom $1,135 736 SF $1.54 1 0 2 Bedroom $1,245-$1,325 901-1,071 SF $1.24-$1.38 1 0 TGM Meadow View 3300 W. Dublin- Granville Road Columbus 1987 312 1 Bedroom $1,030-$1,095 646-787 SF $1.39-$1.59 1 7 2 Bedroom $1,380-$1,395 1,213-1,248 SF $1.12-$1.14 6 0 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 60 Arbors of Dublin 2979 Green Arbor Lane Dublin 1987 288 1 Bedroom $1,009-$1,319 598-1,081 SF $1.22-$1.69 9 3 2 Bedroom $1,329-$1,350 1,086-1,095 SF $1.22-$1.23 4 1 3 Bedroom $1,509-$1,524 1,264 SF $1.19-$1.21 2 1 Saw Mill Village Apartments 6900 Sawmill Village Drive Dublin 1986 340 1 Bedroom $1,065-$1,420 897-1,078 SF $1.19-$1.32 6 3 2 Bedroom $1,205-$1,350 1,171 SF $1.03-$1.15 3 2 3 Bedroom $1,570-$1,755 1,273-1,465 SF $1.20-$1.23 2 4 Karric Place of Dublin 3970 Brelsford Lane Dublin 1985 540 Studio $740 300 SF $2.47 3 0 1 Bedroom $925-$1,134 600 SF $1.54-$1.89 3 0 2 Bedroom $1,132-$1,311 900 SF $1.26-$1.46 3 0 Mill Run Place Apartments 7956 Hamill Drive Dublin 1985 24 2 Bedroom $883-$939 900 SF $0.98-$1.04 0 0 Abington Village Apartments 2500 Hard Road Columbus 1985 306 2 Bedroom $1,375-$1,825 1,600 SF $0.86-$1.14 10 0 Montgomery Court Apartments 7884 Rhapsody Drive Dublin 1985 117 Studio $749 288 SF $2.06 0 0 1 Bedroom $769-$824 576 SF $1.34-$1.43 0 0 2 Bedroom $959-$1,014 864 SF $1.11-$1.17 0 0 Dublin Park 5211 Sawmill Road Dublin 1985 470 2 Bedroom $1,299 1,300 SF $1.00 1 0 Island Club 2225 Montego Boulevard Columbus 1985 308 1 Bedroom $1,154-$1,460 608-890 SF $1.64-$1.90 0 1 2 Bedroom $1,414-$1,817 780-1,072 SF $1.69-$1.72 0 2 Shadow Lakes Apartments & Townhouses 1349 Island Bay Drive Columbus 1985 222 1 Bedroom N/A N/A N/A 0 0 2 Bedroom N/A 1,383 SF N/A 0 0 Sawmill Commons Apartments 2555 Summer Drive Dublin 1984 420 1 Bedroom $1,021-$1,096 756-812 SF $1.35 0 3 2 Bedroom $1,179-$1,364 1,013-1,304 SF $1.05-$1.16 0 3 Sawbury Commons 2637 Sawbury Blvd. Columbus 1983 96 2 Bedroom $1,099 1,080 SF $1.02 1 0 Scioto Commons Apartments 6180 Riverside Drive Dublin 1981 136 2 Bedroom $1,050-$1,225 1,000 SF $1.05-$1.23 0 0 Turkey Run Village 219-225 Perth Drive Dublin 1980 80 1 Bedroom $1,178 758 SF $1.55 0 0 2 Bedroom $1,283-$1,413 955-1,104 SF $1.28-$1.34 0 0 Summerwood Townhomes 1901 Sawbury Blvd. Columbus 1979 36 2 Bedroom N/A 1,600 SF N/A 0 0 Reserve at Sawmill Ravine 3116 Hayden Road Dublin 1978 213 1 Bedroom $1,089 699 SF $1.56 1 0 2 Bedroom $1,120-$1,290 960-975 SF $1.17-$1.32 3 0 Riverside Green Apartments 6512 Linchmere Lane Dublin 1977 160 Studio $700 300 SF $2.33 0 0 1 Bedroom $820 600 SF $1.37 0 0 2 Bedroom $975 900 SF $1.08 0 0 Source: Apartments.com, Apartmentfinder.com, Apartmentguide.com, Rent.com, individual complexes, Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 61 In contrast to the Aughts and ‘90s, the 1980s brought significant multi -family rental growth to the Study Area similar to that of the 2010s. During the ‘80s, 22 complexes were built containing 5,584 units. The first multi -family apartment complexes in the Study Area date to the late 1970s, when three buildings containing a total of 409 units were constructed. The oldest multi-family rental complex is the 160-unit Riverside Green Apartments, built in 1977. Number of Units Multi-family rental communities in the Study Area are generally large, with an average size of 244 units. When completed, the largest complex in Dublin will be the 702-unit Bridge Park, which consists of multiple residential buildings situated throughout the district managed by a single entity. The next largest development and the largest traditional complex in the Study Area—the Pines at Tuttle Crossing —consists of 598 units. Other larger complexes containing 400 units or more include: Karric Place of Dublin (540 units), LC Dublin (552 units), Asherton at Dublin (514 units), Dublin Park (470 units), and Sawmill Commons and Tuller Flats Apartments (both with 420 units). Thirteen complexes contain between 300 and 400 units, while 18 have 200 to 300 units. There are 32 complexes in the Study Area with less than 200 units. Rents Rents at multi-family apartment complexes in the Study Area examined in Table 36 cover a variety of price-points—ranging from $0.64 to $2.50 SF. The upper end of this scale can be found at Bridge Park, the area’s newest and largest multi-family complex that is still under construction. Bridge Park offers studios, one -bedroom, two-bedroom, three-bedroom, and four-bedroom apartments. Amenities there include a pool, bike storage, 24-hour maintenance, outdoor fireplace & grill stations, and immediate proximity to the commercial and recreational assets of the surrounding district. Rents at Bridge Park currently have the following ranges: Studio units: $799 to $1,538 per month ($1.67 to $2.50 per SF) One-bedroom units: $1,059 to $2,113 per month ($1.44 to $2.20 per SF) Two-bedroom units: $1,769 to $2,587 per month ($1.73 to $1.92 per SF) Three-bedroom units: $2,570 to $3,289 per month ($1.53 to $1.73 per SF) Four-bedroom unit: $4,121 per month ($1.48 per SF) Aside from Bridge Park, newer complexes constructed since 2010 are commanding the following rent ranges: One-bedroom units: $915 to $2,318 per month ($1.35 to $1.90 per SF) Two-bedroom units: $1,075 to $2,807 per month ($0.91 to $1.73 per SF) Three-bedroom units: $1,995 to $2,399 per month ($1.23 to $1.32 per SF) By comparison, complexes constructed in the 2000s are commanding the following rent ranges: Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 62 Studio unit: $949 per month ($1.71 per SF) One-bedroom units: $925 to $1,235 per month ($1.16 to $1.61 per SF) Two-bedroom units: $1,060 to $1,705 per month ($0.76 to $1.40 per SF) Three-bedroom units: $1,440 to $1,620 per month ($1.28 to $1.40 per SF) Complexes constructed in the 1990s are commanding the following rent ranges: One-bedroom units: $799 to $1,465 per month ($1.07 to $1.67 per SF) Two-bedroom units: $999 to $1,705 per month ($1.18 to $1.44 per SF) Three-bedroom units: $1,433 to $2,540 per month ($1.11 to $1.72 per SF) Complexes constructed in the 1980s are commanding the following rent ranges: Studio units: $740 to $875 per month ($1.75 to $2.47 per SF) One-bedroom units: $769 to $1,460 per month ($1.34 to $1.64 per SF) Two-bedroom units: $769 to $1,825 per month ($1.14 to $1.28 per SF) Three-bedroom units: $1,509 to $1,755 per month ($1.19 to $1.20 per SF) Finally, complexes constructed in the 1970s are commanding the following rent ranges: Studio unit: $700 per month ($2.33 per SF) One-bedroom units: $820 to $1,089 per month ($1.37 to $1.56 per SF) Two-bedroom units: $975 to $1,290 per month ($1.08 to $1.32 per SF) As the rent ranges described above show, rents generally become lower as complexes get older. However, in most instances, rents per square foot remain largely consistent or even increase for the older buildings. This indicates that the newer units tend to be larger than the older ones but at the same time, older complexes are remaining comparable to, and competitive with, the newest complexes in terms of quality . Figure 32 above demonstrates that most of the Study Area’s multi -family complexes have similar amenities regardless of their age. Availability Dublin appears to have an extremely competitive multi-family rental housing market in terms of availability. At the time of this research (February 2022), a total of 213 units were available to rent out of 17,544 total units in the 72 Study Area multi-family rental communities, representing an overall vacancy rate of 1.2%7. The Arbors at Dublin reported the highe st vacancy rate at 5.2% (15 units available for rent in February 2022). In terms of unit type available in February 2022, there were 7 studio units, 72 one-bedroom units, 125 two-bedroom units, and 9 three-bedroom units. 7 Includes units available in February. It does not include units available starting March 1 and after. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 63 Individual Apartments for Rent Aside from the larger multi-family complexes, additional market -rate rental housing units in the Study Area are found mostly in condominiums, detached homes, duplexes, and townhouses. Most include basic amenities, including in -home washers/dryers, porches or patios, yards, and off-street parking. As of April 2022, there wer e several such apartments available for rent (see Table 37). Table 37: Summary of Available Individual Homes for Rent Address City Year Built Type Rent SF Rent/SF BR BA 1540 Slade Avenue Columbus 1973 Condo $1,000 900 $1.11 2 1.5 1440 Slade Avenue Columbus 1973 Condo $1,150 900 $1.28 2 1.5 3858 Carberry Drive Dublin 2006 Condo $1,349 1,504 $0.90 2 2.0 7917 Verandah Court Powell 1981 Condo $1,350 1,056 $1.28 2 1.5 6735 Meadow Creek Drive Columbus 1996 Condo $1,350 1,093 $1.24 2 2.0 3829 Carberry Drive Dublin 2006 Condo $1,420 1,200 $1.18 2 2.0 2635 Summer Drive Dublin 1984 Condo $1,425 1,380 $1.03 2 1.5 6239 Craughwell Lane Dublin 1998 Condo $1,500 1,104 $1.36 2 2.0 2232 Murphy Way Columbus 1994 Condo $1,500 1,200 $1.25 2 2.0 331 St. Andrews Drive Dublin 1980 Condo $1,600 1,424 $1.12 2 1.5 2260 Sandman Drive Columbus 1995 Condo $1,695 1,024 $1.66 2 2.5 7780 Sawmill Road Dublin N/A Condo $1,750 1,152 $1.52 2 2.5 5897 Canyon Creek Drive Dublin 2007 Condo $1,790 1,640 $1.09 2 2.5 2096 Coleman Drive Columbus 1994 Condo $1,850 1,968 $0.94 3 2.5 7766 Willowcove Court Dublin 1982 Detached House $1,195 1,000 $1.20 2 1.5 1421 Snowmass Road Columbus N/A Detached House $1,325 1,000 $1.33 2 1.5 189 N. Chillicothe Street Plain City 1948 Detached House $1,490 720 $2.07 2 1.0 1855 Fontenay Court Columbus 1981 Detached House $2,300 1,459 $1.58 2 4.0 7306 Coldstream Drive Columbus 1983 Detached House $2,450 1,839 $1.33 2 1.5 1600 Barnard Drive Powell 1983 Detached House $1,600 1,000 $1.60 3 1.0 633 Amston Drive Dublin 1977 Detached House $1,700 1,498 $1.13 3 2.5 6653 Canaan Circle Dublin 1981 Detached House $1,725 991 $1.74 3 1.0 6346 W. Mohican Drive Powell 1900 Detached House $1,800 1,376 $1.31 3 2.0 3932 Oshannon Road Dublin 1987 Detached House $1,800 1,408 $1.28 3 1.5 5546 Tygart Valley Drive Dublin N/A Detached House $1,945 1,818 $1.07 3 2.5 5849 Buckhannon Street Dublin 2012 Detached House $1,950 2,034 $0.96 3 2.5 3157 Millbury Avenue Dublin 1983 Detached House $1,995 1,498 $1.33 3 2.5 1638 Waterstone Court Columbus N/A Detached House $2,000 1,000 $2.00 3 2.0 2033 Queensbridge Drive Columbus 1977 Detached House $2,000 1,168 $1.71 3 1.5 5436 Goose Falls Drive Dublin 2016 Detached House $2,075 1,213 $1.71 3 2.0 8811 Seabright Drive Powell 1983 Detached House $2,095 1,162 $1.80 3 2.0 1760 Weather Stone Lane Columbus 1987 Detached House $2,100 1,274 $1.65 3 2.0 6349 Dummerston Court Dublin 1977 Detached House $2,100 2,200 $0.95 3 2.0 8679 Broadacre Drive Powell 1988 Detached House $2,145 1,584 $1.35 3 1.5 1676 Laramie Drive Powell 1985 Detached House $2,145 1,406 $1.53 3 1.5 5972 McIntyre Drive Dublin 1990 Detached House $2,230 1,377 $1.62 3 2.0 6000 Meadowsglen Drive Dublin 1987 Detached House $1,850 1,700 $1.09 4 2.0 5545 Goose Falls Drive Dublin 2009 Detached House $2,045 1,475 $1.39 4 1.5 3087 Meadowshire Court Dublin 1987 Detached House $2,150 1,588 $1.35 4 2.0 5614 Ramblewood Court Columbus 1977 Detached House $2,500 2,450 $1.02 4 2.5 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 64 2315 Sawbury Boulevard Columbus 1982 Detached House $2,625 2,334 $1.12 4 2.5 8222 Longhorn Road Powell 1984 Detached House $2,700 2,728 $0.99 4 3.0 1921 Shallowford Avenue Columbus 1977 Detached House $2,730 2,282 $1.20 4 3.0 3087 Strathaven Court Dublin 1983 Detached House $2,805 2,118 $1.32 4 2.5 7203 Shady Nelms Drive Dublin N/A Detached House $2,875 2,640 $1.09 4 2.5 5602 Braeside Court Dublin 1988 Detached House $3,200 3,548 $0.90 4 3.0 5598 Dundon Court Dublin 1991 Detached House $5,000 8,000 $0.63 5 6.0 1690 Hightower Drive Columbus N/A Duplex $1,680 1,230 $1.37 3 2.0 7583 Pickett Lane Columbus 1983 Duplex $1,495 1,540 $0.97 3 1.5 1748 Watertower Drive Columbus 1980 Duplex $1,295 1,200 $1.08 3 1.5 3097 Jackielane Drive Columbus 1971 Townhouse $995 1,000 $1.00 2 1.0 7316 Chaparral Road Columbus 1984 Townhouse $1,019 1,600 $0.64 2 1.5 7400 Golden Springs Drive Columbus N/A Townhouse $1,075 1,100 $0.98 2 1.5 3122 Jackielane Drive Columbus 1971 Townhouse $1,095 1,000 $1.10 2 1.0 7367 Chaparral Road Columbus 1985 Townhouse $1,099 1,350 $0.81 2 1.5 6182 Michaelkenney Lane Dublin N/A Townhouse $1,130 1,040 $1.09 2 1.5 4213 W. Dublin-Granville Rd Dublin N/A Townhouse $1,300 1,100 $1.18 2 1.5 7378 Chaparral Road Columbus 1984 Townhouse $1,325 1,024 $1.29 2 1.5 1725 Park Village Drive Columbus 1984 Townhouse $1,395 1,608 $0.87 2 2.5 1656 Park Row Drive Columbus 1981 Townhouse $1,399 1,208 $1.16 2 2.5 Source: Apartments.com, Zillow.com, Craigslist, Urban Partners Condominiums Condominiums for rent in the Study Area as of April 2022 are all two -bedroom units except for one three-bedroom unit. The highest rent commanded among available condominiums is $1,850 per month for a 1,968 SF three-bedroom home (also the largest available unit), or $0.94 per SF. This is one of the lowest rents on a square-footage basis among available condominiums for rent. More commonly, condos range from about $1.10 to $1.30 per SF, however a couple exceed $1.50. Overall, rents range from $1,000 to $1,790 per month for two- bedroom units. Figure 34: Sample of Available Condominiums for Rent 331 St. Andrews Drive 7780 Sawmill Road 2260 Sandman Drive Source: Zillow.com, Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 65 Detached Homes Single-family detached homes for rent in the Study Area as of April 2022 range from two - to five-bedroom units. The highest rent commanded among available detached homes is $5,000 per month for a large 8,000 SF five-bedroom home (also the largest available detached home), or $0.63 per SF. This is the lowest rent on a square-footage basis among available detached homes for rent. More commonly, detached homes range fro m about $0.90 to $1.80 per SF, however a few exceed $2.00. Overall, rents range from $1,195 to $2,450 per month for two - bedroom homes; from $1,600 to $2,2300 per month for three-bedroom homes; and from $1,850 to $3,200 per month for four-bedroom homes. Figure 35: Sample of Available Detached Homes for Rent 7203 Shady Nelms Drive 1676 Laramie Drive 2033 Queensbridge Drive Source: Zillow.com, Urban Partners Duplexes As of April 2022, there were just three duplexes available for rent in the Study Area, all three- bedroom units. The highest rent commanded among available duplexes is $1,680 per month for a 1,230 SF unit, or $1.37 per SF. This is also the highest rent on a square -footage basis among available duplexes for rent. The other two duplexes are $0.97 to $1.08 per SF, with rents of $1,495 to $1,295 per month, respectively. Figure 36: Sample of Available Duplexes for Rent 1690 Hightower Drive 1728 Watertower Drive 7583 Pickett Lane Source: Zillow.com, Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 66 Townhomes Townhomes for rent in the Study Area as of April 2022 are all two-bedroom units. The highest rent commanded among available condominiums is $1,399 per month for a 1,208 SF three- bedroom home, or $1.16 per SF. This is the third-highest rent on a square-footage basis among available townhomes for rent. More commonly, townhomes range from about $0.81 to $1.18 per SF. Overall, rents range from $995 to $1,399 per month for two-bedroom units. Figure 37: Sample of Available Townhomes for Rent 7400 Golden Springs Drive 3122 Jackielane Drive 7378 Chaparral Road Source: Zillow.com, Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 67 8. Peer Communities Comparison For the purpose of benchmarking the City of Dublin to peer communities located in the Columbus Metropolitan Region, as well as other suburban communities in other comparable metropolitan regions, various demographic and housing-related data were examined for the following eleven cities: Columbus Region Other Regions Delaware. OH Hilliard, OH Marysville, OH New Albany, OH Powell, OH Upper Arlington, OH Westerville, OH Worthington, OH Franklin, TN (Nashville Metro) Carmel, IN (Indianapolis Metro) Mason, OH (Cincinnati Metro) General Demographics The total population of the examined peer communities ranged from 10,825 residents (new Albany, OH) to 99,757 residents (Carmel, IN, see Figure 38). Figure 38: Total Population, 2020 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; Urban Partners Upper 36,800 OH Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 68 From 2010 to 2020, the population of Dublin grew by 18.1%, which ranks seventh among the comparison cities. The fastest growing city is New Albany, which grew by 40.1% from 2010 t0 2020 (see Figure 39). Figure 39: Percentage of Population Growth, 2010-2020 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 69 Figure 40 summarizes the residents of the comparison cities by generational segments. For the purposes of this analysis, Gen Alpha are children under 5 years-of-age, individuals in Gen Z are between the ages of 5 and 24, Millennials are between the ages of 25 to 39, Gen Xers are between the ages of 40 and 54, Baby Boomers are between the ages of 55 and 74, and individuals in the Post War Generation are 75 years-of-age and older. In comparison to the 11-city average, Dublin is notably younger, as the Gen Z and the Millennial populations are 4% larger. Furthermore, Dublin has fewer Baby Boomers (17% compared to 20% for the 11-city average) and seniors in the Post-War Generation (4% compared to 6%). Figure 40: Population by Generational Segment, 2019 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 70 Figure 41 illustrates the median household income for the comparison cities. Dublin ranks third on the list with $137,867, trailing only New Albany ($203,409) and Powell ($157,149). Figure 41: Median Household Income, 2019 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 71 The age of the housing stock in Dublin ranks in the middle of the pack among the comparison cities, with a median year built of 1994 (see Figure 42). The oldest housing stock can be found in Upper Arlington (median year built of 1959) while the newest homes are found in New Albany (median year built of 2003). Figure 42: Median Year Home Built Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; Urban Partners 2003 1994 1995 Dublin, OH OH Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 72 Dublin’s 76.1% homeownership rate ranks seventh among the peer communities. Powell and New Albany are almost exclusively owner-occupied, reporting homeownership rates of 98.0% and 92.4%, respectively (see Figure 43). Figure 43: Rate of Homeownership, 2019 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 73 Figure 44 illustrates the percentage of larger multi-family rentals with 20+ units as a percentage of all rental homes. With 19.2% of its rental housing stock in larger structures, Dublin ranks fifth among the peer communities, trailing Westerville (27.9%), Carmel, IN (24.9%), Franklin, TN (23.9%), and Powell (19.8%). Figure 44: Percentage of Rental Units in Larger Multi-Family Structures (20+ units), 2019 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; Urban Partners 0.0% Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 74 Figure 45 illustrates the percentage of single-family rentals as a percentage of all rental homes. Dublin is in the middle of the pack with 31.5% of its rentals categorized as single-family homes. Figure 45: Percentage of Rental Units in Single-Family Structures, 2019 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 75 Figure 46 illustrates the population density for the peer communities, defined as the number of persons residing per square mile. Dublin is again in the middle of the pack with 1,971 persons per square mile. Upper Arlington reports the highest population density with 3,747 persons per square mile, while New Albany is the leas t dense with 704 residents per square mile. Figure 46: Population Density (Persons per Sq. Mi), 2020 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 76 Housing Value and Affordability Dublin is a relatively expensive community in terms of the value of owner -occupied homes, with a median value of $377,500. Four communities report higher med ian values of owner- occupied homes: New Albany ($515,100), Franklin, TN ($438,800), Upper Arlington ($429,100), and Powell ($386,200, see Figure 47). Figure 47: Median Value of Owner-Occupied Home, 2019 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 77 For median owner costs for households with home mortgages, Dublin is one of the most expensive with $2,586 per month, trailing only New Albany ($3,496 per month, see Figure 48). Figure 48: Median Owner Costs – with a Mortgage, 2019 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 78 For median gross rent, Dublin ranks fourth with $1,379 per month. New Albany has the highest median gross rent of $1,904 per month, followed by Powell ($1,677) and Franklin, TN ($1,481, see Figure 49). Figure 49: Median Gross Rent, 2019 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 79 Dublin reports one of the lowest percentages of low-income households at 10.5%, trailing only Powell (8.7%) and New Albany (10.2%).8 Communities with the highest percentage of low - income households are Marysville (39.7%) and Delaware (34.8, see Figure 50) Figure 50: Percentage of Low-Income Households, 2018 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; Urban Partners 8 The definition of “low-income” refers to households that earn less than 80% of the Area Median Income. For the Columbus Region in 2018, a household of four earning less than $61,100 is considered below 80% of the Area Median Income and thus “low-income.” Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 80 Figure 51 illustrates the percentage of households with housing cost burden—defined as housing expenditures exceeding 30% of the total household income. 15.6% of Dublin households are cost burdened, which is the second lowest among the comparison communities behind Powell at 13.9%. Communities with the highest housing cost burden are Delaware (25.0%) and Marysville (24.6%)—two cities with the highest percentage of low - income households, as indicated in Figure 50. Figure 51: Percentage of Households with Housing Cost Burden, 2018 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 81 Figure 52 shows the housing cost burden for owner-occupied households. Dublin reports the third lowest rate of housing cost burden for homeowners at 13.8%. Carmel, IN, and Powell report the lowest rates at 11.4% and 13.2%, respectively. Figure 52: Percentage of Owner Households with Housing Cost Burden, 2018 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 82 Figure 53 shows the housing cost burden for renter households. Dublin has the lowest rate of housing cost burden for renters at 21.8%. Hilliard reports the highest cost burden for renters at 43.3%, followed by Powell at 42.9%. Figure 53: Percentage of Renter Households with Housing Cost Burden, 2018 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 83 Jobs and Employment Figure 54 shows the number of jobs located in each of the comparison cities. With 48,007 jobs reported in 2019, Dublin ranks third among the peer communities, trailing only Franklin, TN (81,166 jobs) and Carmel, IN (73,607). Figure 54: Jobs Located in the City, 2019 Source: U.S. Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies, Urban Partners 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 84 Finally, Figure 55 illustrates the percentage of workers who also reside in the same city. In 2019, 7.4% of the workforce in Dublin were residents. Carmel, IN, and Franklin, TN—the two communities with larger workforces than Dublin—reported much higher percentage of workers living and residing in their cities, with 14.6% for Carmel, IN, and 13.6% for Franklin, TN. Figure 55: Percentage of Total Workforce Who Are Residents, 2019 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; Urban Partners 0.0% Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 85 Summary Comparison Figure 56 summarizes Dublin’s ranking for the various demographic and housing-related indicators analyzed above. Figure 56: Where Does Dublin Rank Among Peer Cities? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Larger Population Smaller Population Fast Growing Slow Growing Newer Housing Older Housing High-Density Low-Density Younger Population Older Population Wealthier Poorer High Homeownership Low Homeownership Expensive Inexpensive Larger Employment Center Smaller Employment Center Source: U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies, Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 86 9. Population Projections, Future Housing Needs Population Growth Assumptions & Housing Demand The Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission (MORPC) has developed population forecasts through 2050 for the region. The population forecasts were prepared for small geographic areas that can be aggregated to approximate the current boundaries of the City of Dublin (with some minor adjustments) and of the larger Study Area used for this report. These forecasts project that the population located within the current boundaries of the City of Dublin will grow by more than 11,000 persons to 60,500 by 2040 (see Table 38). Similarly, the population of the larger Study Area is projected to grow by over 31,000 to 167,500 by 2040. Table 38: Population Growth Forecasts, Dublin & Study Area, 2020-2040 City of Dublin (Current Boundary) Study Area 2010 Census Population 41,751 108,579 2020 Census Population 49,328 136,345 2025 Population Forecast 51,700 143,800 2030 Population Forecast 54,300 151,300 2035 Population Forecast 57,300 159,200 2040 Population Forecast 60,500 167,500 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission; Urban Partners The 2020 Census reported that only 737 Dublin residents lived in group quarters, almost all of them (635) in nursing homes and similar facilities. These 737 group quarters residents were two-thirds of all group quarters residents in the Study Area. The MORPC forecasts show group quarters population remaining constant at about 1,100 for the Study Area through 2040, then growing after 2040. On the other hand, the MORPC forecasts (consistent with national trends) anticipate persons over the age of 65 increasing from 13% of the regional population in 2020 to 16% in 2040. We believe this second factor (an aging population) will require more group quarters facilities before 2040. Based on this dynamic, we anticipate that a growing share of Dublin area residents will require group quarters facilities such as assisted living and nursing homes. As shown on Table 39 below, the population in nursing home and assisted living facilities can be expected to grow to 1,400 in the Study Area by 2030 (950 in Dublin) and 1,700 by 2040 (1,150 in Dublin). Table 39: Estimated Group Quarters Population, 2020-2040 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 87 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 City of Dublin Total Population 49,328 51,700 54,300 57,300 60,500 Group Quarters Population 737 850 950 1,050 1,150 Population in Households 48,591 50,850 53,350 56,250 59,350 Study Area Total Population 136,345 143,800 151,300 159,200 167,500 Group Quarters Population 1,100 1,250 1,400 1,550 1,700 Population in Households 135,245 142,550 149,900 157,650 165,800 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission; Urban Partners As shown in Table 40 below, the remaining Dublin population (about 53,350 by 2030 and 59,350 in 2040) will reside in households. Similarly, for the larger Study Area, household population is expected to grow to 149,900 by 2030 and 165,800 by 2040. This represents by 2040 an overall growth of 30,555 in Study Area population residing in households of which 10,759 will be at sites currently located inside the Dublin boundaries and 19,796 will be outside. Depending on sewer service arrangements and other factors, some of this 19,796 population may annex to the City of Dublin. In its forecasts, MORPC also projects the expected number of households (see Table 40 on the following page). The projected number of Dublin households in 2030 will have grown to nearly 20,000 and by 2040 to 22,320. This reflects a modest decline in average household size. Reported housing vacancy in Dublin in 2020 is a very low at 1.1%. For this analysis, we assume vacancy will increase slowly through 2040 to a still modest 3.4%. With those factors, we estimate that Dublin will need 1,200 additional housing units in the 2020 to 2025 period; 1,040 more between 2025 and 2030; then another 2,610 in the 2030s decade. Total additional housing units required in Dublin in the twenty-year period from 2020 to 2040 will be 4,850. This, however, will be only a fraction of the total household and housing unit demand growth in the larger Study Area. MORPC anticipates total households in the Study Area to grow to 67,000 by 2040. However, the MORPC forecasts also assume an aging population, which we believe will cause a decline in average household size for the Study Area from the 2.45 rate in 2020 to 2.40 by 2040. Based on that modified assumption of the household size, we estimate total households in the Study Area at 69,100 in 2040. Accommodating this population growth in the overall Study Area will result in 7,203 additional Study Area households by 2030 and 13,853 more households by 2040. Study Area vacancy in 2020 was very high at 5.5%; we assume this will decline to 4.5% by 2040. With those factors, we estimate that Study Area will need more than 3,700 additional housing units in the 2020 to 2025 period; 3,540 more between 2025 and 2030; then another 6,620 in the 2030s decade. Total additional housing units required in the Study Area in the twenty-year period from 2020 to 2040 will be 13,870, including the 4,850 within the current boundaries of Dublin as noted above. Table 40:Estimated Population in Households, Total Housing Need, 2020-2040 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 88 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 City of Dublin Population in Households 48,591 50,850 53,350 56,250 59,350 Estimated Households 18,064 18,970 19,930 21,040 22,320 Average Household Size 2.69 2.68 2.68 2.67 2.66 Estimate Housing Units 18,261 Vacancy 1.1% 2.5% 2.8% 3.1% 3.4% Housing Units Required 19,460 20,500 21,710 23,110 New Units Required: 2020-25 1,200 New Units Required: 2025-30 1,040 New Units Required: 2030-35 1,210 New Units Required: 2035-40 1,400 Total Units Required 2020-40 4,850 Study Area Population in Households 135,245 142,550 149,900 157,650 165,800 Estimated Households 55,247 58,900 62,450 65,700 69,100 Average Household Size 2.45 2.42 2.40 2.40 2.40 Estimate Housing Units 58,487 Vacancy 5.5% 5.3% 5.0% 4.8% 4.5% Housing Units Required 62,200 65,740 69,010 72,360 New Units Required: 2020-25 3,713 New Units Required: 2025-30 3,540 New Units Required: 2030-35 3,270 New Units Required: 2035-40 3,350 Total Units Required 2020-40 13,870 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission; Urban Partners Population Growth by Age Group The manner in which the Study Area’s population age composition will evolve in the coming two decades will inform necessary components of the 13,870 total housing demand. The MORPC forecasts provide detail on growth in three broad population groups living in households: children under 18; adults 18 to 64, and seniors age 65+ (see Table 41). Table 41: Dublin Area Population in Households Forecast by Age 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 City of Dublin Under 18 Years 14,790 15,120 15,880 16,760 17,550 18 to 64 Years 29,670 29,970 30,950 32,580 34,860 65+ Years 5,030 5,760 6,520 6,910 6,940 Study Area Under 18 Years 33,980 35,600 37,820 40,240 42,380 18 to 64 Years 87,620 89,930 92,680 96,890 102,770 65+ Years 14,650 17,020 19,400 20,520 20,650 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission; Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 89 While growth is anticipated in all age groups, the most dramatic changes—following national trends—are in the age 65+ population, with a 41% increase in the Study Area and 38% increase in Dublin. This is in addition to the anticipated increase in seniors residing in group facilities (nursing home; assisted living facilities). Components of Housing Demand To utilize those age-specific forecasts, Urban Partners analyzed the 2019 ACS data for the Study Area to understand the demand for housing by age of householder and tenure. As shown on Table 42, the householder per capita ratio (i.e., the ratio of people who are head of a household to the total population within a specific age group) varies between 18 to 64 age adults and seniors in the City of Dublin from 0.500 householders per capita for those ages 18 to 64 to 0.595 householders per capita for those ages 65 and older. Similarly, in the overall Study Area the variation between 18 to 64 age adults and seniors ranges from 0.536 householders per capita for those ages 18 to 64 to 0.670 householders per capita for those ages 65 and older. We must note that the homeownership rate is exceptionally high in Dublin with 75.5% of age 18 to 64 householders and 78.7% of senior householders being homeowners (in comparison, about 64% of households are homeowners nationally). In the larger Study Area, the homeownership rate is 56.9% for householders age 18 to 64 and 71.5% for seniors. Table 42: Recent Housing Demand by Age of Householder 2019 Population Householder Per Capita 2019 Households Owner Share Renter Share City of Dublin Population - Persons Ages 18 to 64 Years 27,060 0.500 - Persons Ages 65+ Years 5,540 0.595 Household Heads - Householder Ages 18 to 64 Years 13,535 75.5% 24.5% - Householder Ages 65+ Years 3,295 78.7% 21.3% Study Area Population - Persons Ages 18 to 64 Years 76,900 0.536 - Persons Ages 65+ Years 14,030 0.670 Household Heads - Householder Ages 18 to 64 Years 41,244 56.9% 43.1% - Householder Ages 65+ Years 9,395 71.5% 28.5% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission; Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 90 On Table 43, we apply these factors to the household population growth data on Table 42 to identify the likely composition of households in Dublin and the Study Area from 2020 through 2040 by age of householder and tenure. Within the current boundaries of the City of Dublin, total growth in households is estimated at 4,260 for the twenty -year period, while in the overall Study Area, growth in households by 2040 is estimated at 13,700. In both geographies, 31% of that growth is anticipated to occur in households headed by a person 65 years of age or older. Table 43: Housing Demand by Tenure & Age of Householder (2020-2040) 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Change 2020-40 City of Dublin All Households - Householder Ages 18 to 64 Years 15,030 15,430 15,940 16,800 18,040 3,010 - Householder Ages 65+ Years 3,030 3,540 3,990 4,240 4,280 1,250 Owner-Occupied Housing - Householder Ages 18 to 64 Years 11,350 11,650 12,030 12,680 13,620 2,270 - Householder Ages 65+ Years 2,380 2,790 3,140 3,340 3,370 990 Rental Housing - Householder Ages 18 to 64 Years 3,680 3,780 3,910 4,120 4,420 740 - Householder Ages 65+ Years 650 750 850 900 910 260 Study Area All Households - Householder Ages 18 to 64 Years 45,710 48,230 49,710 51,970 55,120 9,410 - Householder Ages 65+ Years 9,540 11,400 12,990 13,740 13,830 4,290 Owner-Occupied Housing - Householder Ages 18 to 64 Years 26,010 27,440 28,290 29,570 31,360 5,350 - Householder Ages 65+ Years 6,820 8,150 9,290 9,820 9,890 3,070 Rental Housing - Householder Ages 18 to 64 Years 19,700 20,790 21,420 22,400 23,760 4,060 - Householder Ages 65+ Years 2,720 3,250 3,700 3,920 3,940 1,220 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission; Urban Partners Over the 20-year period, we anticipate a net growth of 8,410 additional homeowners and 5,280 new renter households in the Study Area, of which 3,260 homeowners and 1,000 renters will be within the current boundaries of the City of Dublin. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 91 Finally, on Table 44 shown on the following page, we disaggregate this information by age of householder and tenure to identify how the increments of household demand will likely appear in the Dublin area in each five-year period and how this will impact housing construction requirements through 2040. Translating housing demand to housing construction requirements necessitates consideration of several factors: 1. Quality senior owner-occupied housing must meet several needs of those households including providing first floor owner’s suites, floor plans that can adapt to potential physical constraints on the owners’ mobility, low maintenance requirements, and outdoor and community amenities. Increasingly, these needs are being most effectively met by age-restricted and age-targeted developments. 2. As a result, quality previously-owned housing is being made available by these senior homeowners to younger households, reducing the needs for new construction product to be directed at these younger households. 3. In each five-year increment over the forecast period, a segment of younger households headed by persons ages 60 to 64 will “graduate” to senior status. Many of those households (probably most) will remain in their current residences which will therefore by definition meet some of this growth in demand for senior housing. Considering all these factors, on Table 44, we note the demand for construction of 14,350 new housing units. Of those, 4,850 units is the projected number of units that Dublin can consider to address growth demands. These are land use considerations that each community will need to consider in their future land use patterns for their community. This demand is strongest in the 2020s, with 4,590 new units projected by 2025 and another 3,220 units in the 2025 to 2030 period. Another 6,540 units are projected during the 2030s. Demand for new housing construction over this 20-year period is diverse with needs for 2,360 new senior-oriented homeownership units, 6,390 other homeownership units, and 5,600 rental units—1,290 of them oriented to or meeting the needs of senior households. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 92 Table 44: Demand for Newly Constructed Housing (2020-2040) 2020- 2025 2025- 2030 2030- 2035 2035- 2040 Total City of Dublin Owner-Occupied Housing - Aggregate Increment of Demand 710 730 850 970 3,260 - Increment of Demand for Senior Housing Construction 410 350 200 30 990 - Net Impact of 60-64 Year-Old Homeowners Aging in Place 180 80 260 - Increment of Demand for Other Homeownership Construction 300 380 650 940 2,270 New Supply Required for Senior Homeownership 300 290 220 30 840 New Supply Required for Other Homeownership 630 490 710 1,020 2,850 Rental Housing - Aggregate Increment of Demand 200 230 260 310 1,000 - Increment of Demand for Senior Rental Construction 100 100 50 10 260 - Increment of Demand for Other Rental Construction 100 130 210 300 740 New Supply Required for Senior Rentals 135 110 50 10 305 New Supply Required for Other Rentals 135 150 230 340 855 Net New Supply Required in City of Dublin 1,200 1,040 1,210 1,400 4,850 Study Area Owner-Occupied Housing - Aggregate Increment of Demand 2,760 1,990 1,810 1,860 8,420 - Increment of Demand for Senior Housing Construction 1,330 1,140 530 70 3,070 - Net Impact of 60-64 Year-Old Homeowners Aging in Place 552 248 800 - Increment of Demand for Other Homeownership Construction 1,430 850 1,280 1,790 5,350 New Supply Required for Senior Homeownership 810 930 550 70 2,360 New Supply Required for Other Homeownership 2,060 1,140 1,330 1,860 6,390 Rental Housing - Aggregate Increment of Demand 1,620 1,080 1,200 1,380 5,280 - Increment of Demand for Senior Rental Construction 530 450 220 20 1,220 - Increment of Demand for Other Rental Construction 1,090 630 980 1,359 4,060 New Supply Required for Senior Rentals 560 480 230 20 1,290 New Supply Required for Other Rentals 1,160 670 1,040 1,440 4,310 Net New Supply Required in Study Area 4,590 3,220 3,150 3,390 14,350 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission; Urban Partners Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft Final) 93 10. Housing Strategies The following details the four action strategy themes that emerged from the quantitative analysis, as well as input and guidance from Dublin city staff, members of the Dublin City Council, and key stakeholders. For each theme, key takeaways are summarized along with a toolbox of potential action strategies that can be utilized as a guide for further community conversations, particularly as Dublin embarks on a process to complete a Community Plan. Theme 1: Enhancing the sense of community. A sense of place is essential based on the comments of the stakeholder interviews conducted as part of the Dublin Area Housing Study. This highlights efforts for mixed-use, walkable communities that provide public space for social gathering and open space that enhance quality of life. These efforts are based on consistent high-quality development that is indicative of the City of Dublin and creates “nodes” of activity throughout the community. The following key takeaways and toolbox for potential strategies have been compiled to promote these objectives. Key Takeaways: ■ Dublin is a community of choice for families searching for high-quality housing in Central Ohio. ■ Strict residential design standards have helped maintain the city’s aesthetic character, but they also contribute to higher home prices. ■ From 2019 to 2020, Dublin added over 3,000 residents aged 25 to 34, and over 65. A growth of 44%. These population segments forecasted to grow the fastest have strong preferences for walkable, mixed-use neighborhoods. Toolbox of Potential Strategies: 1.1 Promote walkability throughout the city. Make stronger pedestrian connections from housing to shops, recreation amenities, public facilities, and healthcare providers through multi-modal trails and complete streets. 1.2 Encourage context-sensitive, mixed- use development (commercial and residential) that includes varied housing typologies. 1.3 Ensure that the City’s standards encourage features that promotes interaction while maintaining high- quality design standards. 1.4 Focus future growth in intentional nodes of activity throughout the City. 1.5 Encourage sustainable building and energy conservation practices for all type of development, including residential development. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft Final) 94 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft Final) 95 Theme 2: Ensuring economic competitiveness. The City of Dublin is a community that significantly promotes a balance of land use that strongly focuses on employment opportunities in the region. Continuing to promote these work force opportunities is essential to the fiscal health of our community. To continue to support t hese efforts, it is recommended that the City support transportation efforts that aid workers in commuting to the City of Dublin. The following key takeaways and toolbox for potential strategies have been compiled to promote these objectives. Key Takeaways: ■ There is not enough housing in Dublin for young people starting their careers and families with modest incomes. ■ Dublin has maintained its status as a key employment node in the region, employing 50,000 workers within the city limits. ■ Though generally known as a hub for corporate and professional services jobs, Dublin has a sizable number of service-sector jobs with more than 10,000 employed in the following three sectors: Administrative & Support, Waste Management & Remediation; Accommodation & Food Service; and Retail Trade. ■ At today’s mortgage interest rates, a 4- person middle income family can afford a maximum of $299,000 for a new home, while the median sale price for a home located in Dublin in 2021 was $500,000. Moderate-income housing options specifically for families are in short supply in the Dublin area, which impacts business recruitment and retention efforts. ■ There is a need for housing in Dublin for young professionals starting their careers and families with modest incomes. Toolbox of Potential Strategies: 2.1 Regularly participate in discussions with employers, city staff, and housing professionals to understand housing needs to support our major employers. 2.2 Work with developers to encourage building a variety of housing types close to transportation and employment centers. 2.3 Preserve existing income-restricted rental housing stock within the Dublin Area. 2.4 Continue working with transit partners and employers to provide first- and last-mile connections for commuters. 2.5 Provide resources to the public about programs/ incentives to assist first- time homebuyers with down payment assistance, low- interest loans, and other financial assistance. 2.6 Promote the Dublin Connector and other potential first-and-last mile solutions for workforce mobility needs. 2.7 Continuously monitor and evaluate the mobility needs of the business and workforce community. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft Final) 96 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft Final) 97 Theme 3: Planning for future growth. Similar to national trends, the City of Dublin is projected to grow by approximately 11,000 persons by 2040. Thoughtful consideration of how the City will address this growth while maintaining the sense of place that Dublin has created will be needed. Ensuring a healthy balance of land uses including the City’s long-standing land use policy to target 60 percent residential development and 40 percent non-resident development will be a key component of this consideration. Innovative ways of addressing growth is proposed including considering infill development that benefits from existing infrastructure, as well as other zoning regulations that can assist in efforts for gentle density. The following key takeaways and toolbox for potential strategies have been compiled to address these objectives. Key Takeaways: ■ Dublin is forecasted to grow by more than 11,000 persons to 60,500 by 2040. ■ Dublin will need to build 4,850 housing units to keep pace with forecasted growth (185 for-sale homes and 56 rental units annually from 2020-2040). ■ Communities walkable to shops, restaurants, and outdoor recreation amenities are highly desirable in Dublin. Bridge Park is a demonstrated success. ■ Despite development impact analyses—and anecdotal evidence from the Bridge Park project—showing that apartments minimally impact schools, segments of the community fear that denser growth will compromise school quality. ■ Most of Dublin’s developable land areas have been built out, leaving 1,090 acres of greenfield area available for residential development. Toolbox of Potential Strategies: 3.1 Educate the public on the benefits of adding “gentle” housing density into residential areas (e.g., duplexes, triplexes, townhouses, small-scaled condominiums). 3.2 Identify opportunities where infill development or redevelopment of underutilized office/commercial areas would benefit from residential development. 3.3 Examine and modify current zoning to identify areas where denser residential development is appropriate. 3.4 Work with regional partners to understand the availability of incentives or financing assistance for smaller-scale or infill housing products (MORPC). 3.5 Collaborate with adjacent municipalities (particularly jurisdictions that overlap with Dublin Schools) to ensure sustainable future growth. 3.6 Addressing how growth occurs is equally important as where growth occurs. Ensuring that residential land uses are sensitively placed in areas that Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft Final) 98 do not compete with economically feasible corridors (including interstates), environmentally sensitive area or other similar considerations should be evaluated as part of future land use recommendations. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 99 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 100 Theme 4: Expanding housing options for seniors. Demographic projections indicate that the highest segment of growth will be seniors 65+ in age. Considering housing needs and programs that support independent living is important for this initiative. There is also educational programs that assist families that are supporting aging family members, including mobility programs and financial assistance needed for necessary modifications to remain independent. The following key takeaways and toolbox of potential strategies have been compiled to address these objectives. Key Takeaways: ■ Consistent with national demographic trends, Dublin is experiencing growth in both the size and the proportion of seniors. ■ Dublin’s senior households will grow by 38% by 2040 (total of 6,940 households 65+). ■ There is strong and growing demand for lower-maintenance housing in walkable, amenity-rich neighborhoods with design features suitable for seniors. Bridge Park is a demonstrated success. ■ Housing suitable for seniors to downsize is limited in Dublin. Where they do exist, the new smaller, low- maintenance homes are very expensive. ■ Seniors remaining in their homes longer interrupts the next generation of growing families from relocating to the next level of housing needs. Toolbox of Potential Strategies: 4.1 Increase the supply of new, lower- maintenance housing in walkable, amenity-rich neighborhoods with design features that are suitable for senior living. 4.2 Investigate opportunities for accessory dwelling units (ADUs) as a housing option for seniors. 4.3 Incorporate recommendations for innovative site design recommended in the Neighborhood Design Standards, as well as work with developers to integrate sensitive design for senior housing projects highlighting walkability, social interaction, and necessary structural accommodations. 4.4 Work with Forever Dublin and regional partners to identify senior home modification programs that offer grants, low-interest loans, and/or volunteer labor for a variety of items to help mobility-challenged seniors live safely in their current home. 4.5 Work with housing providers to build new homes for seniors with fixed incomes and retain the supply of such units. Prioritize areas serviced by public transit, social services, and medical facilities. 4.6 Promote the Senior Circulator service for older adults and individuals with disabilities. 4.7 Continuously monitor and evaluate the mobility needs of older adults and individuals with disabilities. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 101 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 102 Between March and April of 2022, Urban Partners staff conducted interviews of key stakeholders from a wide range of backgrounds and organizational affiliations —including home builders and developers, realtors, school district officials, employers, regional partners and neighboring municipalities, social service agencies and advocacy groups, and neighborhood associations. Participants were asked to provide their perspective on Dublin’s current housing stock and their recommendations for future action. The following is a summary of comments received from the stakeholders. Home Builders and Developers General impressions for Dublin: o Very desirable community. A lot of builders want to build in Dublin. o The community can come off as exclusionary. It’s challenging at times to work in Dublin. o Community push back is not unique to Dublin. We meet with the adjacent neighbors to address potential impacts (traffic, density, etc.). Dublin does not ask for fiscal or school impact studies. o Dublin has a “barbell” demographic (young kids and empty nesters). Not a lot in the young professional age group. o It’s probably the nicest community in Central Ohio. o Not sure how much Dublin wants Single Family anymore. They really want office, as commercial development is bigger bang for the buck. o Bridge Park is a differentiator among peers. o City staff have been great to work with, but community pushback is a wild card. Dublin community is great at mobilization and lobbying elected officials. o Dublin is a strong market. Better positioned than some of the legacy suburbs in terms of product availability. Affordability of homes in Dublin o Don’t hear about affordable housing as much as Columbus, for obvious reasons. o General belief is that Dublin may be perfectly fine for Columbus to absorb all their workforce housing need. o Lending institutions and investors – don’t hear about making things affordable. It’s just not their objective. And builders are not housing authorities or social service agencies – but do recognize the need and the market demand for such homes. Yet, Dublin as a community has instituted counter measures that result in higher home prices not lower. o The business community may have the most influence to speak to the importance of affordable and workforce housing. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 103 ■ Maybe the business community has the best chance of convincing the Dublin community about the need for diversified housing stock. ■ Businesses know that the closer your home is to your job, the “stickier” you are to that job. o Not sure if there’s a collective desire in Dublin to make the housing stock attainable for all incomes. Hoping that will change in the future. o People that work in the City (e.g., teachers, police, nurses, firefighters) need to be able to live in the city but they can’t. ■ Dynamic has a lot to do with zoning and density. o Older homes in Dublin a more affordable. o The key question that we need to ask is how we can lower the cost of residential development. That doesn’t mean you’re allowing inferior product and developments that look ugly. Let’s use creativity on materials, examine ordinances for their impact on cost. o There’s absurdity in trying to build brand new a ffordable (income-restricted) housing from the ground up. It’s just too expensive and requires too much subsidy. We need to think about the housing supply as a whole and figure out ways to alleviate market pressures. o When you want the least cost to make more housing available – make right- sized housing stock available for people, so they can move out of their larger homes which frees up that home to larger families (usually younger and less wealthy) who do need that space. o Mandating affordable housing in the style of Columbus (set aside requirement of 10%) is not going to work, numbers wise. o Intel development in New Albany will result in high paying jobs…but there will be a lot of demand for blue collar housing as well. o Worried about the development expansion to Jerome and Plain City…it’ll create a lot of suburban sprawl. People that cannot afford Dublin (or new developments in Jerome) will look 10-15 minutes farther out and commute to work. That will definitively increase traffic and reduce the overa ll quality of life. o Tax abatements as a tool to incentivize certain types of housing? o Young people starting off in their careers – it’s a struggle. But it’s common throughout the metro area. o Affordable/attainable – Dublin has to REALLY want it. Right now, you pitch rental or density – they are dirty words. Seniors o Bridge Park has been very successful at attraction empty nesters. - Flats outsell townhomes by a wide margin. - It’s a walkable community. Park only 6 cars for every 5 units. o Those who winter elsewhere are perfectly fine with a rental apartment. o Empty nesters want one-floor living. o Seniors who aren’t ready for nursing care, what do they want? Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 104 - They want community and a nice place to live. o Senior family members live just off Sawmill Road in an age restricted community. They didn’t care they were in Columbus, and it made a lot more financial sense. o Young professionals and seniors are in the same space. Overlapping of lifestyle choices – walkable diverse communities. Seniors outcompete because of deeper pockets. o We are beginning to see elevators in townhomes – marketing to active seniors who are future proofing against potential physical challenges. o Flats are attractive for seniors, but multi-family building becomes extremely risky (compared to single family). With the latter, if something happens with the development or with the economy, you can hit the brakes. With flats, you are holding the bag until the very last units are absorbed. Ideas for gentle density: o It’s going to be tough as Dublin doesn’t really care about meeting the affordable/workforce housing need. Case in point, when density is introduced, they say no. o Right now, 4,000 SF homes are in plenty supply (families with kids love Dublin and want to send their kids to the local schools). What’s undersupplied are lower priced housing stock. o Would recommend studying the diversity of stock in German Village. o Most Dublin folks may feel that 4 story residential structures are too tall. o Cottage homes (working definition: small houses on small lots that are single- story that often feature shared amenities and courtyards, with parking garages/lots located away from front facades). - Dublin is an ideal place for this type of development. o Denser infill construction in older neighborhoods. o Micro units (~350 SF rented at ~$800) to be included developments. For sale micro units may be about 500 SF and sell for less than $200,000. It’s not for everyone, but many people in the service industry find those appealing. o Accessory dwelling units may be window dressing, but as part of a range of solutions makes sense. - Scaling these is an issue. Who’s going to build them? - Seen some new home builders sell new homes WITH ADUs already incorporated. - In some community, builders are offering ADUs to start off. They are very popular for grandparents, returning college grads – creates affordability and inter-generational living arrangements. o Fiscal and property value impact - There have been no studies that demonstrated a negative impact of market-rate multifamily apartments to single-family homes nearby. - Building studio, 1-bed, 2-bed apartments will have minimal impact on school enrollment. What does impact school enrollment are large 4- Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 10 5 bedroom single family homes. There seems to be a misplaced fear of school impact for multi-family developments. o The Bridge Park experience for introducing density may not necessarily be duplicated in other areas. Before, it was a driving range and a dead shopping center—Dublin people didn’t really regard the east of the river as “Dublin”, so it avoided some usual scrutiny. o Redevelopment of the 40 -acre site at the Indian Run School can yield 300 to 350 units. Adjacency to historic downtown makes it an ideal redevelopment area. o The OCLC complex is also a suitable redevelopment area. o The Alton Place development scheme, offering a planned village type development is in huge demand. It’s a full life cycle offering. o The density concept should consider “Main Street” density that transitions to SFR areas behind it. o Strategies to make housing more attainable? - Bridge Street is doing well in terms of density (more affordable than low density). It’s still a challenge. - Dublin has an opportunity for attached products for first time homebuyer market. o Apartments really don’t have impact on schools. Thriveco built 3,000 units in the Columbus area, not too many school aged kids at all. Building and design standards: o Because it’s Dublin, they can demand more things. Other suburban cities have tried to adopt “Dublin-style” design standards. o The various standards – tree replacement, wood windows, minimum lots, asphalt driveways, etc. – they all contribute to higher housing costs in Dublin. o For every $1,000 house goes up in cost, 100 buyers are priced out of the market. o Open space requirements are onerous. Drives up cost. o Understand that the reason why people want to live in Dublin is that it’s an attractive place. Zoning wise, the city has done a good job. o Streamlining the permitting process is a good start. Time is money, as developers spend so much time in the planning/approval stages, naturally the cost go up and have the sell/rent the homes at higher prices. o Development process is stringent and not easy. Other places have become more Dublin-like in what they ask for. o It’s a huge challenge from the development side. Huge investment required to get approval. o Nicely codified code seems to get tossed out when it gets to commission, often ignoring staff comments. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 106 Miscellaneous o Taxing in Ohio – communities don’t really have incentive to build houses because of the structure taxing issue. Dublin has maximized that taxing structure to their benefit. o Mobility – SHARE service is provided at Bridge Park, but it’s not really a selling point. Everyone has a car, and everyone drives (perhaps not as dependent on cars as other neighborhoods). o We used to have Lime (not sure what happened to that)…but with Park and Ride and other enhance transit service, perhaps more people will be less reliant on cars in the future. o Institutional investors using cheap money to outbid homebuyers is not good for neighborhoods, but not sure how long that will last, given the likely change in interest rates and inflation climate. Not sure what the solution is either. o Home supply issues are everywhere. In 2006, we were 6 million homes over built. Now, we are 6 million homes short. As interest rates fell, the pressure on housing went up due to cheap money flowing to residential real estate instead of banks. o There’s a lot of housing that is getting older. Are there resources available to make improvements for those? o As a builder, we’re focused on putting as many projects down as possible, anticipating the potential housing market slowdown with higher interest rates. It’ll probably take a few years to cool off. We hope to be far enough on the development process to be less affected. o There’s a development project in Jeffrey Park where the developer will be operating a coffee shop and restaurant themselves – to avoid the difficulty of trying to find businesses that will successfully operate in that environment. o OCLC campus – could be redeveloped as a small version of Easton Town Center? Realtors - Residential General impressions for Dublin: o Amenities are great. Have to pay a little more in taxes, but we get a lot of services. o Housing for is needed for all types of people. All markets: first time, entry, move-up houses, seniors. Every segment is short. o Dublin has done a pretty good job managing growth, adding new units in a variety of different forms. Affordability of homes in Dublin o Even before current supply issues, Dublin was expensive. Now there’s absolutely no new construction that average households can afford. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 107 o People are gravitating to the outer edges (Jerome, Concord, Washington Twps) – where taxes are lower. o It’s an upper high-end market – affordability always is an issue. o First time buyers, entre level homes just aren’t in the market in Dublin. o Bridge Park is primarily for the higher income households. o There’s a lot of buzz for Central Ohio…with Intel, the Amazon Data Center…and people are moving here. People with higher incomes will be okay, but what about people in the service industry or younger people? o We should explore incentives as opposed to mandates for affordable housing. Latter add cost. Ideas may include expediting the development process and green lighting responsible development. o Every time a large housing proposal gets discussed, there has always been a review/further review…public input. Current residents (rightly or wrongly) want to preserve their value. - Developers just don’t have an option to make things affordable. The numbers just don’t work. Buy land, curb cuts, sidewalks – it really can’t be affordable. Seniors o Because of the drastic price increases…empty nesters don’t downsize into new homes. They are aging in place and “logjam” is occurring because empty nesters have nowhere to go and the next wave of younger households with kids aren’t backfilling. o Seen some seniors sell their homes at the high mark and moved to a rental unit. Denser development pattern o For future growth, density has to be part of the conversation. o People want walkability. In previous eras, people were fine to be within walking distance to parks/bike and walking paths. Now, people want to be within walking distance to shops, restaurants, farmers markets, etc. o Dublin has done a pretty good job including some of that density (i.e., 5 to 7 stories…but you can arguably go higher in some areas). o Bridge Park - It’s a vibrant, safe, cool place to go. Don’t have to go to downtown to enjoy similar experiences. - A lot of people originally did not want it, but now that it’s built, it’s phenomenal. - Young people want fun and excitement in a safe environment. A lot of them say they’d rather hang out in BP over Short North. o We need creative ideas, and not perceive density as a bad word. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 108 Housing issues related to employment -workforce o Workforce segment – it’s an absolute need. We’re talking about workforce affordability. Firefighters, nurses…they are all priced out of the market. Average $436,000, those folks that earn $50 to $90k struggle to pay those home prices. o Public transportation is not a strength, it’s an opportunity. o Talked a lot about light rail, but to make it feasible, you need density. Without density, you won’t be able to sustain the level of service that’s acceptable. Community opposition to denser development proposals – a collaborative education process needs to happen. There has to be talk about the economic development perspective, bringing and keeping good paying job to Central Ohio. Unless housing keeps up with the needs of the business community, business won’t be able to expand and make new investments. If you don’t have the housing, you don’t have jobs. Miscellaneous o Innovation District - because of the location and access to highways, apartments would be very well received there. It could be a walkable area that’s also easy to commute to and from. o Dublin Schools – a MAJOR factor in families choosing to live in Dublin. It has a great program for children with disabilities and moved have moved to Dublin because of that. Realtors - Commercial Economic climate o When businesses study where to locate, they care more about where they’re going compared to where their employees (and potential future employees) live. Traditionally, it’s been between the 10 o’clock and 2 o’clock position in the Beltway. o Post COVID era – envisions most businesses will bring everyone back to the office, while preserving some level of flexibility. Maybe the new norm will be 4 days in the office, 1 day at home? o Office products are aging. New corporate workforce is looking for a mixed-use environment (like Bridge Park). They don’t want to drive into a parking lot, work all day, and get into their cars to drive to their homes (garages). ■ Retail needs to be connected to office and residential. o There is a pent-up demand for flex-industrial and Dublin may be in good position to absorb. - These are single-story, office/retail up front and warehouse in the back. These used to be class C product, but now we’re getting into class B. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 109 o Economy and where it’s headed, Dublin is really concentrated in white color work…but it could be a blind spot or weakness potentially. How can they diversify the economic base? Having people that are all different types of economic positions? Metro Center redevelopment o After 24 years of developing the site, there’s still parcels that aren’t built – it should indicate something – that we should look at alternative development strategies. o The green space, open space, connections, parks – make it a potentially nice area for residential. o Metro Center is a very good location – it’s even walkable to downtown and the Bridge Park district. The buildings are bit tired. o If people can’t afford to live in Bridge Park, this area can offer an alternative. o There’s a need for office space for all ages and businesses. Not everyone can afford Class A space. So, older office buildings there may fill a market need for more affordable office space o A strategy involving infill, mixed use would be good there. o If I’m a young person, go through the nicest apartment they will love it. It costs $3200 a month…but too expensive, where’s a unit that’s a bit lower? Those units near the highway do get built because the market will determine that. - Comments we hear is that Dublin does not allow for MFs along the highways. There’s nothing in zoning code that says that. Let the market dictate if it’s appropriate or not to locate apartments near highway. The developers are the ones taking the financial risk. o Pruning off some of the excess/older office supply and introducing a mixed use there is a positive goal. Regional position o Don’t think Dublin is too different from a housing perspective. Housing costs have gone up a lot. Communities all over Central Ohio has been thriving. o The only way to compete is to create housing at every price point. Apartments, senior, entry level…helps the best. o Dublin was a real trend setter with the Bridge Park development. Can see other suburban communities trying to duplicate BP in their communities. o Dublin has an enviable corporate base. o Bridge Parks is the envy of every municipality in Central Ohio, including downtown Columbus. o Development expansion west to Plain City, Marysville will be beneficial, as those residential communities will be rooftops for entertainment and retail establishments in Dublin. o Housing market is regional and there should be a regional conversation. Dublin alone can’t solve market challenges. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 110 o Intel development may be an opportunity for regional players to engage in conversation. Housing diversity o The comprehensive plan should promote a diversity of housing, not just SFR on large lots. Dublin needs more patio homes, townhomes, etc. o Development standards, density to lot sizes…not helping the affordability issues. o We need to have enough multi-family choices (maintenance free). You should strive to offer all of those. Need to have choices (shouldn’t be too heavy on SFR or multifamily). Aim for the sweet spot, the right mix. o At the end of the day, it’s greed. Land owners want too much for their property. Materials, construction company…everyone is marking up their prices…all gets into the price. o You can’t be all things to all people, but when you don’t have housing for young people, you lose the vitality and the ability to attract business investment because the talent pool is elsewhere. - All that money that these young people would spend locally is lost. o Dublin is lacking – housing choice standpoint – MF developments that are market-driven. - Pricing: rents in the $1.80 to $2.25/SF. So, about $1500 to $2000, depending on size. - One-bedroom for single occupant, or two-bedrooms for two roommates. o Middle-aged families have a hard time cracking into the Dublin market because of pricing. o Political will to provide for affordable housing is to be desired in Dublin. Having labor pool is going to strengthen the economy. If you have a diverse labor force, you’re much better suited to take advantage of the opportunities. o Bridge Park is so successful but there are service sector workers – who do they live? Intel investment in the region o There’s going to be a ripple effect throughout the region. The immediate three- to five-mile radius will be most impacted, but there will be increased levels of demand for ancillary services and spillover business activity. o Intel investment and spillover impacts will result in increased housing demand, but not all the suburban areas are not set up to capture o New Albany had a competitive advantage because of green fields, but it’s not a diversified economy right now. Dublin can compete in ancillary spillover activity. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 111 Miscellaneous o High standards don’t affect the commercial side, except for maybe the signage requirements. o Maneuvering through the density issue: - Comes down to good leadership. We have to talk about future demand – seniors, young people, etc. - What businesses has to say has huge impact on affecting policy. School District Officials Impact of schools on housing o Evident that in Central OH there’s a housing shortage o A lot of new growth taking place in NW quadrant (Jerome Village) o Bridge Park has only garnered 18 kids o Communication about development plans is important for school district - Dublin is good - The opposite is true in Jerome o Housing impacts the number of children in school system o Faculty/staff need housing o Perception is that certain schools are particularly desirable o Emerald Campus draws wide attention o Lots of homes in region that feed good schools - Older homes and are being renovated o There will be growth issues as new housing gets constructed – especially in Jerome area o New middle school recently open and it’s already full o There has been redistricting to accommodate that growth o Growth is taking off Housing attainability for faculty/staff o Dublin offers a little of everything o Many come from Hillier o Nearly 50% of teachers live in Dublin o Difficult for colleagues to find homes there – even those with higher incomes o Not every staff person can afford to live there o Affordability is an issue o None of the support staff can afford Dublin o Some of the teachers in two-adult working households do live in Dublin Housing attainability (general) o There are lower rent areas but also very high dollar homes - Particularly Union Co. portion o Middle portion is missing o Growing disparity is a concern Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 112 o Not adverse to growth but need to know how this growth will occur o Dublin was previously much more affordable o It’s much harder to find affordable housing now o Since tight housing market, it’s not easy finding a house o Families want to be there – sometimes multi families move there and live together to be able to live there o Not enough rental housing available o Very expensive o Finding a place to stay in Dublin that’s not very large is difficult o Traditionally built as a residential suburb o Bridge Park is great, but units are pricey and small Types of future housing needed in Dublin o Going from cradle to grave, people leave homes into smaller places o Their homes get replaced by families with children o There are a lot of assisted living and nursing homes - Good options for seniors o Historic district o Seems like there is a lot of different spaces for different needs o Older homes could be good starter homes but they’re still expensive o Would be nice to have more smaller starter homes o The large McMansions are a bit over supplied o Dublin is going to grow older o Lots of longtime residents who want to stay but may not be able to - Downsizes o Dublin has been traditionally “exclusive” and that may not change o Need to head toward smaller living Concerns about housing regarding school enrollment o New elementary and middle school at capacity o New 60,000 SF additional space will be added to Jerome high school o A massive concern o There is an overcrowding problem, particularly in the Jerome area - Families in that area demand the best - There are 20 trailers right now and are moving ahead with construction o Same with Jerome feeder schools o Overcrowding is an issue with learning o Space has been an issue o District has been steadily growing over the years o Scioto is the least crowded Ideal locations for future housing in Dublin o Heard of Metro Place for additional growth Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 113 - Much better than empty office space o There will probably be a new economy that this could accommodate - Need to balance impact on schools o The city is fairly landlocked so not a lot of opportunities to grow o Adjacent to the downtown where there are amenities o Underutilized commercial space might be a good location for new housing Best aspects of living in Dublin o Everything is done well o Planning is elite o Well thought out and designed place to live o Sometimes it’s like living in a resort o Everything is close and accessible o Good quality – many homes age well o New construction is well-built with good amenities o Good recreation amenities in community o Walkability in many locations o Good variety of rental housing o Lots of new builds still occurring o Schools o Quality of housing o Dublin has been the best with parks and rec, communication, innovation, planning and managing the community o What the city invests in is top notch o Well-maintained o New technologies o Collaborative with the community o People want to give back o Convenient location o River – natural amenities o Services: trash/recycling o 100 miles of bike trails o Ton of parks and green space o Roads are great o Great police and fire Biggest challenges o Challenges as a school district because they serve multiple jurisdictions o Politics can be divisive like anywhere else o What is the new economy going to look like and how does Dublin stay ahead of the curve? o Need to create opportunities for shared space for recreation - Parents say the rec areas aren’t big enough o How does the city’s infrastructure handle the growth in kids? Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 114 o Will there be pressure for additional recreational facilities? o Not enough entry-level home opportunities - Or enough for lower-income residents - For example, newer immigrants have difficulty staying o Political division in the city (as with everywhere) o “Other side of the river” mentality o Property taxes are high Employers Impact of business on housing (and vice-versa) o Employees need a place to live – ideally as close to home as possible o Need for varying levels of workforce is broad - Tends to be broader at the lower end of the scale o Business has to draw workforce from a broad range of areas Housing attainability for employment base o Number of people who work and live in Dublin: 15% - Probably the higher income earners like doctors - Lots live in Hilliard – probably half o For Grady Hospital, many more live in Delaware (where hospital is located) – like 60% - Delaware is much more affordable o Very wide range of incomes – entry level to surgeons and everything in between - Lower-end staff can’t afford Dublin – most live in Hilliard o Most live in Dublin o Some live in Powell o A few live in other communities due to where spouses work o OSU has a lot of employees in Dublin o Lots of people commute to main campus from Dublin o Dublin and NW quadrant is among top 3 origins of OSU employees - Higher percentage of doctors live in Dublin - Lower paying staff – less o HR people from local businesses report that that Dublin companies can’t find employees in community o It’s hard to fill the lower end jobs - Not enough transit in the area to support those who need it o Companies need employees in all industries o Pre-Covid and post-Covid are very different - Remote work could change everything - Not the number of people coming into Dublin for work - Almost entirely remote o Concerned about housing stability, affordable housing, workforce housing Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 115 o Lower wage and young workforce are having trouble finding housing o People need to apply to multiple complexes with down payments o Volume of availability is not available - $1,600 to$ 2,000 per month rents requires a lot of up-front cash o Higher priced places are easier to find o There needs to be more transit access o There are a lot of last mile gaps o It is more expensive but all suburbs in northern suburbs is expensive o Lower-paid employees do not live in Dublin Housing attainability (general) o Not for lower income workforce o Not in Dublin o But there are plenty of communities nearby where lower wage earners could live o Seems to be enough apartments – furnished and otherwise o You can live east of the river and there are more affordable areas there - Still in Dublin school system o There’s a growing chasm in affordability o Values have skyrocketed, making it worse o Short supply of rental housing that’s affordable - Causes a significant problem for many service sectors o People will have to live on the other side of the river – in Columbus - Some of those properties are not keeping up with maintenance o Students find it expensive to live in apartments in Dublin o They tend to look in Hilliard for more affordable rents Types of future housing needed in Dublin o Diversification is important o Finding something affordable for seniors is impossible – but very important o Housing for young people o Bridge Park is great – a community source of pride - Smaller units for seniors and young professionals - Surprised that Jerome doesn’t go more in that direction o Seeing more and more demographic in leadership roles with aging parents - En suite need is growing o Largest workforce change with Baby Boomers retiring - These folks are trying to sell their homes - But want to remain in Dublin and downsize - Need to accommodate that o Housing collapse had a huge impact on housing market - People are a bit more reluctant to buy a house o Very important to attain the correct mix of housing for all needs o Need to forecast where existing population is going to need to live Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 116 o Need more options for people to stay in Dublin – seniors, young professionals o Need more ownership opportunities for various income levels o Bridge Park is a great model - City should continue to grow in that regard - Great for empty nesters used to an urban environment o What does bridging the chasm look like? o Where is the lack of NIMBY that will allow affordable to occur? o They’ve seen that looking at other communities with an established presence o Best way to deal with affordable housing is NOT SF subdivisions - Need housing that speaks to both the younger and older demographic o Smaller units to accommodate different lifestyles - One to two bedrooms o Mobility as well - Enough of a mixed use - Walkability - Level of mobility in transportation to make it easier Senior busing has been a huge success Apply that pilot to all the other populations o Bridge Park is great but not definition of affordable housing o 80% AMI is still very high in the Bridge Park area o Would LIHTC work in Dublin? o Housing for younger and lower wage workers o Housing for seniors - Many are moving out because of cost and few facilities - Single level o Smaller number of bedrooms - But still higher quality o Lower wage workers o Need to be careful that the existing multi-family will price out o Smaller lots o Smaller bedrooms o A little more density o New urbanist types of development - Doesn’t have to be a high rise o Housing for students o Housing for modest income staff o Finding ways to accommodate first-time buyers, etc. Ideal locations for future housing in Dublin o Metro Place area o The Mall (Tuttle Crossing) o There still needs to be corporate space to lure new companies o Should be upgraded to lure better corporations o Bridge Park has been a success Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 117 - People were nervous about it - But people love it o Redeveloping underutilized areas of Dublin makes sense for new housing o Needs to be in walkable areas o Agrees with strategy of redeveloping Metro Place - This would balance out the other high schools (other than Jerome) o Metro Place won’t be what it was, especially after Covid - Giant office buildings are not the future - Maybe a Bridge Park-like development? - You might have less push back there than other places o Can’t lose the good education component o Metro Place would be a good location - People say its older - Office vacancy rates there aren’t as high as people may say - But there could be some mixed use o Lots of growth happening in the NW area of Dublin o Good idea to continue off Bridge Park success o West Innovation area (Near OU facility) – just to the south of this area o OU is working with the city to develop senior housing near the area What City can do to encourage desired housing o Had to deal with signage - Brutal process! o But there is intrinsic value to the aesthetics o If you know the rules, they’re not hard to follow o City has high standards and may take a bit more time to approve applications as a result o But it’s OK for a better end product - As long as the city is reasonable and is helpful to get to a “yes” o Experience with developing a new facility is that city has been helpful and honest o Better communication about future development o Some frustration on getting through the process o City seems to have gotten better about assisting people with plans and making it easier to apply for permits o There may be room to improve but they’ve been much better o They may pay more attention to someone applying for a large project - Need to assist small businesses more when they don’t have the staff But that is the majority of businesses in Dublin – 80% o Formalizing maintenance codes to preserve lower-income housing o Need to approve a tax credit project - There’s a fear that the community will rise up against o Need to prevent sprawl o Saw Mill corridor is highest poverty area in the area Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 118 o The city has been very forward-thinking with good planning Best aspects of living in Dublin o High quality o Good design standards o Schools – very high quality and lots of community support o Design and organization of city – lots of thought o Methodical development o Great leadership o Great parks o Bike paths – all interconnected o City is trying to be more tech focused o Variety of housing o Newer housing available o Larger homes available o Homes are unique o You get a lot for your money compared to other communities o Lots of universities in the region – highly educated population o Walkability – you can walk to downtown from some neighborhoods o Great golf courses and country clubs o Commute is relatively easy o Well-maintained o Good connectivity o Grounds crew is great o You get what you pay for o Recognition of the importance of maintaining distinguishing factor but remaining welcoming o Schools (#1) - Attracts business as well as residents o Recreation o Dublin has a variety of environments: historic area, Bridge Park o Walkable is key o There’s a variety of housing types o Convenient o Safe o Good programming for senior citizens o Good services o Quality of life is unsurpassed o Good mix of housing options o Even the older neighborhoods are aging well o Great events that draw people from outside (Irish and 4th of July) o Excellent delivery of services o Excellent design amenities o The vision that city leaders have had since the 70s has been tremendous Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 119 o The design of the community is commendable - Revitalization of old Dublin - Bridge Park - Parks - Restaurants and bars - Schools are very strong Biggest challenges o Affordability o Price point is a challenge for many o Recent spike in housing prices o People wanting to come in are finding it a challenge - Bidding issues o Balancing growth and number of students o New housing needs to appeal to a more diverse population, particularly west of the river o Segregation as a result of housing values in particular areas of town o Affordability - Property tax is high – could be significant o Availability of housing stock o Need to grow – more rooftops pay for services o Lots of new residents who need a variety of services - People are living in hotels Afghan refugees But these folks need services o Initial areas that were developed – there is a need for a housing code that forces people to maintain - But it could be more affordable housing stock o There’s not enough multi-unit housing that’s affordable o Need to update housing code to focus more on maintenance – not just new build o Dublin has been diverse in skin tone but not income levels o City is trying to increase diversity o Development regulations are tough, but it maintains a good quality of life - Retains a high level of quality o Affordability is a problem o Corporations are buying single-family homes o While school district is an asset, the growth has been a challenge to schools o Traffic as more gets build Regional Partners and Neighboring Municipalities Impact of Dublin on neighboring municipalities/the region (and vice-versa) o When they do subdivision reviews – impacts the incorporated edge Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 120 - Could impact Dublin o Have a vote on subdivision decisions o Same with zoning reviews o Consumer goods and jobs are in Dublin o People are traveling back and forth from region to Dublin o People go there for recreation and entertainment both ways o In past several years, many communities have been feeling the pressure of the housing market - Members asked MORPC to do this work - Dublin worked with MORPC to shape strategy What are central housing issues? What can the region do? o The housing study for Dublin is a very good first step o Columbus mayor wants to support suburban jurisdictions regarding housing in the region - Provide technical support where they can especially for smaller communities o There are 43 jurisdictions in Franklin County alone o 2nd most economically segregated region in the country - Because of fractured municipal boundaries – communities “put the gates up” o People are concerned about community change, and they are real o Can make a lifestyle change or keep doing the same thing - Can we be a sustainable and healthy community? o All relying on each other in the region o Need to focus on residential construction o There was aggressive annexation over the past decades to acquire employment areas o City reevaluated that policy about 10 years ago – examining the return on investment - There can be lots of expenses o SF market of surrounding municipalities is tightly intertwined with Dublin o Dublin doesn’t have a fire department o Washington Township serves as their fire department o The township predominantly overlaps Dublin o If areas are to be developed, they’ll most likely be annexed into Dublin o Everything is tied to public water and sewer - Township has no ability to provide that - So, whenever a develop occurs, it will be annexed Housing attainability (general) o Getting expensive o Lots of income levels o Housing is attainable for some but not all Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 121 o Affordable housing will need to be subsidized o Not an easy solution o Dealing with fixed cost of land o It is what it is o Similar situation in Jerome - Cost of doing business o Folks who work in the service industry need housing - They don’t live there o Affordability is a major issue o Even before housing bubble, Dublin was perceived as affluent o Dublin was always less attainable o But need to identify what affordability looks like Housing proximity to transportation/employment o COTA has been responsive in ensuring good transit access - They consider all modes of travel o Dublin has 3.25 jobs for every housing unit being constructed - Need to build housing to accommodate job growth o Transportation access relies on highway improvements and outside money o Good array of housing stock in proximity to employment o There is public transportation there but not sure how it impacts housing and employment in Dublin o Dublin has a good complete streets plan o Doesn’t seem like Dublin has too large of an access problem aside from regular rush hour traffic Types of future housing needed in Dublin o Housing for moderate income workers o Lots of housing going in in the region is SF o Last 5 to 6 years in Jerome Village there has been interest in smaller lots and sizes - 50-to-80-foot frontage o More interest in condo units o Increase walkability o Workforce housing o Near specialty restaurants and retail o Reoccupy existing development o Area is becoming more diverse in terms of household size and age o Need to increase the options for housing o The product for aging population is very limited in general o Need to think beyond just affordability o Different size options o It needs to diversify o “Affordability” – maintain through additional construction Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 122 - Make sure there’s housing available for everyone in the right location for what they need o We have overextended with SF o Affordability: the need to subsidize housing cost burden - Franklin county has 12,500 housing voucher units ¾ families that qualify don’t get housing 80% AMI – these are the workforce o Need to look at other models of wealth building - Condos, duplex - Starter home size o Need to think differently about affordable housing o Need source of income protection for renters – some communities have it o Anything that can reduce the need for more than one vehicle - Reduce by one vehicle per household Reduce the need for parking Reduce environmental footprint o Product with ground floor master is very competitive o More than enough SF housing in subdivisions for families o Seems to be a market for additional high rises (in appropriate places) and smaller bungalows with low maintenance o Moving in right direction for changing demographic o There needs to be more Bridge Park type of housing to accommodate may lifestyles - Condos and multi-family units - Housing that meets the needs of many types - Housing closer to amenities, particularly for older people o Maybe zoning needs to be examined to allow more diverse housing in more locations o Seen a lot of SF development but important to get more multi-family o Need more housing for seniors o Because of where Dublin is located, it’s easier to develop on an infill project because they’re built out o Creative solutions for SF to not build the same model as the past (more attainable) o These denser housing types would better serve a diversity of new residents o Land is not cheap, so increased density makes more sense o Density is not a bad thing – people need to be educated about that o The forgotten missing middle needs to be reevaluated o But communities continue to be faced with NIMBYs regarding higher density o People want a thriving downtown so revitalizing upper story stock is desirable - Easier way for elected officials to accept new development o New development shouldn’t be all of the same thing of the past (SF) Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 123 Ideal locations for future housing in Dublin o Near transportation and other services o Need to be creative about redevelopment o Insight 2050: what are communities going to look like? o Need to consider infill options o Greenfield development is very expensive o Infill is good for affordable housing o Metro Place: city did some visioning there for mixed -use o Redevelopment of tired commercial areas o The Columbus area is insanely over-retailed o Retail zoning is over-supplied o Need to focus strategically o The region is talking about growth corridors for future housing - Link Us corridor o Needs to be in a walkable area - To recreation - Downtown - Employment o Reimagining redeveloping Metro Place - Good location - Amenities nearby - Market isn’t there for that amount of office - Some of those buildings could be rehabilitated - Sprawl is not always the answer – there needs to be a balance o Tuttle Crossing area but maybe that’s in Columbus o It probably won’t go over well in the mostly SF established neighborhood, but these types of areas would probably benefit from a more diverse type of development o Around the hospital area to serve those who work there o Also, around the industrial area off Route 33 What City can do to encourage desired housing o Allowing it to happen without the red tape o Entitling costs are very high in Dublin - Smaller developers are less likely to develop there o Value capture opportunities? For public policy goals o Concentrate on developing on sites that are marginally used and don’t bring a lot of value o Anywhere the process can be streamlined it should happen - PUDs are complicated - Burdens should be reduced o Lots of interest from developers because of its location o Dublin doesn’t seem to need incentives o People want to be there, and developers can make money Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 124 o Removing some red tape would be advantageous to make it more of a straightforward process o Code should also clearly lay out what you want o Developers know what to expect o Need to balance growth and strategic growth: where is residential appropriate and where is open space preservation a priority o Should be a public private partnership o Most developers in the area are good about that - Most in the area do their homework so that’s helpful - Need to create the notion that it’s not all about just the bottom line - But they need to remember that they’re from the outside and residents have a legitimate concern for the future of their community Best aspects of living in Dublin o They pay careful attention to detail o Bridge Park is a great model - Strong indication that this type of development can be successful o Good housing stock o Schools o Recreation opportunities o Lifestyle o Variety of housing types o Bridge Park is amazing - Product is there but affordability is a problem - Kudos to Dublin for trying it – very successful o Dublin does a great job in getting infrastructure right o Connectivity is extraordinary o High citizen satisfaction with services o Great location – highways, downtown o Good mix of old and new o Bridge Park as gone over very well o Pockets of housing in Dublin that are exclusive but there is a mix o It has changed significantly o People are excited and want to live there o Provides suburban lifestyle that many seek o Decent mix of housing types o It accommodates people at different stages of their lives o They have the mix that PC needs, like rental housing o There’s a push for the empty nester population o Dublin is doing a good job providing housing for professionals Biggest challenges o Affordability – a lot of consideration has been made of what that could be o Not a lot of higher-density housing Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 125 o Need to be building 14,000+ units annually to keep up in the region o Not enough housing in general o Affordability is eroding o SF housing - Dublin is not as bad as some of the other suburbs o Need to lean into “gentle density” - Generally smaller-scale projects can be too expensive o School funding depends on property taxes o People feel very protective about schools o Need to support smaller-scale developers o Entry fees are prohibitive in Dublin for small developers o Housing stock is heavily single family because of schools o Mostly uniform in its lot and floor area o Only variety of housing types are on the fringes o Many in Dublin are just one degree shy of not wanting others to come - You need to allow new people into the community to create more dense developments o Stringent building codes o Pressure on school district with growth o It gets more challenging as a community gets built out o Dublin has to consider redevelopment if they’re looking to diversify its housing stock o Dublin developed as SF housing as the primary model – now they need to diversify Mobility and Transportation Partners Impact of Dublin on transportation (and vice-versa) o Dublin voted to be entirely within COTA service area o Dublin has grown in a way that has promoted car use, so transit is needed o Dublin is traditionally not transit supportive in its development pattern - Big setbacks requiring crossing large parking lots o COTA is maxed out regarding resources right now o Bus stops in Dublin don’t meet standards for bus shelters o Lack of a grid pattern that’s friendly toward transit o Serving the community is difficult Housing attainability (general) o Prices are often over $300K o Price points are a challenge o Other suburbs are experiencing the same thing Housing proximity to transportation/employment o A lot of focus is getting people from bus stops to their place of employment o Dublin Connector – paid for by city and federal Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 126 - Free service for eligible residents (over 55 or disabled) - Started as a circulator with defined routes - They can now provide on-demand service - Hours are limited but trying to expand o Five bus lines in Dublin - 45 bus stops and only one shelter - Trying to do small steps to demonstrate success - One issue is driver shortage o Good extensive shared use path system – 130 miles o Work on brining on regional bikeshare to Dublin o Hope to launch scooters in Dublin o Traditional SF growth pattern has made transit difficult o Seems to be improving in Dublin o Mindset is changing to expand zoning beyond just one use (residential or office only) Types of future housing needed in Dublin o Need more workforce and first-time homebuyer housing o Housing for seniors o Smaller units: 1 to 2-bedroom o Under $250,000 o Higher density o No more McMansions o More diverse housing in terms of size and affordability Ideal locations for future housing in Dublin o Metro Place – legacy office with amenities and restaurants o Where can it be a benefit and not a cost o Mixed use with office and residential o West Innovation District area - Housing would be a good component there o Overbuilt shopping areas o Metro Place o Between 270 and Saw Mill Road o Around Perimeter Road – single-story shopping area o Vacant office areas Plans to expand transportation network o Lots of expansion: - Paths – fill in gaps - Expand shuttle service - Invest in bus stops for last mile - Vision zero efforts - Bike loop system – a 10-mile themed path (public art, ice cream) Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 127 - New paving o Looking at mobility ecosystem to support housing o Working with regional partners to build a bus-rapid transit line from downtown Columbus to Dublin o Funding is limited so COTA has to invest strategically o COTA is pulled in many directions across the service area - Need to explore new routes with new growth o COTA Plus – a system that would serve non-service area - Piloted in certain areas - Run by app to request a ride - Almost door to door - From a bus stop its free o Link Us: a MORPC initiative to connect region with service What City can do to encourage desired housing o Promote the correct message to constituents to clarify that density is good Best aspects of living in Dublin o High standards for quality o Emphasis on infrastructure o Good diversity in terms of variety of ages o Schools o Recreation – 64 parks o Good transportation network o The services are unmatched o Good schools o They are getting more diverse in housing styles o Known for golfing community o Bike paths and facilities are a big advantage Biggest challenges o Affordability is an issue o High standards can have a negative impact on affordability o It’s easy to get around in Dublin but difficult to get TO Dublin o Keeping housing affordable o Lack of opportunity with the traditional housing pattern - HOAs with strict rules Social Service Agencies and Advocacy Groups Transportation o It’s a huge problem in Columbus, not just in Dublin. o COTA is there and there’s not a ride service which helps. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 128 Affordable Housing o We definitely need affordable housing. Some people are scared of that term, but it’s a real need right now. o We have racial diversity in Dublin, but we don’t have economic diversity. The minority residents are highly educated, high wage earners that can afford to live in Dublin. o People can’t afford to live in Dublin o Huge lack of affordable housing o People live there because of the schools and have to live on the periphery o Dublin is very expensive o It’s hard to catch up economically o It’s expensive and unaffordable Socio-economic diversity o Housing stock is pretty self-selective - It’s hard to find affordable housing (SF residence) - Many people in Dublin want to keep it that way forever o Compared to 20 years ago, it’s very different o School district is doing very well o Very limited space for additional housing o When families grow, many people still want to stay - How do you make housing available to more people? - This will add children to the school district - Maybe need a collaboration with other cities? o USDA a few years ago have allowed food need self-declaration - People with expensive cars have come to the pantry - Others who can’t afford to live in Dublin struggle to do so for schools o There’s a whole other system that keeps people out o Selection manifested through minimum lot sizes, design standards, etc. o People fear change especially “multi” o Dublin will risk being behind if they stay as-is o Dublin embraced Afghan refugees but not necessarily other minority groups o Bridge Park has seemed to only attract wealthier residents - Developer is planning affordable units - People accept it because it’s a self-contained area o If this were built closer to a SF community, there would be an opposition o People nearby Metro Place in SF neighborhood are opposed to high density o Before Bridge Park was created housing market was already doing well o Need to look at demand side: who wants to get into Dublin? Seniors o There are people in Dublin with lower incomes and a lot of need. o Forever Dublin is a program offered by the City and Syntero to assist seniors wishing to stay in their homes for the long term. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 129 - Trained navigators assist residents on resources and programs available. o Bridge Park is beautiful and a lot of seniors live there. The high cost is prohibiting a diversity of incomes to reside there. o Friendship Village is working with Crawford Hoying to build senior housing. Residents, who live independent active lifestyles, can tap into the resources and programming Friendship Village offers. - The prices will be very high and again will be exclusive to high income seniors. Biggest challenges o There is a balance between more housing and the ability of our schools to absorb. o Should other communities be encouraged to develop like Dublin to ease the pressure on development in Dublin? o Suburban hunger is becoming an increasing problem o People will move to Dublin and double and triple up because of the schools o But every suburban area surrounding Columbus is facing many of the same things o People can’t afford to live in Dublin o People live there because of the schools and have to live on the periphery Thoughts on Intel coming to region o It’s a threat: people in the area who need jobs won’t be hired by Intel, but its presence will raise prices o It would be ideal if they could offer workforce training o Opportunity from an ED standpoint - But from housing and socio-economic diversity, it is a threat o Wherever there’s a cluster of tech jobs, there’s an affordability problem Ideas on strategies for improving housing in Dublin o Vouchers for tenants? Probably not sustainable - How do we make people better equipped to afford housing? - How does Dublin provide incentives to support housing? - Better transportation for them to commute? o Need to resolve supply and demand issue – annexing is not the answer o Large companies need to build housing for their workers o People need to not be afraid of others who are different – we all want the same thing o People don’t want to change the nature of their community o Some of this may not change quickly – it may take a generation - What does it mean to Dublin residents as they age? - What’s the future of Dublin in 30 or 40 years? - Need to prepare for that and realize what’s happening now? Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 130 o Young people who can afford to come back will be a very selective group of people o Need to have more capacity to accommodate seniors - But it needs to be more affordable Neighborhood Associations General impressions for Dublin: o City has been great at building parks, trails. o Community facilities (fire stations, library, etc) are good. o People want to send their kids to Hopewell Elementary (East Dublin). o The Dublin name has cache. Methodist Hospital planned for some generic directional name “Northwest” something but went with Dublin Methodist because Dublin carried with it more appealing to people. o Very happy living in Dublin But paying dearly in taxes and seeing what that tax payment is paying. Housing stock o Housing market is tremendously strong. Very expensive housing. o Some of the older rentals don’t see to be doing very well (e.g., Sycamore Ridge and other similar types that are “barracks” style are aging). o Other than a few older apartments, people are taking good care of their homes. o What’s going to happen 15-20 years down the line for Sycamore Ridge, Tuller Flats? Housing diversity o If you can build a nice $250,000 home, young people will really like them. But we haven’t planned for that. o There are nearby communities (outside Dublin) that do provide less expensive housing. Marysville, for example, is well set up to absorb the housing demand. o Workforce housing should be accommodated throughout Dublin, not just a few locations within Dublin. Distribute small batches of workforce housing throughout the city and not concentrate them in a few or single building. o There are some pockets of affordable homes in Dublin – for example, smaller condos behind Giant Eagle and some other areas. We need more of that, but we need to carefully consider the impact to schools. o Scioto Crossing does look very nice – Ryan Homes. SFR detached. Density was really high (legacy zoning). o Bridge Park is a terrific place for empty nesters. - Cardinal Health wanted housing for white color young people, but it turned out to be mostly older folks that live there. - If you want younger people, you have to make them less expensive. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 131 o The urbanization at Bridge Park – not a real fan. There’s so much traffic and there’s nowhere to park in the historic downtown. Unless you’re a pedestrian, it’s a difficult place to go. - Not a fan of the tax abatement (10 years?). - I think there may be a place for that, but Bridge park seemed to have crammed in too much in a small area. - Unless you’re a pedestrian Seniors o People in communities like Muirfield would like to stay in Dublin, but there aren’t too many single floor living units. o Hawthorn Commons – apparently there’s a waiting list? o Not sure about legality of building standards but having at least one entry be designed without steps. Think we can do better in the long run, if we require no step entry and 36” door. First level bathroom, some accommodation for ADA. o Dublin doesn’t have enough senior developments. We have a healthcare service that’s growing, and people don’t have to go to downtown for medical services. - More housing that is within short distance to medical care would be attracted to seniors. Building and design standards: o All in favor of high standards. Wished there were more in place (e.g., mandating three car garages for bigger houses – don’t like cars parked on the street). o Historically, standards were instituted when corporate entity (Ashland Chemical) wanted to be Dublin and wanted high standards for housing. Second factor – Jack Nicholas wanted standards in Hilton Head to be duplicated to Dublin. o We know we have high standards, but we haven’t lacked people (builders) who grudgingly abided by them. o Believe builders will make more money if they can build with cheaper. Understand why builders would want less standards. Miscellaneous o Office uses – we’re just emerging from COVID, and we don’t know the long- term future for office, but council would like to reserve space for office users. o Balancing the commercial to resident uses is key for Dublin. o Preserving near-highway parcels are good policy to attract corporate office users. o Metro Center – surprised to hear that it’s not doing well. Understands why the City is moving toward a mixed-use development there. - Would like to see more amenities there (cafes, restaurants). Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 132 - Just because it looks nice as an office park doesn’t mean that people will enjoy living there. o Jerome Township seems to be picking up a lot of development momentum, but worried about the impact (e.g., traffic). o Dublin schools (over-subscribed because Jerome Village is going to be 4500 units). Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Draft 1) 133 Appendix 2: Residential Tapestry Segmentation In addition to the traditional demographic data from the U.S. Census Bureau, a Psychographic Segmentation was analyzed for area residents. Whereas the census data provide historical resident profiles in a particular geographic location, psychographics broadens the sco pe by identifying lifestyle habits, values, attitudes, and other defining attributes. For this analysis, ESRI Tapestry Segmentation dataset —which classifies resident groups into 67 unique segments in easy-to-visualize terms based not only on demographics but also on socioeconomic characteristics—was analysis for residents within a 10-mile radius from Dublin (see Figure 57). Figure 57: Map of Primary Market Area, 10-mile Radius from Dublin The 10-mile radius includes all or portions of nearby communities of Hilliard, Plain City, Powell, Upper Arlington, and Worthington—in addition to portions of the City of Columbus and Concord, Liberty, and Orange Townships in Delaware County. PolicyMap estimates that approximately 569,000 people reside within this 10-mile radius. Source: ESRI, PolicyMap, Urban Partners According to ESRI, the segment called Emerald City is the most prevalent in the 10 -mile radius, followed by In Style, Enterprising Professionals, Boomburbs, and Young and Restless. Thirty- three percent (33.4%) of all households fall in one of these five segments (Table 45). Table 45: Top ESRI Tapestry Segments 10-Mile Radius Area Households % All U.S. Households % 1. Emerald City 7.5% 1.4% 2. In Style 7.1% 2.2% 3. Enterprising Professionals 6.4% 1.4% 4. Boomburbs 6.3% 1.8% 5. Young and Restless 6.1% 1.8% Source: ESRI, Urban Partners The following pages show detailed profiles for the top segments. 10-Mile Radius Tapestry Segmentation Area Profile 5555 Perimeter Dr 5555 Perimeter Dr, Dublin, Ohio, 43017 Ring: 10 mile radius Prepared by Esri Latitude: 40.10208 Longitude: -83.13945 May 25, 2022 ©2022 Esri Page 13 of 18 Top Twenty Tapestry Segments 2021 Households 2021 U.S. Households Rank Tapestry Segment Percent Cumulative Percent Percent Cumulative Percent Index 1 Emerald City (8B) 7.5% 7.5% 1.4% 1.4% 530 2 In Style (5B) 7.1% 14.6% 2.2% 3.7% 319 3 Enterprising Professionals (2D) 6.4% 21.1% 1.4% 5.1% 449 4 Boomburbs (1C) 6.3% 27.3% 1.8% 6.9% 347 5 Young and Restless (11B) 6.1% 33.4% 1.8% 8.6% 348 Subtotal 33.4% 8.6% 6 Bright Young Professionals (8C) 5.9% 39.4% 2.3% 10.9% 261 7 Professional Pride (1B) 5.9% 45.3% 1.6% 12.5% 362 8 Metro Renters (3B) 5.6% 50.8% 1.7% 14.3% 324 9 Savvy Suburbanites (1D) 4.4% 55.3% 3.0% 17.2% 150 10 College Towns (14B) 3.7% 59.0% 1.0% 18.2% 385 Subtotal 25.5% 9.6% 11 Workday Drive (4A) 3.6% 62.6% 3.0% 21.2% 122 12 Up and Coming Families (7A) 3.6% 66.2% 2.6% 23.8% 137 13 Rustbelt Traditions (5D) 3.2% 69.3% 2.2% 25.9% 146 14 Top Tier (1A) 3.0% 72.3% 1.7% 27.6% 179 15 Exurbanites (1E) 2.8% 75.2% 1.9% 29.5% 147 Subtotal 16.2% 11.4% 16 Metro Fusion (11C) 2.7% 77.8% 1.4% 30.9% 190 17 Dorms to Diplomas (14C) 2.7% 80.5% 0.5% 31.4% 522 18 Urban Chic (2A) 2.4% 82.9% 1.3% 32.7% 186 19 Home Improvement (4B) 2.2% 85.1% 1.7% 34.4% 132 20 Old and Newcomers (8F) 2.0% 87.1% 2.3% 36.7% 86 Subtotal 12.0% 7.2% Total 87.1% 36.7% 237 Top Ten Tapestry Segments Site vs. U.S. College Towns (14B) Savvy Suburbanites (1D) Metro Renters (3B) Professional Pride (1B) Bright Young Professionals (8C) Young and Restless (11B) Boomburbs (1C) Enterprising Professionals (2D) In Style (5B) Emerald City (8B) Site U.S. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Percent of Households by Tapestry Segment Data Note: This report identifies neighborhood segments in the area, and describes the socioeconomic quality of the immediate neighborhood. The index is a comparison of the percent of households or Total Population 18+ in the area, by Tapestry segment, to the percent of households or Total Population 18+ in the United States, by segment. An index of 100 is the US average. Tapestry Segmentation Area Profile 5555 Perimeter Dr 5555 Perimeter Dr, Dublin, Ohio, 43017 Ring: 10 mile radius Prepared by Esri Latitude: 40.10208 Longitude: -83.13945 May 25, 2022 ©2022 Esri Page 14 of 18 Source: Esri Tapestry Segmentation Area Profile 5555 Perimeter Dr 5555 Perimeter Dr, Dublin, Ohio, 43017 Ring: 10 mile radius Prepared by Esri Latitude: 40.10208 Longitude: -83.13945 May 25, 2022 ©2022 Esri Page 15 of 18 2021 Tapestry Indexes by Households Index 2021 Tapestry Indexes by Total Population 18+ Index 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 14C 14A 13D 13B 12D 12B 11E 11C 11A 10D 10B 9F 9D 9B 8G 8E 8C 8A 7E 7C 7A 6E 6C 6A 5D 5B 4C 4A 3B 2D 2B 1E 1C 1A 14C 14A 13D 13B 12D 12B 11E 11C 11A 10D 10B 9F 9D 9B 8G 8E 8C 8A 7E 7C 7A 6E 6C 6A 5D 5B 4C 4A 3B 2D 2B 1E 1C 1A Tapestry Segments Tapestry Segments Tapestry Segmentation Area Profile 5555 Perimeter Dr 5555 Perimeter Dr, Dublin, Ohio, 43017 Ring: 10 mile radius Prepared by Esri Latitude: 40.10208 Longitude: -83.13945 May 25, 2022 ©2022 Esri Page 16 of 18 Data Note: This report identifies neighborhood segments in the area, and describes the socioeconomic quality of the immediate neighborhood. The index is a comparison of the percent of households or Total Population 18+ in the area, by Tapestry segment, to the percent of households or Total Population 18+ in the United States, by segment. An index of 100 is the US average. Source: Esri Tapestry Segmentation Area Profile 5555 Perimeter Dr 5555 Perimeter Dr, Dublin, Ohio, 43017 Ring: 10 mile radius Prepared by Esri Latitude: 40.10208 Longitude: -83.13945 May 25, 2022 ©2022 Esri Page 17 of 18 Tapestry LifeMode Groups 2021 Households 2021 Adult Population Number Percent Index Number Percent Index Total: 239,374 100.0% 457,975 100.0% 1. Affluent Estates 53,707 22.4% 224 113,128 24.7% 231 Top Tier (1A) 7,122 3.0% 179 15,099 3.3% 187 Professional Pride (1B) 14,117 5.9% 362 31,592 6.9% 375 Boomburbs (1C) 15,004 6.3% 347 30,784 6.7% 349 Savvy Suburbanites (1D) 10,643 4.4% 150 22,194 4.8% 151 Exurbanites (1E) 6,821 2.8% 147 13,459 2.9% 152 2. Upscale Avenues 21,167 8.8% 159 39,390 8.6% 148 Urban Chic (2A) 5,778 2.4% 186 11,146 2.4% 199 Pleasantville (2B) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Pacific Heights (2C) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Enterprising Professionals (2D) 15,389 6.4% 449 28,244 6.2% 463 3. Uptown Individuals 13,339 5.6% 145 20,398 4.5% 142 Laptops and Lattes (3A) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Metro Renters (3B) 13,339 5.6% 324 20,398 4.5% 334 Trendsetters (3C) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 4. Family Landscapes 15,399 6.4% 84 32,157 7.0% 88 Workday Drive (4A) 8,689 3.6% 122 18,406 4.0% 126 Home Improvement (4B) 5,365 2.2% 132 11,151 2.4% 133 Middleburg (4C) 1,345 0.6% 19 2,600 0.6% 19 5. GenXurban 30,608 12.8% 114 56,391 12.3% 114 Comfortable Empty Nesters (5A) 2,704 1.1% 46 5,440 1.2% 49 In Style (5B) 17,082 7.1% 319 30,366 6.6% 318 Parks and Rec (5C) 2,518 1.1% 54 4,878 1.1% 56 Rustbelt Traditions (5D) 7,561 3.2% 146 14,254 3.1% 152 Midlife Constants (5E) 743 0.3% 13 1,453 0.3% 14 6. Cozy Country Living 2,900 1.2% 10 6,072 1.3% 11 Green Acres (6A) 1,447 0.6% 19 3,089 0.7% 20 Salt of the Earth (6B) 826 0.3% 12 1,769 0.4% 13 The Great Outdoors (6C) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Prairie Living (6D) 46 0.0% 2 121 0.0% 3 Rural Resort Dwellers (6E) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Heartland Communities (6F) 581 0.2% 11 1,093 0.2% 11 7. Sprouting Explorers 8,882 3.7% 52 16,009 3.5% 42 Up and Coming Families (7A) 8,589 3.6% 137 15,348 3.4% 121 Urban Villages (7B) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Urban Edge Families (7C) 293 0.1% 8 661 0.1% 9 Forging Opportunity (7D) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Farm to Table (7E) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Southwestern Families (7F) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Data Note: This report identifies neighborhood segments in the area, and describes the socioeconomic quality of the immediate neighborhood. The index is a comparison of the percent of households or Total Population 18+ in the area, by Tapestry segment, to the percent of households or Total Population 18+ in the United States, by segment. An index of 100 is the US average. Source: Esri Tapestry Segmentation Area Profile 5555 Perimeter Dr 5555 Perimeter Dr, Dublin, Ohio, 43017 Ring: 10 mile radius Prepared by Esri Latitude: 40.10208 Longitude: -83.13945 May 25, 2022 ©2022 Esri Page 18 of 18 Tapestry LifeMode Groups 2021 Households 2021 Adult Population Number Percent Index Number Percent Index Total: 239,374 100.0% 457,975 100.0% 8. Middle Ground 40,515 16.9% 157 71,547 15.6% 156 City Lights (8A) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Emerald City (8B) 17,964 7.5% 530 30,477 6.7% 550 Bright Young Professionals (8C) 14,148 5.9% 261 26,106 5.7% 280 Downtown Melting Pot (8D) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Front Porches (8E) 2,131 0.9% 57 4,086 0.9% 59 Old and Newcomers (8F) 4,746 2.0% 86 8,164 1.8% 90 Hometown Heritage (8G) 1,526 0.6% 54 2,714 0.6% 52 9. Senior Styles 6,762 2.8% 49 11,694 2.6% 51 Silver & Gold (9A) 432 0.2% 23 734 0.2% 22 Golden Years (9B) 2,548 1.1% 80 4,826 1.1% 90 The Elders (9C) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Senior Escapes (9D) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Retirement Communities (9E) 3,782 1.6% 132 6,134 1.3% 134 Social Security Set (9F) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 10. Rustic Outposts 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Southern Satellites (10A) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Rooted Rural (10B) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Economic BedRock (10C) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Down the Road (10D) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Rural Bypasses (10E) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 11. Midtown Singles 26,576 11.1% 180 44,188 9.6% 178 City Strivers (11A) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Young and Restless (11B) 14,618 6.1% 348 24,133 5.3% 376 Metro Fusion (11C) 6,387 2.7% 190 11,266 2.5% 189 Set to Impress (11D) 3,973 1.7% 120 6,192 1.4% 115 City Commons (11E) 1,598 0.7% 77 2,597 0.6% 73 12. Hometown 3,892 1.6% 27 7,283 1.6% 28 Family Foundations (12A) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Traditional Living (12B) 3,675 1.5% 81 6,873 1.5% 85 Small Town Simplicity (12C) 115 0.0% 3 235 0.1% 3 Modest Income Homes (12D) 102 0.0% 3 175 0.0% 3 13. Next Wave 438 0.2% 5 745 0.2% 4 Diverse Convergence (13A) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Family Extensions (13B) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 NeWest Residents (13C) 438 0.2% 24 745 0.2% 19 Fresh Ambitions (13D) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 High Rise Renters (13E) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 14. Scholars and Patriots 15,189 6.3% 393 38,973 8.5% 374 Military Proximity (14A) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 College Towns (14B) 8,825 3.7% 385 15,271 3.3% 323 Dorms to Diplomas (14C) 6,364 2.7% 522 23,702 5.2% 532 Unclassified (15) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Data Note: This report identifies neighborhood segments in the area, and describes the socioeconomic quality of the immediate neighborhood. The index is a comparison of the percent of households or Total Population 18+ in the area, by Tapestry segment, to the percent of households or Total Population 18+ in the United States, by segment. An index of 100 is the US average. Source: Esri Tapestry Segmentation Area Profile 5555 Perimeter Dr 5555 Perimeter Dr, Dublin, Ohio, 43017 Ring: 10 mile radius Prepared by Esri Latitude: 40.10208 Longitude: -83.13945 May 25, 2022 ©2022 Esri Page 19 of 18 Tapestry Urbanization Groups 2021 Households 2021 Adult Population Number Percent Index Number Percent Index Total: 239,374 100.0% 457,975 100.0% 1. Principal Urban Center 13,777 5.8% 81 21,143 4.6% 70 Laptops and Lattes (3A) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Metro Renters (3B) 13,339 5.6% 324 20,398 4.5% 334 Trendsetters (3C) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Downtown Melting Pot (8D) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 City Strivers (11A) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 NeWest Residents (13C) 438 0.2% 24 745 0.2% 19 Fresh Ambitions (13D) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 High Rise Renters (13E) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 2. Urban Periphery 28,491 11.9% 72 52,462 11.5% 65 Pacific Heights (2C) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Rustbelt Traditions (5D) 7,561 3.2% 146 14,254 3.1% 152 Urban Villages (7B) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Urban Edge Families (7C) 293 0.1% 8 661 0.1% 9 Forging Opportunity (7D) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Southwestern Families (7F) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 City Lights (8A) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Bright Young Professionals (8C) 14,148 5.9% 261 26,106 5.7% 280 Metro Fusion (11C) 6,387 2.7% 190 11,266 2.5% 189 Family Foundations (12A) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Modest Income Homes (12D) 102 0.0% 3 175 0.0% 3 Diverse Convergence (13A) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Family Extensions (13B) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 3. Metro Cities 86,284 36.0% 199 160,709 35.1% 210 In Style (5B) 17,082 7.1% 319 30,366 6.6% 318 Emerald City (8B) 17,964 7.5% 530 30,477 6.7% 550 Front Porches (8E) 2,131 0.9% 57 4,086 0.9% 59 Old and Newcomers (8F) 4,746 2.0% 86 8,164 1.8% 90 Hometown Heritage (8G) 1,526 0.6% 54 2,714 0.6% 52 Retirement Communities (9E) 3,782 1.6% 132 6,134 1.3% 134 Social Security Set (9F) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Young and Restless (11B) 14,618 6.1% 348 24,133 5.3% 376 Set to Impress (11D) 3,973 1.7% 120 6,192 1.4% 115 City Commons (11E) 1,598 0.7% 77 2,597 0.6% 73 Traditional Living (12B) 3,675 1.5% 81 6,873 1.5% 85 College Towns (14B) 8,825 3.7% 385 15,271 3.3% 323 Dorms to Diplomas (14C) 6,364 2.7% 522 23,702 5.2% 532 Data Note: This report identifies neighborhood segments in the area, and describes the socioeconomic quality of the immediate neighborhood. The index is a comparison of the percent of households or Total Population 18+ in the area, by Tapestry segment, to the percent of households or Total Population 18+ in the United States, by segment. An index of 100 is the US average. Source: Esri Tapestry Segmentation Area Profile 5555 Perimeter Dr 5555 Perimeter Dr, Dublin, Ohio, 43017 Ring: 10 mile radius Prepared by Esri Latitude: 40.10208 Longitude: -83.13945 May 25, 2022 ©2022 Esri Page 20 of 18 Tapestry Urbanization Groups 2021 Households 2021 Adult Population Number Percent Index Number Percent Index Total: 239,374 100.0% 457,975 100.0% 4. Suburban Periphery 106,462 44.5% 139 214,754 46.9% 143 Top Tier (1A) 7,122 3.0% 179 15,099 3.3% 187 Professional Pride (1B) 14,117 5.9% 362 31,592 6.9% 375 Boomburbs (1C) 15,004 6.3% 347 30,784 6.7% 349 Savvy Suburbanites (1D) 10,643 4.4% 150 22,194 4.8% 151 Exurbanites (1E) 6,821 2.8% 147 13,459 2.9% 152 Urban Chic (2A) 5,778 2.4% 186 11,146 2.4% 199 Pleasantville (2B) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Enterprising Professionals (2D) 15,389 6.4% 449 28,244 6.2% 463 Workday Drive (4A) 8,689 3.6% 122 18,406 4.0% 126 Home Improvement (4B) 5,365 2.2% 132 11,151 2.4% 133 Comfortable Empty Nesters (5A) 2,704 1.1% 46 5,440 1.2% 49 Parks and Rec (5C) 2,518 1.1% 54 4,878 1.1% 56 Midlife Constants (5E) 743 0.3% 13 1,453 0.3% 14 Up and Coming Families (7A) 8,589 3.6% 137 15,348 3.4% 121 Silver & Gold (9A) 432 0.2% 23 734 0.2% 22 Golden Years (9B) 2,548 1.1% 80 4,826 1.1% 90 The Elders (9C) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Military Proximity (14A) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 5. Semirural 2,041 0.9% 9 3,928 0.9% 9 Middleburg (4C) 1,345 0.6% 19 2,600 0.6% 19 Heartland Communities (6F) 581 0.2% 11 1,093 0.2% 11 Farm to Table (7E) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Senior Escapes (9D) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Down the Road (10D) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Small Town Simplicity (12C) 115 0.0% 3 235 0.1% 3 6. Rural 2,319 1.0% 6 4,979 1.1% 6 Green Acres (6A) 1,447 0.6% 19 3,089 0.7% 20 Salt of the Earth (6B) 826 0.3% 12 1,769 0.4% 13 The Great Outdoors (6C) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Prairie Living (6D) 46 0.0% 2 121 0.0% 3 Rural Resort Dwellers (6E) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Southern Satellites (10A) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Rooted Rural (10B) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Economic BedRock (10C) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Rural Bypasses (10E) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Unclassified (15) 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 Data Note: This report identifies neighborhood segments in the area, and describes the socioeconomic quality of the immediate neighborhood. The index is a comparison of the percent of households or Total Population 18+ in the area, by Tapestry segment, to the percent of households or Total Population 18+ in the United States, by segment. An index of 100 is the US average. Source: Esri Average Household Size: 2.06 Median Household Income: $59,200 Emerald City WHO ARE WE? Emerald City’s denizens live in lower-density neighborhoods of urban areas throughout the country. Young and mobile, they are more likely to rent. Half have a college degree and a professional occupation. Incomes close to the US median come primarily from wages, investments, and self-employ- ment. This group is highly connected, using the Internet for entertainment and making environmentally friendly purchas- es. Long hours on the Internet are balanced with time at the gym. Many embrace the “foodie” culture and enjoy cooking adventurous meals using local and organic foods. Music and art are major sources of enjoyment.They travel frequently, both abroad and domestically. TAPESTRY TM SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry OUR NEIGHBORHOOD • There are mostly older, established neigh- borhoods with homes built before 1960; around 30% built before 1940. • Just over half of all homes are renter occupied. • Single-person and nonfamily types make up over half of all households. • Median home value and average rent are slightly above the US levels; around half of owned homes are worth $150,000– $300,000. SOCIOECONOMIC TRAITS • Consumers research products carefully before making purchases. • They buy natural, green, and environmen- tally friendly products. • Very conscious of nutrition, they regularly buy and eat organic foods. • Cell phones and text messaging are a huge part of everyday life. • They place importance on learning new things to keep life fresh and variable. • They are interested in the fine arts and especially enjoy listening to music. Note: The Index represents the ratio of the segment rate to the US rate multiplied by 100. Consumer preferences are estimated from data by MRI-Simmons. LifeMode Group: Middle Ground Emerald City TAPESTRY TM 8B SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M AGE BY SEX (Esri data) Median Age: 37.4 US: 38.2 Indicates US 85+ 80–84 75–79 70–74 65–69 60–64 55–59 50–54 45–49 40–44 35–39 30–34 25–29 20–24 15–19 10–14 5–9 <5 8% 4% 0 4% 8% RACE AND ETHNICITY (Esri data) The Diversity Index summarizes racial and ethnic diversity. The index shows the likelihood that two persons, chosen at random from the same area, belong to different race or ethnic groups. The index ranges from 0 (no diversity) to 100 (complete diversity). Diversity Index: 50.6 US: 64.0 Hispanic* Multiple Other Asian and Pac. Islander American Indian Black White 0 20% 40% 60% 80% INCOME AND NET WORTH Net worth measures total household assets (homes, vehicles, investments, etc.) less any debts, secured (e.g., mortgages) or unsecured (credit cards). Household income and net worth are estimated by Esri. Median Household Income 0 $100K $200K $300K $400K $500K $600K+ Median Net Worth 0 $100K $200K $300K $400K $500K $600K+ Male Female US Average. *Hispanic Can Be of Any Race. US Median. AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD BUDGET INDEX The index compares the average amount spent in this market’s household budgets for housing, food, apparel, etc., to the average amount spent by all US households. An index of 100 is average. An index of 120 shows that average spending by consumers in this market is 20 percent above the national average. Consumer expenditures are estimated by Esri. OCCUPATION BY EARNINGS The five occupations with the highest number of workers in the market are displayed by median earnings. Data from the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey. $140,000 $120,000 $100,000 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 $59,200 $56,100 104 103 Apparel & Services 104 Transportation Health Care Entertainment & Recreation Education Pensions & Social Security Other 101 96 101 105 102 101 Median Earnings LifeMode Group: Middle Ground Emerald City TAPESTRY TM 8B SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry $80,000 $60,000 $40,000 $20,000 0 100,000 200,0 00 300,0 00 Workers (Age 16+) LifeMode Group: Middle Ground Emerald City TAPESTRY TM 8B SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry MARKET PROFILE (Consumer preferences are estimated from data by MRI-Simmons.) • Liberal segment that contributes to NPR and PBS. • Shop at Trader Joe’s and Whole Foods. • Budget time—utilize home cleaning services so there’s time for yoga. • Use the web for professional networking, blogging, making travel plans, shopping, and sports news. • Read magazines and books on a tablet, sometimes while exercising at home. • Attend venues like art galleries, museums, and concerts. At home they like to cook and bake. HOUSING Median home value is displayed for markets that are primarily owner occupied; average rent is shown for renter-occupied markets. Tenure and home value are estimated by Esri. Housing type and average rent are from the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey. Typical Housing: Single Family; Multi-Units Average Rent: $1,087 US Average: $1,038 POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS Total population, average annual population change since Census 2010, and average density (population per square mile) are displayed for the market relative to the size and change among all Tapestry markets. Data estimated by Esri. ESRI INDEXES Esri developed three indexes to display average household wealth, socioeconomic status, and housing affordability for the market relative to US standards. 900,000 0 Population 3,684,800 0.9% Population Density (Persons per sq. mile) 1000 396 25,000 11,000,000 0 Wealth Index 0 Socioeconomic Status Index 0 Housing Affordability Index 350 350 350 Own 48.5% Ownership Rent 51.5% Population Growth (Annual %) 113 122 74 SEGMENT DENSITY This map illustrates the density and distribution of the Emerald City Tapestry Segment by households. High Low Copyright © 2021 Esri. All rights reserved. Esri, the Esri globe logo, The Science of Where, Tapestry, @esri.com, and esri.com are trademarks, service marks, or registered marks of Esri in the United States, the European Community, or certain other jurisdictions. Other companies and products or services mentioned herein may be trademarks, service marks, or registered marks of their respective mark owners. G1804565 ESRI2C6/21dm For more information 1-800-447-9778 info@esri.com esri.com 8B LifeMode Group: Middle Ground Emerald City esri.com/tapestry Average Household Size: 2.35 Median Household Income: $73,000 In Style WHO ARE WE? In Style denizens embrace an urbane lifestyle that includes support of the arts, travel, and extensive reading. They are connected and make full use of the advantages of mobile devices. Professional couples or single households without children, they have the time to focus on their homes and their interests. The population is slightly older and already planning for their retirement. TAPESTRY TM SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry OUR NEIGHBORHOOD • City dwellers of large metropolitan areas. • Married couples, primarily with no children (Index 112) or single households (Index 109); average household size at 2.35. • Home ownership average at 68% (Index 108); nearly half, 47%, mortgaged (Index 114). • Primarily single-family homes, in older neighborhoods (built before 1980), with a mix of town homes (Index 132) and smaller (5 –19 units) apartment buildings (Index 110). • Median home value at $243,900. • Vacant housing units at 8.6%. SOCIOECONOMIC TRAITS • College educated: 48% are graduates (Index 155); 77% with some college education. • Higher labor force participation rate is at 67% (Index 108) with proportionately more 2-worker households (Index 110). • Median household income of $73,000 reveals an affluent market with income supplemented by investments (Index 142) and a substantial net worth (Index 178). • Connected and knowledgeable, they carry smartphones and use many of the features. • Attentive to price, they use coupons, especially mobile coupons. Note: The Index represents the ratio of the segment rate to the US rate multiplied by 100. Consumer preferences are estimated from data by MRI-Simmons. LifeMode Group: GenXurban In Style TAPESTRY TM 5B SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry M a l e M a l e M a l e M a l e M a l e M a l e M a l e M a l e M a l e M a l e M a l e M a l e M a l e M a l e M a l e M a l e M a l e M a l e AGE BY SEX (Esri data) Median Age: 42.0 US: 38.2 Indicates US 85+ 80–84 75–79 70–74 65–69 60–64 55–59 50–54 45–49 40–44 35–39 30–34 25–29 20–24 15–19 10–14 5–9 <5 8% 4% 0 4% 8% RACE AND ETHNICITY (Esri data) The Diversity Index summarizes racial and ethnic diversity. The index shows the likelihood that two persons, chosen at random from the same area, belong to different race or ethnic groups. The index ranges from 0 (no diversity) to 100 (complete diversity). Diversity Index: 39.8 US: 64.0 Hispanic* Multiple Other Asian and Pac. Islander American Indian Black White 0 20% 40% 60% 80% INCOME AND NET WORTH Net worth measures total household assets (homes, vehicles, investments, etc.) less any debts, secured (e.g., mortgages) or unsecured (credit cards). Household income and net worth are estimated by Esri. Median Household Income 0 $100K $200K $300K $400K $500K $600K+ Median Net Worth 0 $100K $200K $300K $400K $500K $600K+ Male Female US Average. *Hispanic Can Be of Any Race. US Median. AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD BUDGET INDEX The index compares the average amount spent in this market’s household budgets for housing, food, apparel, etc., to the average amount spent by all US households. An index of 100 is average. An index of 120 shows that average spending by consumers in this market is 20 percent above the national average. Consumer expenditures are estimated by Esri. OCCUPATION BY EARNINGS The five occupations with the highest number of workers in the market are displayed by median earnings. Data from the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey. $140,000 $120,000 $100,000 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 $73,000 $56,100 $165,800 $93,300 Median Earnings Housing 116 Food 115 Apparel & Services 117 Transportation 115 Health Care 117 Entertainment & 117 Recreation Education 120 Pensions & Social Security 120 Other 119 LifeMode Group: GenXurban In Style TAPESTRY TM 5B SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry $80,000 $60,000 $40,000 $20,000 0 100,000 300,000 500,000 Workers (Age 16+) LifeMode Group: GenXurban In Style TAPESTRY TM 5B SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry MARKET PROFILE (Consumer preferences are estimated from data by MRI-Simmons.) • Partial to late model SUVs: compact SUVs are gaining popularity. • Homes integral part of their style; invest in home remodeling/maintenance, DIY or contractors; housekeeping hired. • Prefer organic foods, including growing their own vegetables. • Financially active, own a variety of investments often managed by a financial planner. • Meticulous planners, both well insured and well invested in retirement savings. • Generous with support of various charities and causes. • Actively support the arts, theater, concerts, and museums. HOUSING Median home value is displayed for markets that are primarily owner occupied; average rent is shown for renter-occupied markets. Tenure and home value are estimated by Esri. Housing type and average rent are from the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey. Typical Housing: Single Family Median Value: $243,900 US Median: $207,300 POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS Total population, average annual population change since Census 2010, and average density (population per square mile) are displayed for the market relative to the size and change among all Tapestry markets. Data estimated by Esri. ESRI INDEXES Esri developed three indexes to display average household wealth, socioeconomic status, and housing affordability for the market relative to US standards. 900,000 Population 0.8% 6,623,000 11,000,000 0 Wealth Index 0 Socioeconomic Status Index 350 350 0 Population Density (Persons per sq. mile) 1000 3 6 5 25,000 Own 67.8% Ownership Rent 32.2% Population Growth (Annual %) 130 120 LifeMode Group: GenXurban In Style TAPESTRY TM 5B SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry 0 Housing Affordability Index 35 0 142 SEGMENT DENSITY This map illustrates the density and distribution of the In Style Tapestry Segment by households. High Low Copyright © 2021 Esri. All rights reserved. Esri, the Esri globe logo, The Science of Where, Tapestry, @esri.com, and esri.com are trademarks, service marks, or registered marks of Esri in the United States, the European Community, or certain other jurisdictions. Other companies and products or services mentioned herein may be trademarks, service marks, or registered marks of their respective mark owners. G1804565 ESRI2C6/21dm For more information 1-800-447-9778 info@esri.com esri.com 5B LifeMode Group: GenXurban In Style esri.com/tapestry Average Household Size: 2.48 Median Household Income: $86,600 Enterprising Professionals WHO ARE WE? Enterprising Professionals residents are well educated and climbing the ladder in STEM (science, technology, engi- neering, and mathematics) occupations. They change jobs often and therefore choose to live in condos, town homes, or apartments; many still rent their homes. The market is fast-growing, located in lower density diverse neighbor - hoods of large metro areas. This young market makes over one and a half times more income than the US median, supplementing their income with investments. At home, they enjoy the Internet and TV on high-speed connections with premier channels and services. TAPESTRY TM SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry OUR NEIGHBORHOOD • Almost half of households are married couples, and 29% are single person households. • Housing is a mixture of suburban single-family homes, row homes, and larger multiunit structures. • Close to three quarters of the homes were built after 1980; 25% are newer, built after 2000. • Renters make up nearly half of all households. SOCIOECONOMIC TRAITS • Median household income one and a half times that of the US. • Over half hold a bachelor’s degree or higher. • Early adopters of new technology in hopes of impressing peers with new gadgets. • Enjoy talking about and giving advice on technology. • Use smartphones for news, accessing search engines, and maps. • Work long hours in front of a computer. • Strive to stay youthful and healthy, eat organic and natural foods, run and do yoga. • Buy name brands and trendy clothes online. Note: The Index represents the ratio of the segment rate to the US rate multiplied by 100. Consumer preferences are estimated from data by MRI-Simmons. LifeMode Group: Upscale Avenues Enterprising Professionals TAPESTRY TM 2D SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma AGE BY SEX (Esri data) Median Age: 35.3 US: 38.2 Indicates US 85+ 80–84 75–79 70–74 65–69 60–64 55–59 50–54 45–49 40–44 35–39 30–34 25–29 20–24 15–19 10–14 5–9 <5 8% 4% 0 4% 8% RACE AND ETHNICITY (Esri data) The Diversity Index summarizes racial and ethnic diversity. The index shows the likelihood that two persons, chosen at random from the same area, belong to different race or ethnic groups. The index ranges from 0 (no diversity) to 100 (complete diversity). Diversity Index: 73.0 US: 64.0 Hispanic* Multiple Other Asian and Pac. Islander American Indian Black White 0 20% 40% 60% 80% INCOME AND NET WORTH Net worth measures total household assets (homes, vehicles, investments, etc.) less any debts, secured (e.g., mortgages) or unsecured (credit cards). Household income and net worth are estimated by Esri. Median Household Income 0 $100K $200K $300K $400K $500K $600K+ Median Net Worth 0 $100K $200K $300K $400K $500K $600K+ Male Female US Average. *Hispanic Can Be of Any Race. US Median. AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD BUDGET INDEX The index compares the average amount spent in this market’s household budgets for housing, food, apparel, etc., to the average amount spent by all US households. An index of 100 is average. An index of 120 shows that average spending by consumers in this market is 20 percent above the national average. Consumer expenditures are estimated by Esri. OCCUPATION BY EARNINGS The five occupations with the highest number of workers in the market are displayed by median earnings. Data from the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey. $140,000 $120,000 $100,000 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 $86,600 $56,100 $106,000 $93,300 133 133 Apparel & Services 139 Transportation Health Care Entertainment & Recreation Education Pensions & Social Security Other 129 120 130 138 138 131 Median Earnings LifeMode Group: Upscale Avenues Enterprising Professionals TAPESTRY TM 2D SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry $80,000 $60,000 $40,000 $20,000 0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 Workers (Age 16+) LifeMode Group: Upscale Avenues Enterprising Professionals TAPESTRY TM 2D SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry MARKET PROFILE (Consumer preferences are estimated from data by MRI-Simmons.) • Buy digital books for tablet reading, along with magazines and newspapers. • Frequent the dry cleaner. • Travel to foreign and domestic destinations common. • Watch movies and TV with video-on-demand and HDTV over a high-speed connection. • Convenience is key—shop at Amazon.com and pick up medicines at the Target pharmacy. • Eat out at The Cheesecake Factory, Chipotle Mexican, and Panera Bread; drop by Starbucks for coffee. • Leisure activities include trips to museums and the beach. • Have health insurance and a 401(k) through work. HOUSING Median home value is displayed for markets that are primarily owner occupied; average rent is shown for renter-occupied markets. Tenure and home value are estimated by Esri. Housing type and average rent are from the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey. Typical Housing: Multiunits; Single Family Median Value: $340,200 US Median: $207,300 POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS Total population, average annual population change since Census 2010, and average density (population per square mile) are displayed for the market relative to the size and change among all Tapestry markets. Data estimated by Esri. ESRI INDEXES Esri developed three indexes to display average household wealth, socioeconomic status, and housing affordability for the market relative to US standards. 900,000 Population 4,341,400 1.5% 11,000,000 0 Wealth Index 0 Socioeconomic Status Index 350 350 0 Population Density (Persons per sq. mile) 1000 1,42 7 25,000 0 Own 51.2% Ownership Rent 48.8% Population Growth (Annual %) 138 103 LifeMode Group: Upscale Avenues Enterprising Professionals TAPESTRY TM 2D SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry Housing Affordability Index 35 0 121 SEGMENT DENSITY This map illustrates the density and distribution of the Enterprising Professionals Tapestry Segment by households. High Low Copyright © 2021 Esri. All rights reserved. Esri, the Esri globe logo, The Science of Where, Tapestry, @esri.com, and esri.com are trademarks, service marks, or registered marks of Esri in the United States, the European Community, or certain other jurisdictions. Other companies and products or services mentioned herein may be trademarks, service marks, or registered marks of their respective mark owners. G1804565 ESRI2C6/21dm For more information 1-800-447-9778 info@esri.com esri.com 2D LifeMode Group: Upscale Avenues Enterprising Professionals esri.com/tapestry Average Household Size: 3.25 WHO ARE WE? This is the new growth market, with a profile similar to the original: young professionals with families that have opted to trade up to the newest housing in the suburbs. The original Boomburbs neighborhoods began growing in the 1990s and continued through the peak of the housing boom. Most of those neighborhoods are fully developed now. This is an affluent market but with a higher proportion of mortgages. Rapid growth still distinguishes the Boomburbs neighborhoods, although the boom is more subdued now than it was 10 years ago. So is the housing market. Residents are well-educated professionals with a running start on prosperity. TAPESTRY TM SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry OUR NEIGHBORHOOD • Growth markets are in the suburban periphery of large metropolitan areas. • Young families are married with children (Index 220); average household size is 3.25. • Home ownership is 84% (Index 134), with the highest rate of mortgages, 71.5% (Index 173). • Primarily single-family homes, in new neighborhoods, 66% built since 2000 (Index 441). • Median home value is $350,000 (Index 169). • Lower housing vacancy rate at 3.7%. • The cost of affordable new housing comes at the expense of one of the longest commutes to work, over 30 minutes average, including a disproportionate number (33.6%) commuting across county lines (Index 141). SOCIOECONOMIC TRAITS • Well educated young professionals, 55% are college graduates (Index 178). • High labor force participation at 71.3% (Index 114); most households have more than two workers (Index 124). • Longer commute times from the suburban growth corridors have created more home workers (Index 156). • Well connected, own the latest devices and understand how to use them efficiently; biggest complaints—too many devices and too many intrusions on personal time. • Financial planning is well under way for these professionals. Note: The Index represents the ratio of the segment rate to the US rate multiplied by 100. Consumer preferences are estimated from data by MRI-Simmons. LifeMode Group: Affluent Estates Boomburbs TAPESTRY TM 1C SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry !" !" !" !" !" !" !" !" !" !" !" !" !" !" !" !" !" !" AGE BY SEX (Esri data) Median Age: 34.0 US: 38.2 Indicates US 85+ 80–84 75–79 70–74 65–69 60–64 55–59 50–54 45–49 40–44 35–39 30–34 25–29 20–24 15–19 10–14 5–9 <5 8% 4% 0 4% 8% RACE AND ETHNICITY (Esri data) The Diversity Index summarizes racial and ethnic diversity. The index shows the likelihood that two persons, chosen at random from the same area, belong to different race or ethnic groups. The index ranges from 0 (no diversity) to 100 (complete diversity). Diversity Index: 63.2 US: 64.0 Hispanic* Multiple Other Asian and Pac. Islander American Indian Black White 0 20% 40% 60% 80% INCOME AND NET WORTH Net worth measures total household assets (homes, vehicles, investments, etc.) less any debts, secured (e.g., mortgages) or unsecured (credit cards). Household income and net worth are estimated by Esri. Median Household Income $113,400 6,100 $5 0 $100K $200K $300K $400K $500K $600K+ Median Net Worth $357,600 $9 3,300 0 $100K $200K $300K $400K $500K $600K+ Male Female US Average. *Hispanic Can Be of Any Race. US Median. AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD BUDGET INDEX The index compares the average amount spent in this market’s household budgets for housing, food, apparel, etc., to the average amount spent by all US households. An index of 100 is average. An index of 120 shows that average spending by consumers in this market is 20 percent above the national average. Consumer expenditures are estimated by Esri. OCCUPATION BY EARNINGS The five occupations with the highest number of workers in the market are displayed by median earnings. Data from the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey. $140,000 $120,000 $100,000 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Median Earnings Housing 161 Food 164 Apparel & Services Transportation Health Care 179 162 157 Entertainment & Recreation Education Pensions & Social Security 169 163 186 Other 172 LifeMode Group: Affluent Estates Boomburbs TAPESTRY TM 1C SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry $80,000 $60,000 $40,000 $20,000 0 100,000 300,000 500,000 Workers (Age 16+) LifeMode Group: Affluent Estates Boomburbs TAPESTRY TM 1C SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry MARKET PROFILE (Consumer preferences are estimated from data by MRI-Simmons.) • Boomburbs residents prefer late model imports, primarily SUVs, and also luxury cars and minivans. • This is one of the top markets for the latest in technology, from smartphones to tablets to Internet connectable televisions. • Style matters in the Boomburbs, from personal appearance to their homes. These consumers are still furnishing their new homes and already remodeling. • Enjoy gardening but more often contract for home services. • Physical fitness is a priority, including club memberships and home equipment. • Leisure includes a range of activities from sports (hiking, bicycling, swimming, golf) to visits to theme parks or water parks. • Residents are generous supporters of charitable organizations. HOUSING Median home value is displayed for markets that are primarily owner occupied; average rent is shown for renter-occupied markets. Tenure and home value are estimated by Esri. Housing type and average rent are from the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey. Typical Housing: Single Family Median Value: $350,000 US Median: $207,300 POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS Total population, average annual population change since Census 2010, and average density (population per square mile) are displayed for the market relative to the size and change among all Tapestry markets. Data estimated by Esri. ESRI INDEXES Esri developed three indexes to display average household wealth, socioeconomic status, and housing affordability for the market relative to US standards. 900,000 Population 6,536,700 3.5% 11,000,000 0 Wealth Index 0 Socioeconomic Status Index 350 350 0 Population Density (Persons per sq. mile) 1000 10 17 25,000 0 Own 84.0% Ownership Rent 16.0% Population Growth (Annual %) 156 167 153 LifeMode Group: Affluent Estates Boomburbs TAPESTRY TM 1C SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry Housing Affordability Index 35 0 SEGMENT DENSITY This map illustrates the density and distribution of the Boomburbs Tapestry Segment by households. High Low Copyright © 2021 Esri. All rights reserved. Esri, the Esri globe logo, The Science of Where, Tapestry, @esri.com, and esri.com are trademarks, service marks, or registered marks of Esri in the United States, the European Community, or certain other jurisdictions. Other companies and products or services mentioned herein may be trademarks, service marks, or registered marks of their respective mark owners. G1804565 ESRI2C6/21dm For more information 1-800-447-9778 info@esri.com esri.com 1C LifeMode Group: Affluent Estates Boomburbs esri.com/tapestry Average Household Size: 2.04 Median Household Income: $40,500 Young and Restless WHO ARE WE? Gen Y comes of age: Well-educated young workers, some of whom are still completing their education, are employed in professional/technical occupations, as well as sales and office/administrative support roles. These residents are not established yet, but striving to get ahead and improve themselves. This market ranks in the top 5 for renters, movers, college enrollment, and labor force participation rate. Almost 1 in 5 residents move each year. More than half of all householders are under the age of 35, the majority living alone or in shared nonfamily dwellings. Median household income is still below the US. Smartphones are a way of life, and they use the Internet extensively. Young and Restless consumers typically live in densely populated neighborhoods in large metropolitan areas; over 50% are located in the South (almost a fifth in Texas), with the rest chiefly in the West and Midwest. TAPESTRY TM SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry OUR NEIGHBORHOOD • One of the youngest markets: More than half the householders under age 35; median age 29.8. • Primarily single-person households (Index 163) with some shared households (Index 201). • Highly mobile market, beginning careers and changing addresses frequently. • One of the top 5 renter markets (Index 233). • Apartment rentals popular: 44% in 5–19 unit buildings (Index 487), 27% in 20+ unit buildings (Index 318). • Majority of housing built in 1970 or later (84%). SOCIOECONOMIC TRAITS • Education completed: More than 2 out of 3 have some college, an associate’s degree, or a bachelor’s degree or higher. Almost 14% are still enrolled in college (Index 175). • Labor force participation rate is exception- ally high at 75.0%. • These careful shoppers are aware of prices, and demonstrate little brand loyalty. • Like to be the first to try new products, but prefer to do research before buying the latest electronics. • Most of their information comes from the Internet and TV, rather than traditional media. • Carry their cell phone everywhere they go. Note: The Index represents the ratio of the segment rate to the US rate multiplied by 100. Consumer preferences are estimated from data by MRI-Simmons. LifeMode Group: Midtown Singles Young and Restless TAPESTRY TM 11B SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry AGE BY SEX (Esri data) Median Age: 29.8 US: 38.2 Indicates US 85+ 80–84 75–79 70–74 65–69 60–64 55–59 50–54 45–49 40–44 35–39 30–34 25–29 20–24 15–19 10–14 5–9 <5 8% 4% 0 4% 8% RACE AND ETHNICITY (Esri data) The Diversity Index summarizes racial and ethnic diversity. The index shows the likelihood that two persons, chosen at random from the same area, belong to different race or ethnic groups. The index ranges from 0 (no diversity) to 100 (complete diversity). Diversity Index: 77.4 US: 64.0 Hispanic* Multiple Other Asian and Pac. Islander American Indian Black White 0 20% 40% 60% 80% INCOME AND NET WORTH Net worth measures total household assets (homes, vehicles, investments, etc.) less any debts, secured (e.g., mortgages) or unsecured (credit cards). Household income and net worth are estimated by Esri. Median Household Income 0 $100K $200K $300K $400K $500K $600K+ Median Net Worth 0 $100K $200K $300K $400K $500K $600K+ Male Female US Average. *Hispanic Can Be of Any Race. US Median. AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD BUDGET INDEX The index compares the average amount spent in this market’s household budgets for housing, food, apparel, etc., to the average amount spent by all US households. An index of 100 is average. An index of 120 shows that average spending by consumers in this market is 20 percent above the national average. Consumer expenditures are estimated by Esri. OCCUPATION BY EARNINGS The five occupations with the highest number of workers in the market are displayed by median earnings. Data from the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey. $60,000 $50,000 $40,000 $30,000 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 $40,500 $56,100 72 75 Apparel & Services 73 Transportation Health Care Entertainment & Recreation Education Pensions & Social Security Other 72 58 65 72 62 63 Median Earnings LifeMode Group: Midtown Singles Young and Restless TAPESTRY TM 11B SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry $20,000 $10,000 0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 Workers (Age 16+) LifeMode Group: Midtown Singles Young and Restless TAPESTRY TM 11B SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry MARKET PROFILE (Consumer preferences are estimated from data by MRI-Simmons.) • No landline telephone for majority of HHs, preferring a cell phone only. • Use their cell phone to text, listen to music, pay bills, redeem coupons, look up directions, and access financial information. • Online activities include banking (with paperless statements), purchasing items on eBay, accessing Twitter and Facebook, and watching movies and TV shows. • Enjoy dancing, playing pool, watching VH1 and Comedy Central programs, and playing basketball and ping pong. • Listen to contemporary hits, jazz, rap, hip hop, and dance music. • Purchase natural/organic food, but frequent fast food restaurants. • Residents like to read magazines, especially digital, covering topics ranging from news, fashion, to music. HOUSING Median home value is displayed for markets that are primarily owner occupied; average rent is shown for renter-occupied markets. Tenure and home value are estimated by Esri. Housing type and average rent are from the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey. Typical Housing: Multi-Unit Rentals Average Rent: $958 US Average: $1,038 POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS Total population, average annual population change since Census 2010, and average density (population per square mile) are displayed for the market relative to the size and change among all Tapestry markets. Data estimated by Esri. ESRI INDEXES Esri developed three indexes to display average household wealth, socioeconomic status, and housing affordability for the market relative to US standards. 900,000 Population 4,408,500 1.3% 11,000,000 0 Wealth Index 0 Socioeconomic Status Index 350 350 0 Population Density (Persons per sq. mile) 1000 3,306 25,000 0 Own 13.1% Ownership Rent 86.9% Population Growth (Annual %) 90 38 LifeMode Group: Midtown Singles Young and Restless TAPESTRY TM 11B SEGMENTATION esri.com/tapestry Housing Affordability Index 35 0 117 SEGMENT DENSITY This map illustrates the density and distribution of the Young and Restless Tapestry Segment by households. High Low Copyright © 2021 Esri. All rights reserved. Esri, the Esri globe logo, The Science of Where, Tapestry, @esri.com, and esri.com are trademarks, service marks, or registered marks of Esri in the United States, the European Community, or certain other jurisdictions. Other companies and products or services mentioned herein may be trademarks, service marks, or registered marks of their respective mark owners. G1804565 ESRI2C6/21dm For more information 1-800-447-9778 info@esri.com esri.com 11B LifeMode Group: Midtown Singles Young and Restless esri.com/tapestry Housing Study & Strategy City of Dublin, OH EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Submitted to: City of Dublin, OH Prepared by URBAN PARTNERS 123 S. Broad Street, Suite 2042 Philadelphia, PA 19109 March 3, 2023 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 2 Table of Contents STUDY BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................... 3 – Study Area ..................................................................................................................... 3 – Methodology ................................................................................................................. 4 DEMOGRAPHIC/EMPLOYMENT TRENDS ............................................................................................. 6 – Population and Household Characteristics ................................................................... 6 – Household Income & Poverty Characteristics .............................................................. 7 – Jobs Located in Dublin .................................................................................................. 9 HOUSING SUPPLY ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................... 10 – Residential Building Permits Issued in Dublin............................................................. 11 – Comparison of Dublin’s Permitting Activity to Franklin County’s .............................. 12 FOR-SALE HOUSING MARKET ANALYSIS ........................................................................................... 13 – Summary of Recently Sold Homes .............................................................................. 13 – Single-Family Detached Homes .................................................................................. 15 o Single-Family Home Sales within the Study Area ................................................. 15 o Single-Family Home Sales within the City of Dublin ............................................. 16 o Newly Constructed Single-Family Home Sales ..................................................... 17 – Condominiums ............................................................................................................ 18 RENTAL HOUSING MARKET ANALYSIS ............................................................................................. 19 PEER COMMUNITIES COMPARISON ................................................................................................. 21 – Housing Value and Affordability ................................................................................. 22 – Jobs and Employment ................................................................................................. 24 POPULATION PROJECTIONS, FUTURE HOUSING NEEDS ........................................................................ 25 – Population Growth Assumptions & Housing Demand ............................................... 25 – Population Growth by Age Group ............................................................................... 26 – Components of Housing Demand ............................................................................... 26 HOUSING STRATEGIES ................................................................................................................. 29 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 3 Study Background The City of Dublin is known as a high-quality, single-family residential suburb in the Columbus Region with primarily large lots and an abundance of parks and open space that includes 1,136 acres of undeveloped parkland, 60 developed parks, and 100 miles of bike paths. Dublin is also known for corporate headquarters, research, and technology companies. More recently, Dublin has integrated a more urban mix of residential development, retail, restaurant, office, and services uses creating a unique “urban core” for the City within the Bridge Street District. With 80 percent of future housing needs projected to be one and two person households with no children, the Bridge Street District is targeted to help fulfill this future need. The Bridge Street District provides one- to three-bedroom homes, including condominium units, that focus on empty nesters and young professionals. Other areas of the city that provide varied housing options including the Historic District that provides two-dwelling housing and live work units that typically appeal to young professionals. Housing more suited for aging residents include residential developments with housing dedicated to dense patio homes that contain less square footage than a typical suburban house and have less maintenance needs of outdoor space. Dublin also has unique residential care communities that provide a range of housing types and associated care options that allow older adults to transition from independent living units to a full care housing facility all within the same community. These housing projects have assisted the City in providing additional housing options for the residents and the City strives to continue this objective through this Housing Study. The primary goal of this study is to further the objectives of several regional housing analyses including Insight 2050 and the Regional Housing Strategy completed by the Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission (MORPC). Housing has also been discussed in more localized studies including the Historic District Task Force recommendations and the Dublin 2035 Framework Plan. Following the completion of the MORPC Regional Housing Strategy, Dublin’s City Council directed staff to conduct their own assessment of housing variety and attainability within the city, as well as define strategies for implementation and metrics to measure success. To guide the City in this effort, the City in retained Urban Partners as a consultant to complete the study. Study Area The Study Area encompasses both the City of Dublin and the Dublin City School District—as well as the Dublin future service and annexation areas. Recognizing that Dublin attracts workers from across Central Ohio, other areas at the periphery of Dublin proper were also included in the Study Area. For purposes of comparing and reporting data, the Study Area boundary also needed to nest Census Tract boundaries which provide the U.S. Census Bureau national decennial census and American Community Survey (ACS) data. Map 1: Dublin Housing Study Area Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 4 Methodology Working closely with the City staff, Urban Partners conducted the analyses for the Housing Study Area (the City of Dublin portion segmented for appropriate/available data points): • Relevant Document Review: This study was informed in part by planning efforts, including: Ohio Housing Needs Assessment (2021), Navigating Today’s Economic Headwinds (2019), Central Ohio BIA Housing Need Assessment (2018), Bridge Street District Market Study (2019), Dublin Senior Housing Study (2016), Dublin Community Plan (2013), and MORPC Regional Housing Study (2020) • Demographic/Employment Trends: Using available data from the U.S. Census Bureau, a review and assessment of demographic and economic trends was completed for Dublin and the Study Area. • Housing Supply: Using available data from the U.S. Census Bureau and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, an examination of the current housing stock and the rates of new residential development was completed. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 5 • Market Analysis: Using a combination of available property/sales records and on-the- ground fieldwork completed by the consultant team, a detailed analysis of the for-sale and rental housing markets were completed for the Study Area. • Peer Communities Comparison: To benchmark the City of Dublin to peer communities located in Central Ohio, as well as other suburban communities in other comparable metropolitan regions, various demographic and housing-related data were examined for 11 cities. • Future Housing Demand: Based on a thorough examination of population trends and forecasts, as well as household composition and characteristics, a detailed forecast of future housing demand was completed for the 2020-2040 period. This analysis includes the required pace of residential development in 5-year increments, further broken down to target households by age cohorts and tenure. To balance the quantitative assessment, community stakeholders were engaged to provide a qualitative testimony and insight into local housing needs and challenges. Urban Partners met with more than 50 individuals. These interviews targeted a wide spectrum of the community as to capture multiple perspectives. The groups included: - Home Buildings and Developers - Real Estate Experts - Employers - School District Officials - Civic and Advocacy Groups - Transportation and Mobility Partners - County and Regional Partners - Elected Officials A detailed summary of stakeholder comments is included in the Full Report. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 6 Demographic/Employment Trends Population and Household Characteristics The 2020 Census reported a total of 136,345 residents for the Study Area, an increase of 27,766 residents, or 25.6% from 2010 (see Figure 1). This rapid growth resulted from robust productions of new residential communities in high growth areas within the Study Area. During the same period, the City of Dublin increased by 7,577 residents, or 18.1%. As shown on Figure 2 below, the area’s household growth trends were similar to the population growth from 2010 to 2020. The Study Area’s households increased by 25.4% from 2010 to 2020—again, likely the result of rapid housing production. The City of Dublin’s households grew by 16.4% during the same decade. The ethnic/racial composition of the Study Area is predominantly White, though similar to the region as a whole, it has grown more diverse since 2010. In the Study Area in 2020, the White population was 69.1%, down from 77.8% in 2010. The second largest group was Asian at 15.8%, followed by the Hispanic population at 5.6% (see Figure 3). Dublin’s ethnic and racial composition, in comparison, is slightly more diverse than the Study Area, with non-Whites accounting for 29.4% and Asians reporting 20.4%. 108,579 41,751 136,345 49,328 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 Study Area City of Dublin Figure 1: Population 2010- 2020 +26% +18% 43,889 14,984 55,027 17,435 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 Study Area City of Dublin Figure 2: Households 2010- 2020 +16% +25% 69% 5% 16% 5%6% Figure 3: Ethnic/Racial Composition Study Area, 2020 White Black Asian Other Races Hispanic (All Races) 2010 2020 2010 2020 2010 2020 2010 2020 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 7 As with the Study Area, the City of Dublin’s largest age cohort is school-aged children— comprising 22.4% of the city’s population. Compared to the Study Area, young adults between 25- and 34-years-of-age are notably underrepresented in Dublin (just 8.3% of the total population compared to 17.5% for the Study Area). The fastest growing age segment is seniors 65 years-of- age and older, which grew from about 8% of the population in 2010 to more than 12% in 2019 (see Figure 4) Figure 4: Comparison of Age Distribution - City of Dublin, Study Area, 2019 Household Income & Poverty Characteristics As shown in Figure 5, Study Area households—with a median household income of $105,347— were wealthier than households in Franklin and Union Counties, according to the 2019 ACS. However, median household income in Dublin City (with the highest among the examined jurisdictions at $137,867) and Delaware County exceeded that of the Study Area. Figure 5: Median Household Income, 2019 6.4% 17.7% 5.5% 17.5% 15.5% 13.8% 11.4% 7.4% 3.3% 1.4% 5.9% 22.4% 4.8% 8.3% 17.7% 15.8% 13.0% 7.5% 3.1% 1.6% 0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% Under 5 5 to 17 18 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 65 to 74 75 to 84 85+ Study Area Dublin City $105,347 Poverty Rate: 5.5% $137,867 Poverty Rate: 2.5% $106,908 Poverty Rate: 4.8% $61,305 Poverty Rate: 15.7% $86,715 Poverty Rate: 5.9% $- $20,000 $40,000 $60,000 $80,000 $100,000 $120,000 $140,000 Study Area Dublin City Delaware County Franklin County Union County Fastest Growing Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 8 Policymakers and advocates consider a household “cost burdened” if more than 30% of their income goes towards housing costs. Being housing cost burdened is an indicator that a household may be unable to afford other critical and non-discretionary costs such as health and childcare, education, food, and transportation. Despite the relatively high household income levels for the Dublin Housing Study Area, significant percentages of households are cost burdened (17.7% of owner-occupant households and 32.0% of renter households). The most cost burdened households in the Study Area are renters with annual household incomes under $35,000 (see Table 1). A total of 4,242 such renter households resided in the Study Area and 4,055 (or 95.6%) were cost burdened. At earnings greater than $35,000 annually, owner-and renter-occupied households have a much more even burden of housing costs as a percentage. Households with annual earnings greater than $75,000 are effectively free of housing cost burdens, particularly among renter-occupants. Table 1: Tenure by Housing Costs as a Percentage of Household Income - Study Area, 2019 Owner Occupants % Renter Occupants % Households earning less than $35,000 2,299 4,242 Less than 30% (not cost burdened) 246 10.7% 187 4.4% 30% or more (cost burdened) 2,053 89.3% 4,055 95.6% Households earning $35,000 to $49,999 1,859 2,717 Less than 30% (not cost burdened) 946 50.9% 1,295 47.7% 30% or more (cost burdened) 913 49.1% 1,422 52.3% Households earning $50,000 to $74,999 4,633 4,352 Less than 30% (not cost burdened) 3,329 71.9% 3,744 86.0% 30% or more (cost burdened) 1,304 28.1% 608 14.0% Households earning $75,000 or more 22,118 7,659 Less than 30% (not cost burdened) 20,908 94.5% 438 97.1% 30% or more (cost burdened) 1,210 5.5% 221 2.9% Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 9 Jobs Located in Dublin According to U.S. Census Bureau’s OnTheMap application, the City of Dublin reported a total of 48,007 jobs, adding 10,108 jobs from 2002 to 2019, a growth of 26.7% (see Figure 6). Apart from 2008 to 2010 when the number of jobs dipped during the Great Recession, Dublin consistently added new workers during the examination period. Figure 6: Jobs Located in City of Dublin, 2002-2019 Largest Industrial Sectors • Health Care and Social Assistance 7,990 (17%) • Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services 7,826 (16%) • Management of Companies and Enterprises 4,447 (9%) • Admin & Support, Waste Mgmt /Remediation 4,030 (8%) • Finance and Insurance 3,467 (7%) Workers “reverse-commuting” from Columbus make up the largest block of the labor force in Dublin (16,434 workers, or 34.2% of the total), followed by residents of Dublin (3,575 workers, 7.4% of all workers in the city). Workers commuting from Hilliard have increased significantly, comprising 3.0% of Dublin’ workforce in 2019 (a total of 1,460 workers. See Table 2). Table 2: Top 10 Commuting Origins for Dublin Workers, 2002-2019 Jobs in 2002 % Jobs in 2019 % % Change 2002-2019 Columbus 10,083 26.6% 16,434 34.2% 63.0% Dublin 1,745 4.6% 3,575 7.4% 104.9% Hilliard 641 1.7% 1,460 3.0% 127.8% Delaware 800 2.1% 855 1.8% 6.9% Marysville 703 1.9% 810 1.7% 15.2% Westerville 551 1.5% 784 1.6% 42.3% Powell 483 1.3% 578 1.2% 19.7% Gahanna 315 0.8% 476 1.0% 51.1% Reynoldsburg 368 1.0% 373 0.8% 1.4% Cincinnati 448 1.2% 321 0.7% -28.3% Toledo 404 1.1% 230 0.5% -43.1% All Other Locations 21,358 56.4% 22,111 46.1% 3.5% 37,89938,93042,07640,86341,19341,98244,97548,00720,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 50,000 2002 2005 2008 2010 2012 2014 2017 2019 7% of workers live i D bli 93% of workers live outside of Dublin Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 10 Housing Supply Analysis From 2010 to 2019, the total number of housing units in the City of Dublin grew by 16.0%, which was a slightly higher growth rate than the Study Area’s increase of 14.9%. Even as the overall supply of housing has been increasing, vacancy rates have been falling. In 2010, the U.S. Census Bureau reported 914 vacant homes in Dublin which represented a vacancy rate of 6.1%. In 2019, there were 642 vacant homes reported for a 3.7% vacancy rate. The Study Area’s vacancy rate also dropped from 7.8% in 2010 to 5.0% in 2019 (see Table 3). Table 3: Total Housing Units and Occupancy Status, 2010-2019 2010 ACS % 2019 ACS % % Change 2010-2019 City of Dublin 15,057 - 17,472 - 16.0% Occupied Units 14,143 93.9% 16,830 96.3% 19.0% Vacant Units 914 6.1% 642 3.7% -29.8% Study Area 46,379 - 53,300 - 14.9% Occupied Units 42,754 92.2% 50,639 95.0% 18.4% Vacant Units 3,625 7.8% 2,661 5.0% -26.6% Table 4 describes changes in tenure, or owner/renter characteristics. In Dublin, the number of renter-occupied units increased by 1,313 units between 2010 and 2019 to comprise 23.9% of the housing stock. This is substantially lower than Study Area’s 40.3% renter rate in 2019— though the growth of renter-occupied units from 2010 to 2019 in the Study Area was slower than the City Dublin’s (24.7% compared to 48.6%, respectively). Table 4: Housing Tenure, 2010-2019 2010 ACS % 2019 ACS % % Change 2010-2019 City of Dublin 14,143 - 16,830 - 19.0% Owner-Occupied Units 11,439 80.9% 12,813 76.1% 12.0% Renter-Occupied Units 2,704 19.1% 4,017 23.9% 48.6% Study Area 41,390 - 48,572 - 17.4% Owner-Occupied Units 25,717 62.1% 29,020 59.7% 12.8% Renter-Occupied Units 15,673 37.9% 19,552 40.3% 24.7% Compared to the Study Area, the City of Dublin reports a smaller proportion of newer housing stock. According to the 2019 ACS, 8.7% of all housing units in the City of Dublin were built after 2010, compared to 10.9% in the Study Area. The percentage of homes built prior to 1970 are similar (6.0% for the City of Dublin and 6.3% for the Study Area. See Table 5 shown on the following page). Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 11 Table 5: Age of Housing Stock, 2019 City of Dublin % Study Area % Built 2014 or later 679 4.0% 3,084 5.8% Built 2010 to 2013 784 4.7% 2,749 5.2% Built 2000 to 2009 3,747 22.3% 8,372 15.7% Built 1990 to 1999 5,153 30.6% 12,637 23.7% Built 1980 to 1989 4,319 25.7% 16,399 30.8% Built 1970 to 1979 1,132 6.7% 6,682 12.5% Built 1960 to 1969 418 2.5% 1,675 3.1% Built 1950 to 1959 367 2.2% 755 1.4% Built 1940 to 1949 45 0.3% 187 0.4% Built 1939 or earlier 186 1.1% 760 1.4% Residential Building Permits Issued in Dublin 1 Shown below in Figure 7 are the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development’s data on the number of authorized residential building permits in the City of Dublin. From 2000 to 2020, Dublin issued a total of 6,013 permits, equivalent to 300 units per year. The pace of permitting prior to the Great Recession (2000 to 2007) was approximately 440 units per year. During the Great Recession and the subsequent years of recovery (2008 to 2010), Dublin authorized as few as 81 building permits (in 2008). Aside from 2016-2017 when large numbers of multi-family units were permitted, Dublin has been permitting approximately 160 units per year since 2011. Figure 7: Building Permits Issued in Dublin (Total Units), 2000-2020 1 Though small portions of the City of Dublin are situated in Delaware and Union Counties, this analysis is limited to the Franklin County portion of the City. 353 396 434 493 505 756 406 185 81 99 94 205 172 170 202 120 630 288 199 117 108 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 12 Comparison of Dublin’s Permitting Activity to Franklin County’s Figure 8 shows Dublin’s share of the building permits issued in Franklin County. In 2020, building permits issued in Dublin represented just 1% of all residential permits issued in the county—which is significantly lower than the 5% average for 2000 to 2020. The two high points in 2005 (10%) and in 2016 (11%) mirror the issuance of large numbers of multi-family permits. Figure 8: Dublin’s Share of All Building Permits in Franklin County, 2000-2020 Figure 9 shows Dublin’s share of the single-family building permits issued in Franklin County. In 2020, single-family building permits issued in Dublin (a total of 108) represented 6% of all single- family permits issued in the county—slightly less than the 8% average for the analysis period. The high point was in 2017 when the 258 units issued in Dublin represented 15% of the county’s total. Figure 9: Dublin’s Share of Single-Family Building Permits in Franklin County, 2000-2020 10%11% 1% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 15% 6% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18% 20% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 13 For-Sale Housing Market Analysis Summary of Recently Sold Homes As evidenced by close to 8,000 home sales examined during the 5-year study period (January 2017 to December 2021), the Study Area’s homeownership market is very active. The median sale price during the 5-year study period was $320,000, or $154.02 per square foot, “SF” henceforth). Single- family detached is the dominant home type in the Study Area, representing 71.5% of the sales with a median sale of $378,500, or $159.14 per SF. The sale of 1,953 condominium units represented a quarter of all sales in the Study Area (with a median sale price of $174,000, or $141.34 per SF), while 288 homes categorized as duplex or triplex were sold for a median price of $190,000 or $121.53 per SF. Lastly, townhouse or rowhouse sales comprised less than 1% of all home sales in the Study Area, selling for a median sale price of $138,000, or $122.64 per SF (see Table 6). Table 6: Breakdown of Home Sales in Study Area (2017 to 2021) No. of Transactions % of Transactions Median Sales Price Median Square Footage Median Price Per SF Single-Family Detached 5,650 71.5% $378,500 2,335 $159.14 Condominiums 1,953 24.7% $174,000 1,232 $141.34 Duplex/Triplex 228 2.9% $190,000 1,470 $121.53 Townhouse/Rowhouse 71 0.9% $138,000 1,200 $122.64 Total 7,902 100.0% $320,000 2,021 $154.02 Home prices in the Study Area has been steadily increasing in the last five years, with a one-year exception from 2018 to 2019. In 2017, the median sale price was $286,000, or $138.30 per SF. Increasing at an annualized rate of 5.2%, the median sale price reported in 2021 was $350,000 or $182.13 per SF (See Figure 10). Figure 10: Median Sale Price by Year Home Sold (2017-2021) $286,000 $322,500 $305,900 $328,000 $350,000 $200,000 $220,000 $240,000 $260,000 $280,000 $300,000 $320,000 $340,000 $360,000 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 14 Table 7 illustrates the pricing variance between the City of Dublin and the portions of the Study Area located outside of Dublin. During the 5-year study period, homes within Dublin commanded prices that were 65.0% higher than Study Area homes outside the City (with a median sale price of $428,000 compared to $259,350). Upon closer examination, the sale price per SF in Dublin was just 9.0% higher ($161.59/SF compared to $148.22/SF) but the size of the homes was much more of a factor in the overall sale prices. The median home size for Dublin homes were 58.1% larger (2,610 SF compared to 1,651 SF). Table 7: Comparison of Home Sale Prices in Study Area, City of Dublin (2017 to 2021) No. of Transactions % of Transactions Median Sales Price Median Square Footage Median Price Per SF City of Dublin Single-Family Detached 2,415 78.3% $459,900 2,833 $164.43 Condominiums 596 19.3% $235,000 1,513 $152.38 Duplex/Triplex 69 2.2% $182,200 1,630 $122.70 Townhouse/Rowhouse 5 0.2% $280,000 1,649 $160.64 Total 3,085 100.0% $428,000 2,610 $161.59 Study Area (Outside the City of Dublin) Single-Family Detached 3,235 67.2% $294,600 1,918 $154.23 Condominiums 1,357 28.2% $162,000 1,152 $136.82 Duplex/Triplex 159 3.3% $190,000 1,376 $120.86 Townhouse/Rowhouse 66 1.4% $134,500 1,200 $117.68 Total 4,817 100.0% $259,350 1,651 $148.22 In Figure 11, the Study Area’s median home prices per year are disaggregated to compare Dublin to the portions of the Study Area located outside of the city. From 2017 to 2021, the median sale price rose by 31.6% in the City of Dublin and 27.2% in the Study Area outside of Dublin. In 2021, the median sale price of homes sold in Dublin was $500,000. Figure 11: Median Sale Price by Year Home Sold in Study Area, City of Dublin (2017-2021) Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 15 Single-Family Detached Homes Single-Family Home Sales within the Study Area Table 8 summarizes the sales transactions for single-family detached homes by the year homes were built. The median sale price per SF was strong for single-family homes of all ages, but the data shows that the size of the homes progressively became larger over the years, which is resulting in escalating home prices. The median interior living space for homes built before 1970 was 1,855 SF. At $175.37 per SF, these oldest homes commanded a median sale price of $335,000 in the 5- year study period. For homes that were built after 2010, the median interior living space was 3,478 SF—escalating the median sale price to $568,100, though the $163.66 per SF figure is 7% lowest than the oldest homes (see Figure 12). Table 8: Single Family Sales by Age of Home, Study Area (2017-2021) No. of Transaction s Median Sales Price Price Range Median Square Footage Median Price Per SF Home Built Before 1970 246 $335,000 $95,000 to $3,450,000 1,855 $175.37 Home Built 1970-1979 665 $282,000 $110,000 to $1,690,000 1,912 $148.36 Home Built 1980-1989 2,240 $293,000 $49,400 to $3,000,000 1,901 $157.09 Home Built 1990-1999 1,038 $423,000 $95,300 to $3,750,000 2,661 $161.21 Home Built 2000-2009 612 $540,000 $90,000 to $2,600,000 3,355 $160.83 Home Built After 2010 530 $567,900 $71,700 to $1,834,000 3,480 $163.52 No Home Age Information 319 $516,000 $43,000 to $2,400,000 3,154 $171.46 Total 5,650 $378,500 $43,000 to $3,750,000 2,335 $159.14 Figure 12: Median Sale Price/Size of Single-Family Detached Homes by Age of Homes, Study Area $259,450 $286,000 $289,000 $291,300 $330,000 $380,000 $410,000 $420,000 $439,950 $500,000 $0 $100,000 $200,000 $300,000 $400,000 $500,000 $600,000 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Study Area (Outside Dublin)City of Dublin SF Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 16 Single-Family Home Sales within the City of Dublin Table 9 summarizes the sales transactions within the City of Dublin for single-family detached homes by the year homes were built. Consistent with trends for the Study Area as a whole, the increasing size of the homes is a major factoring in escalating home sale prices. Homes built after 2010 are 47.0% larger than homes built in the 1970s (3,688 SF compared to 2,509 SF. See Figure 13). Table 9: Single Family Sales by Age of Home, City of Dublin (2017-2021) No. of Transaction s Median Sales Price Price Range Median Square Footage Median Price Per SF Home Built Before 1970 116 $390,000 $155,000 to $900,000 1,885 $194.65 Home Built 1970-1979 128 $415,000 $145,000 to $1,690,000 2,509 $175.20 Home Built 1980-1989 837 $405,000 $49,400to $3,000,000 2,598 $159.23 Home Built 1990-1999 694 $443,250 $107,400 to $3,750,000 2,822 $161.96 Home Built 2000-2009 435 $550,000 $90,000 to $2,600,000 3,253 $165.56 Home Built After 2010 193 $649,200 $77,100 to $1,834,000 3,688 $177.89 No Home Age Information 12 $747,975 $43,000 to $1,000,000 3,421 $183.91 Total 2,415 $459,900 $43,000 to $3,750,000 2,833 $164.43 Figure 13: Median Sale Price/Size of Single-Family Detached Homes by Age of Homes, Dublin $335,000 $282,000 $293,000 $423,000 $540,000 $568,100 1,855 1,912 1,901 2,661 3,355 3,478 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 $0 $100,000 $200,000 $300,000 $400,000 $500,000 $600,000 Home Built Before 1970 Home Built 1970-1979 Home Built 1980-1989 Home Built 1990-1999 Home Built 2000-2009 Home Built After 2010 Median Sale Price Median Home Size Price Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 17 Newly Constructed Single-Family Home Sales Figure 14 shows the size of newly built single-family homes (constructed in 2010 or later) in the Study Area. Four out of five homes built in this period were designed with interior living space of 2,700 SF or larger, with 239 (or 45.1%) homes with more than 3,600 SF. Figure 14: Size of Single-Family Homes Built 2010 or Later, Study Area Small (< 2,000 SF) Medium (2,000 – 2,699 SF) Large (2,700 – 3,599 SF) Very Large (> 3,600 SF) 42 sales 7.9% Median Price: $359,100 Median Price/SF: $200 60 sales 11.3% Median Price: $472,500 Median Price/SF: $207 189 sales 35.7% Median Price: $500,900 Median Price/SF: $162 239 sales 45.1% Median Price: $659,500 Median Price/SF: $159 $390,000 $415,000 $405,000 $443,250 $550,000 $649,200 1,885 2,509 2,598 2,822 3,253 3,688 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 $0 $100,000 $200,000 $300,000 $400,000 $500,000 $600,000 $700,000 Home Built Before 1970 Home Built 1970-1979 Home Built 1980-1989 Home Built 1990-1999 Home Built 2000-2009 Home Built After 2010 Median Sale Price Median Home Size Price SF Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 18 Condominiums Condominium sales represented 24.7% of the total number of residential transactions in the Study Area during the aforementioned 5-year period. Overall, the 1,953 condo units were sold for a median sale price of $174,000, or $141.34 per SF. There were 115 units sold by production builders at a median sale price of $480,900, or $208.50 per SF; while sales between owner-occupants were sold for a median sale price of $170,000, or $139.07 per SF (see Table 10). Table 10: Condominium Sales by Seller Type, Study Area (2017 to 2021) No. of Transaction s Median Sales Price Price Range Median SF Median Price Per SF Production Builder 115 $480,900 $301,700 to $1,690,200 2,390 $208.50 Small-Scale Builder/Investor 127 $156,000 $45,000 to $1,500,000 1,152 $129.78 Owner-Occupant 1,707 $170,000 $35,000 to $1,842,000 1,206 $139.07 Other 4 $150,078 $99,800 to $205,000 1,437 $103.70 Total 1,953 $174,000 $35,000 to $1,842,000 1,232 $141.34 The majority of the condominiums sold in the Study Area in the last five years were built in the 1980 and 1990s (a total of 1,358 units, or 69.5% of all condo sales) and command median sale prices of $158,000 and $165,700, respectively. Newly built condominiums (constructed in 2010 or later) are commanding strong prices—with median sale price of $432,150, or $192.54 per SF. The highest sale price of $1,842,000 was recorded for a three-bed/3.5 bath, 2-story penthouse at the Bridge Park West Condominiums in January 2021. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 19 Rental Housing Market Analysis This analysis involves the examination of 17,544 units offered in 72 market-rate, multi-family rental complexes located in the Study Area. As illustrated in Figure 15 below, most of the complexes in the Study Area are located to the south and east of the City of Dublin, with Dublin’s share of the supply as of this report at 21% (total of 3,592 units in 13 communities). Figure 15: Locations of Multi-Family Rental Complexes in the Study Area The following is a list of the 13 multi-family rental communities located in the City of Dublin: • Bridge Park 720 units (2017) • Asherton at Dublin 514 units (1987) • Tuller Flats 420 units (2017) • Britton Woods 352 units (1992) • Sycamore Ridge 270 units (1996) • The Crossings at Avery 223 units (2001) • Gage Crossing 196 units (2018) • Perimeter Lakes 189 units (1992) • The Residences at Scioto Crossing 174 units (2006) • Garden Farms 168 units (2005) • Hawthorne Commons 86 units (2017) • Turkey Run Village 80 units (1980) Multi-Family Rental Communities Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 20 • Tuttle Parke 200 units (1997) More than 34% of the multi-family rental complexes in the Study Area were built after 2010 (see Figure 16). The complex with the newest apartments as of this report is Bridge Park, the multi- phase, multi-building modern development along the Scioto River. While some buildings in Bridge Park began opening in 2017, others have opened more recently, including the 81-unit Waddell in 2020. Future phases of Bridge Park are still in the pipeline, including The Bailey—a proposed 88-unit senior independent living building slated to open in the fall of 2023. The Study Area appears to have an extremely competitive multi-family rental housing. At the time of this research (February 2022), a total of 213 units were available to rent out of 17,544 total units in the 72 Study Area multi-family rental communities, representing an overall vacancy rate of 1.2%. In terms of unit type available, there were 7 studio units, 72 one- bedroom units, 125 two-bedroom units, and 9 three-bedroom units. Figure 16: Age of Multi-Family Rentals, Study Area Rents at multi-family apartment complexes in the Study Area cover a variety of price-points— ranging from $0.64 to $2.50 SF (see Figure 17). The upper end of this scale can be found at Bridge Park, which offer high-end amenities such as a pool, bike storage, 24-hour maintenance, outdoor fireplace & grill stations, and immediate proximity to the commercial and recreational assets of the surrounding district. In most instances, rents per square foot remain largely consistent or even increase for the older buildings. This indicates that the newer units tend to be larger than the older ones but at the same time, older complexes are remaining comparable to, and competitive with, the newest complexes in terms of quality. Figure 17: Study Area Rental Price per SF Units 1970s 2%Units 1980s 32% Units 1990s 18% Units 2000s 14% Units 2010s 34% Units 2020s 0% 17,544 Rental Units in Study Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 21 Peer Communities Comparison To benchmark the City of Dublin to peer communities located in Central Ohio, as well as other suburban communities in other comparable metropolitan regions, various demographic and housing-related data were examined for the following 11 cities: Figure 18: Total Population, City of Dublin and Comparison Communities, 2020 Figure 19 illustrates the median household income for the comparison cities. Dublin ranks third on the list with $137,867, trailing only New Albany ($203,409) and Powell ($157,149). Figure 19: Median Household Income, 2019 New Albany, OH 10,825 Powell, … Worthington, OH 14,786 Marysville, OH 25,571 Mason, OH 34,792 Upper Arlington, OH 36,800 Hilliard, OH 37,114 Westerville, OH 39,190 Delaware, OH 41,302 Dublin, OH 49,328 Franklin, TN 83,454 Carmel, IN 99,757 - 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 $69,087 $75,116 $93,717 $96,959 $98,231 $100,594 $104,362 $112,765 $123,548 $137,867 $157,149 $203,409 $0 $50,000 $100,000 $150,000 $200,000 $250,000 Delaware, OH Marysville, OH Westerville, OH Hilliard, OH Franklin, TN Mason, OH Worthington, OH Carmel, IN Upper Arlington, OH Dublin, OH Powell, OH New Albany, OH Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 22 Housing Value and Affordability Dublin is a relatively expensive community in terms of the value of owner-occupied homes, with a median value of $377,500. Four communities report higher median values of owner-occupied homes: New Albany ($515,100), Franklin, TN ($438,800), Upper Arlington ($429,100), and Powell ($386,200, see Figure 20). For median gross rent, Dublin ranks fourth with $1,379 per month. New Albany has the highest median gross rent of $1,904 per month, followed by Powell ($1,677) and Franklin, TN ($1,481, see Figure 21). Figure 20: Median Value of Owner-Occupied Home, 2019 Figure 21: Median Gross Rent, 2019 Dublin reports one of the lowest percentages of low-income households at 10.5%, trailing only Powell (8.7%) and New Albany (10.2%).2 Communities with the highest percentage of low- income households are Marysville (39.7%) and Delaware (34.8, see Figure 22 on the following page) 2 The definition of “low-income” refers to households that earn less than 80% of the Area Median Income. For the Columbus Region in 2018, a household of four earning less than $61,100 is considered below 80% of the Area Median Income and thus “low-income.” Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 23 Figure 22: Percentage of Low-Income Households, 2018 Figure 23 illustrates the percentage of households with housing cost burden—defined as housing expenditures exceeding 30% of the total household income. 15.6% of Dublin households are cost burdened, which is the second lowest among the comparison communities behind Powell at 13.9%. Communities with the highest housing cost burden are Delaware (25.0%) and Marysville (24.6%)—two cities with the highest percentage of low-income households, as indicated in Figure 22. Figure 23: Percentage of Households with Housing Cost Burden, 2018 8.7% 10.2% 10.5% 14.9% 15.6% 20.2% 21.3% 22.5% 22.9% 24.4% 34.8% 39.7% 0.0%5.0%10.0%15.0%20.0%25.0%30.0%35.0%40.0%45.0% Powell, OH New Albany, OH Dublin, OH Upper Arlington, OH Carmel, IN Mason, OH Worthington, OH Franklin, TN Hilliard, OH Westerville, OH Delaware, OH Marysville, OH 13.9% 15.6% 16.1% 16.4% 18.3% 19.2% 20.1% 21.8% 22.1% 23.1% 24.6% 25.0% 0.0%5.0%10.0%15.0%20.0%25.0%30.0% Powell, OH Dublin, OH Carmel, IN New Albany, OH Mason, OH Upper Arlington, OH Worthington, OH Westerville, OH Hilliard, OH Franklin, TN Marysville, OH Delaware, OH Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 24 Jobs and Employment Figure 24 shows the number of jobs located in each of the comparison cities. With 48,007 jobs reported in 2019, Dublin ranks third among the peer communities, trailing only Franklin, TN (81,166 jobs) and Carmel, IN (73,607). Figure 24: Jobs Located in the City, 2019 Figure 25 illustrates the percentage of workers who also reside in the same city. In 2019, 7.4% of the workforce in Dublin were residents. Carmel, IN, and Franklin, TN—the two communities with larger workforces than Dublin—reported much higher percentage of workers living and residing in their cities, with 14.6% for Carmel, IN, and 13.6% for Franklin, TN. Figure 25: Percentage of Total Workforce Who Are Residents, 2019 2,990 11,490 15,948 16,174 18,453 18,835 19,558 22,410 37,582 48,007 73,607 81,166 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 Powell, OH Upper Arlington, OH Delaware, OH Marysville, OH Worthington, OH New Albany, OH Hilliard, OH Mason, OH Westerville, OH Dublin, OH Carmel, IN Franklin, TN 2.5% 3.1% 6.1% 6.4% 7.4% 7.6% 8.4% 10.8% 13.6% 14.6% 14.7% 21.6% 0.0%5.0%10.0%15.0%20.0%25.0% New Albany, OH Worthington, OH Powell, OH Westerville, OH Dublin, OH Hilliard, OH Mason, OH Upper Arlington, OH Franklin, TN Carmel, IN Marysville, OH Delaware, OH Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 25 Population Projections, Future Housing Needs Population Growth Assumptions & Housing Demand The Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission (MORPC) has developed population forecasts through 2050 for the region. The population forecasts were prepared for small geographic areas that can be aggregated to approximate the current boundaries of the City of Dublin (with some minor adjustments) and of the larger Study Area used for this report. These forecasts project that the population located within the current boundaries of the City of Dublin will grow by more than 11,000 persons to 60,500 by 2040. Similarly, the population of the larger Study Area is projected to grow by over 31,000 to 167,500 by 2040 (see Table 11). Table 11: Population Growth Forecasts, Dublin & Study Area, 2020-2040 City of Dublin (Current Boundary) Study Area 2010 Census Population 41,751 108,579 2020 Census Population 49,328 136,345 2025 Population Forecast 51,700 143,800 2030 Population Forecast 54,300 151,300 2035 Population Forecast 57,300 159,200 2040 Population Forecast 60,500 167,500 The projected number of Dublin households in 2030 will have grown to nearly 20,000 and by 2040 to 22,320, according to MORPC. This reflects a modest decline in average household size. Reported housing vacancy in Dublin in 2020 is a very low at 1.1%. For this analysis, we assume vacancy will increase slowly through 2040 to a still modest 3.4%. With those factors, we estimate that Dublin will need 1,200 additional housing units in the 2020 to 2025 period; 1,040 more between 2025 and 2030; then another 2,610 in the 2030s decade. Total additional housing units required in Dublin in the twenty-year period from 2020 to 2040 will be 4,850 (and a total of 13,870 units required for the Study Area as a whole. See Table 12). Table 12: Estimated Population in Households, Total Housing Need, 2020-2040 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 City of Dublin Population in Households 48,591 50,850 53,350 56,250 59,350 Estimated Households 18,064 18,970 19,930 21,040 22,320 Average Household Size 2.69 2.68 2.68 2.67 2.66 Estimate Housing Units 18,261 Vacancy 1.1% 2.5% 2.8% 3.1% 3.4% Housing Units Required 19,460 20,500 21,710 23,110 New Units Required: 2020-25 1,200 New Units Required: 2025-30 1,040 New Units Required: 2030-35 1,210 New Units Required: 2035-40 1,400 Total Units Required 2020-40 4,850 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 26 Study Area Population in Households 135,245 142,550 149,900 157,650 165,800 Estimated Households 55,247 58,900 62,450 65,700 69,100 Average Household Size 2.45 2.42 2.40 2.40 2.40 Estimate Housing Units 58,487 Vacancy 5.5% 5.3% 5.0% 4.8% 4.5% Housing Units Required 62,200 65,740 69,010 72,360 New Units Required: 2020-25 3,713 New Units Required: 2025-30 3,540 New Units Required: 2030-35 3,270 New Units Required: 2035-40 3,350 Total Units Required 2020-40 13,870 Population Growth by Age Group The manner in which the Study Area’s population age composition will evolve in the coming two decades will inform necessary components of the 13,870 total housing demand. The MORPC forecasts provide detail on growth in three broad population groups living in households: children under 18; adults 18 to 64, and seniors age 65+ (see Table 13). Table 13: Dublin Area Population in Households Forecast by Age 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 City of Dublin Under 18 Years 14,790 15,120 15,880 16,760 17,550 18 to 64 Years 29,670 29,970 30,950 32,580 34,860 65+ Years 5,030 5,760 6,520 6,910 6,940 Study Area Under 18 Years 33,980 35,600 37,820 40,240 42,380 18 to 64 Years 87,620 89,930 92,680 96,890 102,770 65+ Years 14,650 17,020 19,400 20,520 20,650 While growth is anticipated in all age groups, the most dramatic changes—following national trends—are in the age 65+ population, with a 41% increase in the Study Area and 38% increase in Dublin. This is in addition to the anticipated increase in seniors residing in group facilities (nursing home; assisted living facilities). Components of Housing Demand To utilize those age-specific forecasts, Urban Partners analyzed the 2019 ACS data for the Study Area to understand the demand for housing by age of householder and tenure. Factoring in various household trends and forecasts, we anticipate a net growth of 3,260 homeowners and 1,000 renters within the current boundaries of the City of Dublin (and 8,410 additional homeowners and 5,280 new renter households for the Study Area as a whole). Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 27 Finally, on Table 14 shown on the following page, we disaggregate this information by age of householder and tenure to identify how the increments of household demand will likely appear in the Dublin area in each five-year period and how this will impact housing construction requirements through 2040. Translating housing demand to housing construction requirements necessitates consideration of several factors: 1. Quality senior owner-occupied housing must meet several needs of those households including providing first floor owner’s suites, floor plans that can adapt to potential physical constraints on the owners’ mobility, low maintenance requirements, and outdoor and community amenities. Increasingly, these needs are being most effectively met by age-restricted and age-targeted developments. 2. As a result, quality previously owned housing is being made available by these senior homeowners to younger households, reducing the needs for new construction product to be directed at these younger households. 3. In each five-year increment over the forecast period, a segment of younger households headed by persons ages 60 to 64 will “graduate” to senior status. Many of those households (probably most) will remain in their current residences which will therefore by definition meet some of this growth in demand for senior housing. Considering all these factors, on Table 14, we note the need demand for construction of 14,350 new housing units. Of those, 4,850 units is the projected number of units that Dublin can consider to address growth demands needs required within the current boundaries of Dublin. These are land use considerations that each community will need to consider in their future land use patterns for their community. This demand is strongest in the 2020s, with 4,590 new units projected needed by 2025 and another 3,220 units in the 2025 to 2030 period. Another 6,540 units are projected needed during the 2030s. Demand for new housing construction in the City of Dublin over this 20-year period is diverse with needs for 840 new senior-oriented homeownership units, 2,850 other homeownership units, and 1,160 rental units—305 of them oriented to or meeting the needs of senior households. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 28 Table 14: Demand for Newly Constructed Housing (2020-2040) 2020- 2025 2025- 2030 2030- 2035 2035- 2040 Total City of Dublin Owner-Occupied Housing - Aggregate Increment of Demand 710 730 850 970 3,260 - Increment of Demand for Senior Housing Construction 410 350 200 30 990 - Net Impact of 60-64 Year-Old Homeowners Aging in Place 180 80 260 - Increment of Demand for Other Homeownership Construction 300 380 650 940 2,270 New Supply Required for Senior Homeownership 300 290 220 30 840 New Supply Required for Other Homeownership 630 490 710 1,020 2,850 Rental Housing - Aggregate Increment of Demand 200 230 260 310 1,000 - Increment of Demand for Senior Rental Construction 100 100 50 10 260 - Increment of Demand for Other Rental Construction 100 130 210 300 740 New Supply Required for Senior Rentals 135 110 50 10 305 New Supply Required for Other Rentals 135 150 230 340 855 Net New Supply Required in City of Dublin 1,200 1,040 1,210 1,400 4,850 Study Area Owner-Occupied Housing - Aggregate Increment of Demand 2,760 1,990 1,810 1,860 8,420 - Increment of Demand for Senior Housing Construction 1,330 1,140 530 70 3,070 - Net Impact of 60-64 Year-Old Homeowners Aging in Place 552 248 800 - Increment of Demand for Other Homeownership Construction 1,430 850 1,280 1,790 5,350 New Supply Required for Senior Homeownership 810 930 550 70 2,360 New Supply Required for Other Homeownership 2,060 1,140 1,330 1,860 6,390 Rental Housing - Aggregate Increment of Demand 1,620 1,080 1,200 1,380 5,280 - Increment of Demand for Senior Rental Construction 530 450 220 20 1,220 - Increment of Demand for Other Rental Construction 1,090 630 980 1,359 4,060 New Supply Required for Senior Rentals 560 480 230 20 1,290 New Supply Required for Other Rentals 1,160 670 1,040 1,440 4,310 Net New Supply Required in Study Area 4,590 3,220 3,150 3,390 14,350 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 29 Housing Strategies The following details the four action strategy themes that emerged from the quantitative analysis, as well as input and guidance from Dublin city staff, members of the Dublin City Council, and key stakeholders. For each theme, key takeaways are summarized along with a toolbox of potential action strategies that can be utilized as a guide for further community conversations, particularly as Dublin embarks on a process to complete a Community Plan. Theme 1: Enhancing the sense of community. A sense of place is essential based on the comments of the stakeholder interviews conducted as part of the Dublin Area Housing Study. This highlights efforts for mixed-use, walkable communities that provide public space for social gathering and open space that enhance quality of life. These efforts are based on consistent high-quality development that is indicative of the City of Dublin and creates “nodes” of activity throughout the community. The following key takeaways and toolbox for potential strategies have been compiled to promote these objectives. Key Takeaways: Dublin is a community of choice for families searching for high-quality housing in Central Ohio. Strict residential design standards have helped maintain the city’s aesthetic character, but they also contribute to higher home prices. From 2019 to 2020, Dublin added over 3,000 residents aged 25 to 34, and over 65. A growth of 44%. These population segments forecasted to grow the fastest have strong preferences for walkable, mixed-use neighborhoods. Toolbox of Potential Strategies: 1.1 Promote walkability throughout the city. Make stronger pedestrian connections from housing to shops, recreation amenities, public facilities, and healthcare providers through multi- modal trails and complete streets. 1.2 Encourage context-sensitive, mixed-use development (commercial and residential) that includes varied housing typologies. 1.3 Ensure that the City’s standards encourage features that promote interaction while maintaining high- quality design standards. 1.4 Focus future growth in intentional nodes of activity throughout the City. 1.5 Encourage sustainable building and energy conservation practices for all types of residential development. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 30 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 31 Theme 2: Ensuring economic competitiveness. The City of Dublin is a community that significantly promotes a balance of land use that strongly focuses on employment opportunities in the region. Continuing to promote these work force opportunities is essential to the fiscal health of our community. To continue to support these efforts, it is recommended that the City support transportation efforts that aid workers in commuting to the City of Dublin. The following key takeaways and toolbox for potential strategies have been compiled to promote these objectives. Key Takeaways: There is not enough housing in Dublin for young people starting their careers and families with modest incomes. Dublin has maintained its status as a key employment node in the region, employing 50,000 workers within the city limits. Though generally known as a hub for corporate and professional services jobs, Dublin has a sizable number of service- sector jobs with more than 10,000 employed in the following three sectors: Administrative & Support, Waste Management & Remediation; Accommodation & Food Service; and Retail Trade. At today’s mortgage interest rates, a 4- person middle income family can afford a maximum of $299,000 for a new home, while the median sale price for a home located in Dublin in 2021 was $500,000. Moderate-income housing options specifically for families are in short supply in the Dublin area, which impacts business recruitment and retention efforts. There is a need for housing in Dublin for young professionals starting their careers and families with modest incomes. Toolbox of Potential Strategies: 2.1 Regularly participate in discussions with employers, city staff, and housing professionals to understand housing needs to support our major employers. 2.2 Work with developers to encourage building a variety of housing types close to transportation and employment centers. 2.3 Preserve existing income-restricted rental housing stock within the Dublin Area. 2.4 Continue working with transit partners and employers to provide first- and last- mile connections for commuters. 2.5 Provide resources to the public about programs/ incentives to assist first-time homebuyers with down payment assistance, low-interest loans, and other financial assistance. 2.6 Promote the Dublin Connector and other potential first- and last-mile solutions for workforce mobility needs. 2.7 Continuously monitor and evaluate the mobility needs of the business and workforce community. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 32 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 33 Theme 3: Planning for future growth. Similar to national trends, the City of Dublin is projected to grow by approximately 11,000 persons by 2040. Thoughtful consideration of how the City will address this growth while maintaining the sense of place that Dublin has created will be needed. Ensuring a healthy balance of land uses including the City’s long-standing land use policy to target 60 percent residential development and 40 percent non-resident development will be a key component of this consideration. Innovative ways of addressing growth is proposed including considering infill development that benefits from existing infrastructure, as well as other zoning regulations that can assist in efforts for gentle density. The following key takeaways and toolbox for potential strategies have been compiled to address these objectives. Key Takeaways: Dublin is forecasted to grow by more than 11,000 persons to 60,500 by 2040. Dublin will need to build 4,850 housing units to keep pace with forecasted growth (185 for-sale homes and 56 rental units annually from 2020-2040). Communities walkable to shops, restaurants, and outdoor recreation amenities are highly desirable in Dublin. Bridge Park is a demonstrated success. Despite development impact analyses— and anecdotal evidence from the Bridge Park project—showing that apartments minimally impact schools, segments of the community fear that denser growth will compromise school quality. Most of Dublin’s developable land areas have been built out, leaving 1,090 acres of greenfield area available for residential development. Toolbox of Potential Strategies: 3.1 Educate the public on the benefits of adding “gentle” housing density into residential areas (e.g., duplexes, triplexes, townhouses, small-scaled condominiums). 3.2 Identify opportunities where infill development or redevelopment of underutilized office/commercial areas would benefit from residential development. 3.3 Examine and modify current zoning to identify areas where denser residential development is appropriate. 3.4 Work with regional partners to understand the availability of incentives or financing assistance for smaller-scale or infill housing products (MORPC). 3.5 Collaborate with adjacent municipalities (particularly jurisdictions that overlap with Dublin Schools) to ensure sustainable future growth. 3.6 Addressing how growth occurs is equally important as where growth occurs. Ensuring that residential land uses are sensitively placed in areas that do not compete with economically feasible corridors (including interstates), environmentally sensitive area or other similar considerations should be evaluated as part of future land use recommendations. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 34 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 35 Theme 4: Expanding housing options for seniors. Demographic projections indicate that the highest segment of growth will be seniors 65+ in age. Considering housing needs and programs that support independent living is important for this initiative. There is also educational programs that assist families that are supporting aging family members, including mobility programs and financial assistance needed for necessary modifications to remain independent. The following key takeaways and toolbox of potential strategies have been compiled to address these objectives. Key Takeaways: Consistent with national demographic trends, Dublin is experiencing growth in both the size and the proportion of seniors. Dublin’s senior households will grow by 38% by 2040 (total of 6,940 households 65+). There is strong and growing demand for lower-maintenance housing in walkable, amenity-rich neighborhoods with design features suitable for seniors. Bridge Park is a demonstrated success. Housing suitable for seniors to downsize is limited in Dublin. Where they do exist, the new smaller, low-maintenance homes are very expensive. Seniors remaining in their homes longer interrupts the next generation of growing families from relocating to the next level of housing needs. Toolbox of Potential Strategies: 4.1 Increase the supply of new, lower- maintenance housing in walkable, amenity-rich neighborhoods with design features that are suitable for senior living. 4.2 Investigate opportunities for accessory dwelling units (ADUs) as a housing option for seniors. 4.3 Incorporate recommendations for innovative site design recommended in the Neighborhood Design Standards, as well as work with developers to integrate sensitive design for senior housing projects highlighting walkability, social interaction, and necessary structural accommodations. 4.4 Work with Forever Dublin and regional partners to identify senior home modification programs that offer grants, low-interest loans, and/or volunteer labor for a variety of items to help mobility-challenged seniors live safely in their current home. 4.5 Work with housing providers to build new homes for seniors with fixed incomes and retain the supply of such units. Prioritize areas serviced by public transit, social services, and medical facilities. 4.6 Promote the Senior Circulator service for older adults and individuals with disabilities. 4.7 Continuously monitor and evaluate the mobility needs of older adults and individuals with disabilities. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 36 Housing Study & Strategy City of Dublin, OH EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Submitted to: City of Dublin, OH Prepared by URBAN PARTNERS 123 S. Broad Street, Suite 2042 Philadelphia, PA 19109 March 3, 2023 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 2 Table of Contents STUDY BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................... 3 – Study Area ..................................................................................................................... 3 – Methodology ................................................................................................................. 4 DEMOGRAPHIC/EMPLOYMENT TRENDS ............................................................................................. 6 – Population and Household Characteristics ................................................................... 6 – Household Income & Poverty Characteristics .............................................................. 7 – Jobs Located in Dublin .................................................................................................. 9 HOUSING SUPPLY ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................... 10 – Residential Building Permits Issued in Dublin............................................................. 11 – Comparison of Dublin’s Permitting Activity to Franklin County’s .............................. 12 FOR-SALE HOUSING MARKET ANALYSIS ........................................................................................... 13 – Summary of Recently Sold Homes .............................................................................. 13 – Single-Family Detached Homes .................................................................................. 15 o Single-Family Home Sales within the Study Area ................................................. 15 o Single-Family Home Sales within the City of Dublin ............................................. 16 o Newly Constructed Single-Family Home Sales ..................................................... 17 – Condominiums ............................................................................................................ 18 RENTAL HOUSING MARKET ANALYSIS ............................................................................................. 19 PEER COMMUNITIES COMPARISON ................................................................................................. 21 – Housing Value and Affordability ................................................................................. 22 – Jobs and Employment ................................................................................................. 24 POPULATION PROJECTIONS, FUTURE HOUSING NEEDS ........................................................................ 25 – Population Growth Assumptions & Housing Demand ............................................... 25 – Population Growth by Age Group ............................................................................... 26 – Components of Housing Demand ............................................................................... 26 HOUSING STRATEGIES ................................................................................................................. 29 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 3 Study Background The City of Dublin is known as a high-quality, single-family residential suburb in the Columbus Region with primarily large lots and an abundance of parks and open space that includes 1,136 acres of undeveloped parkland, 60 developed parks, and 100 miles of bike paths. Dublin is also known for corporate headquarters, research, and technology companies. More recently, Dublin has integrated a more urban mix of residential development, retail, restaurant, office, and services uses creating a unique “urban core” for the City within the Bridge Street District. With 80 percent of future housing needs projected to be one and two person households with no children, the Bridge Street District is targeted to help fulfill this future need. The Bridge Street District provides one- to three-bedroom homes, including condominium units, that focus on empty nesters and young professionals. Other areas of the city that provide varied housing options including the Historic District that provides two-dwelling housing and live work units that typically appeal to young professionals. Housing more suited for aging residents include residential developments with housing dedicated to dense patio homes that contain less square footage than a typical suburban house and have less maintenance needs of outdoor space. Dublin also has unique residential care communities that provide a range of housing types and associated care options that allow older adults to transition from independent living units to a full care housing facility all within the same community. These housing projects have assisted the City in providing additional housing options for the residents and the City strives to continue this objective through this Housing Study. The primary goal of this study is to further the objectives of several regional housing analyses including Insight 2050 and the Regional Housing Strategy completed by the Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission (MORPC). Housing has also been discussed in more localized studies including the Historic District Task Force recommendations and the Dublin 2035 Framework Plan. Following the completion of the MORPC Regional Housing Strategy, Dublin’s City Council directed staff to conduct their own assessment of housing variety and attainability within the city, as well as define strategies for implementation and metrics to measure success. To guide the City in this effort, the City in retained Urban Partners as a consultant to complete the study. Study Area The Study Area encompasses both the City of Dublin and the Dublin City School District—as well as the Dublin future service and annexation areas. Recognizing that Dublin attracts workers from across Central Ohio, other areas at the periphery of Dublin proper were also included in the Study Area. For purposes of comparing and reporting data, the Study Area boundary also needed to nest Census Tract boundaries which provide the U.S. Census Bureau national decennial census and American Community Survey (ACS) data. Map 1: Dublin Housing Study Area Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 4 Methodology Working closely with the City staff, Urban Partners conducted the analyses for the Housing Study Area (the City of Dublin portion segmented for appropriate/available data points): • Relevant Document Review: This study was informed in part by planning efforts, including: Ohio Housing Needs Assessment (2021), Navigating Today’s Economic Headwinds (2019), Central Ohio BIA Housing Need Assessment (2018), Bridge Street District Market Study (2019), Dublin Senior Housing Study (2016), Dublin Community Plan (2013), and MORPC Regional Housing Study (2020) • Demographic/Employment Trends: Using available data from the U.S. Census Bureau, a review and assessment of demographic and economic trends was completed for Dublin and the Study Area. • Housing Supply: Using available data from the U.S. Census Bureau and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, an examination of the current housing stock and the rates of new residential development was completed. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 5 • Market Analysis: Using a combination of available property/sales records and on-the- ground fieldwork completed by the consultant team, a detailed analysis of the for-sale and rental housing markets were completed for the Study Area. • Peer Communities Comparison: To benchmark the City of Dublin to peer communities located in Central Ohio, as well as other suburban communities in other comparable metropolitan regions, various demographic and housing-related data were examined for 11 cities. • Future Housing Demand: Based on a thorough examination of population trends and forecasts, as well as household composition and characteristics, a detailed forecast of future housing demand was completed for the 2020-2040 period. This analysis includes the required pace of residential development in 5-year increments, further broken down to target households by age cohorts and tenure. To balance the quantitative assessment, community stakeholders were engaged to provide a qualitative testimony and insight into local housing needs and challenges. Urban Partners met with more than 50 individuals. These interviews targeted a wide spectrum of the community as to capture multiple perspectives. The groups included: - Home Buildings and Developers - Real Estate Experts - Employers - School District Officials - Civic and Advocacy Groups - Transportation and Mobility Partners - County and Regional Partners - Elected Officials A detailed summary of stakeholder comments is included in the Full Report. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 6 Demographic/Employment Trends Population and Household Characteristics The 2020 Census reported a total of 136,345 residents for the Study Area, an increase of 27,766 residents, or 25.6% from 2010 (see Figure 1). This rapid growth resulted from robust productions of new residential communities in high growth areas within the Study Area. During the same period, the City of Dublin increased by 7,577 residents, or 18.1%. As shown on Figure 2 below, the area’s household growth trends were similar to the population growth from 2010 to 2020. The Study Area’s households increased by 25.4% from 2010 to 2020—again, likely the result of rapid housing production. The City of Dublin’s households grew by 16.4% during the same decade. The ethnic/racial composition of the Study Area is predominantly White, though similar to the region as a whole, it has grown more diverse since 2010. In the Study Area in 2020, the White population was 69.1%, down from 77.8% in 2010. The second largest group was Asian at 15.8%, followed by the Hispanic population at 5.6% (see Figure 3). Dublin’s ethnic and racial composition, in comparison, is slightly more diverse than the Study Area, with non-Whites accounting for 29.4% and Asians reporting 20.4%. 108,579 41,751 136,345 49,328 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 Study Area City of Dublin Figure 1: Population 2010- 2020 +26% +18% 43,889 14,984 55,027 17,435 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 Study Area City of Dublin Figure 2: Households 2010- 2020 +16% +25% 69% 5% 16% 5%6% Figure 3: Ethnic/Racial Composition Study Area, 2020 White Black Asian Other Races Hispanic (All Races) 2010 2020 2010 2020 2010 2020 2010 2020 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 7 As with the Study Area, the City of Dublin’s largest age cohort is school-aged children— comprising 22.4% of the city’s population. Compared to the Study Area, young adults between 25- and 34-years-of-age are notably underrepresented in Dublin (just 8.3% of the total population compared to 17.5% for the Study Area). The fastest growing age segment is seniors 65 years-of- age and older, which grew from about 8% of the population in 2010 to more than 12% in 2019 (see Figure 4) Figure 4: Comparison of Age Distribution - City of Dublin, Study Area, 2019 Household Income & Poverty Characteristics As shown in Figure 5, Study Area households—with a median household income of $105,347— were wealthier than households in Franklin and Union Counties, according to the 2019 ACS. However, median household income in Dublin City (with the highest among the examined jurisdictions at $137,867) and Delaware County exceeded that of the Study Area. Figure 5: Median Household Income, 2019 6.4% 17.7% 5.5% 17.5% 15.5% 13.8% 11.4% 7.4% 3.3% 1.4% 5.9% 22.4% 4.8% 8.3% 17.7% 15.8% 13.0% 7.5% 3.1% 1.6% 0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% Under 5 5 to 17 18 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 65 to 74 75 to 84 85+ Study Area Dublin City $105,347 Poverty Rate: 5.5% $137,867 Poverty Rate: 2.5% $106,908 Poverty Rate: 4.8% $61,305 Poverty Rate: 15.7% $86,715 Poverty Rate: 5.9% $- $20,000 $40,000 $60,000 $80,000 $100,000 $120,000 $140,000 Study Area Dublin City Delaware County Franklin County Union County Fastest Growing Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 8 Policymakers and advocates consider a household “cost burdened” if more than 30% of their income goes towards housing costs. Being housing cost burdened is an indicator that a household may be unable to afford other critical and non-discretionary costs such as health and childcare, education, food, and transportation. Despite the relatively high household income levels for the Dublin Housing Study Area, significant percentages of households are cost burdened (17.7% of owner-occupant households and 32.0% of renter households). The most cost burdened households in the Study Area are renters with annual household incomes under $35,000 (see Table 1). A total of 4,242 such renter households resided in the Study Area and 4,055 (or 95.6%) were cost burdened. At earnings greater than $35,000 annually, owner-and renter-occupied households have a much more even burden of housing costs as a percentage. Households with annual earnings greater than $75,000 are effectively free of housing cost burdens, particularly among renter-occupants. Table 1: Tenure by Housing Costs as a Percentage of Household Income - Study Area, 2019 Owner Occupants % Renter Occupants % Households earning less than $35,000 2,299 4,242 Less than 30% (not cost burdened) 246 10.7% 187 4.4% 30% or more (cost burdened) 2,053 89.3% 4,055 95.6% Households earning $35,000 to $49,999 1,859 2,717 Less than 30% (not cost burdened) 946 50.9% 1,295 47.7% 30% or more (cost burdened) 913 49.1% 1,422 52.3% Households earning $50,000 to $74,999 4,633 4,352 Less than 30% (not cost burdened) 3,329 71.9% 3,744 86.0% 30% or more (cost burdened) 1,304 28.1% 608 14.0% Households earning $75,000 or more 22,118 7,659 Less than 30% (not cost burdened) 20,908 94.5% 438 97.1% 30% or more (cost burdened) 1,210 5.5% 221 2.9% Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 9 Jobs Located in Dublin According to U.S. Census Bureau’s OnTheMap application, the City of Dublin reported a total of 48,007 jobs, adding 10,108 jobs from 2002 to 2019, a growth of 26.7% (see Figure 6). Apart from 2008 to 2010 when the number of jobs dipped during the Great Recession, Dublin consistently added new workers during the examination period. Figure 6: Jobs Located in City of Dublin, 2002-2019 Largest Industrial Sectors • Health Care and Social Assistance 7,990 (17%) • Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services 7,826 (16%) • Management of Companies and Enterprises 4,447 (9%) • Admin & Support, Waste Mgmt /Remediation 4,030 (8%) • Finance and Insurance 3,467 (7%) Workers “reverse-commuting” from Columbus make up the largest block of the labor force in Dublin (16,434 workers, or 34.2% of the total), followed by residents of Dublin (3,575 workers, 7.4% of all workers in the city). Workers commuting from Hilliard have increased significantly, comprising 3.0% of Dublin’ workforce in 2019 (a total of 1,460 workers. See Table 2). Table 2: Top 10 Commuting Origins for Dublin Workers, 2002-2019 Jobs in 2002 % Jobs in 2019 % % Change 2002-2019 Columbus 10,083 26.6% 16,434 34.2% 63.0% Dublin 1,745 4.6% 3,575 7.4% 104.9% Hilliard 641 1.7% 1,460 3.0% 127.8% Delaware 800 2.1% 855 1.8% 6.9% Marysville 703 1.9% 810 1.7% 15.2% Westerville 551 1.5% 784 1.6% 42.3% Powell 483 1.3% 578 1.2% 19.7% Gahanna 315 0.8% 476 1.0% 51.1% Reynoldsburg 368 1.0% 373 0.8% 1.4% Cincinnati 448 1.2% 321 0.7% -28.3% Toledo 404 1.1% 230 0.5% -43.1% All Other Locations 21,358 56.4% 22,111 46.1% 3.5% 37,89938,93042,07640,86341,19341,98244,97548,00720,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 50,000 2002 2005 2008 2010 2012 2014 2017 2019 7% of workers live i D bli 93% of workers live outside of Dublin Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 10 Housing Supply Analysis From 2010 to 2019, the total number of housing units in the City of Dublin grew by 16.0%, which was a slightly higher growth rate than the Study Area’s increase of 14.9%. Even as the overall supply of housing has been increasing, vacancy rates have been falling. In 2010, the U.S. Census Bureau reported 914 vacant homes in Dublin which represented a vacancy rate of 6.1%. In 2019, there were 642 vacant homes reported for a 3.7% vacancy rate. The Study Area’s vacancy rate also dropped from 7.8% in 2010 to 5.0% in 2019 (see Table 3). Table 3: Total Housing Units and Occupancy Status, 2010-2019 2010 ACS % 2019 ACS % % Change 2010-2019 City of Dublin 15,057 - 17,472 - 16.0% Occupied Units 14,143 93.9% 16,830 96.3% 19.0% Vacant Units 914 6.1% 642 3.7% -29.8% Study Area 46,379 - 53,300 - 14.9% Occupied Units 42,754 92.2% 50,639 95.0% 18.4% Vacant Units 3,625 7.8% 2,661 5.0% -26.6% Table 4 describes changes in tenure, or owner/renter characteristics. In Dublin, the number of renter-occupied units increased by 1,313 units between 2010 and 2019 to comprise 23.9% of the housing stock. This is substantially lower than Study Area’s 40.3% renter rate in 2019— though the growth of renter-occupied units from 2010 to 2019 in the Study Area was slower than the City Dublin’s (24.7% compared to 48.6%, respectively). Table 4: Housing Tenure, 2010-2019 2010 ACS % 2019 ACS % % Change 2010-2019 City of Dublin 14,143 - 16,830 - 19.0% Owner-Occupied Units 11,439 80.9% 12,813 76.1% 12.0% Renter-Occupied Units 2,704 19.1% 4,017 23.9% 48.6% Study Area 41,390 - 48,572 - 17.4% Owner-Occupied Units 25,717 62.1% 29,020 59.7% 12.8% Renter-Occupied Units 15,673 37.9% 19,552 40.3% 24.7% Compared to the Study Area, the City of Dublin reports a smaller proportion of newer housing stock. According to the 2019 ACS, 8.7% of all housing units in the City of Dublin were built after 2010, compared to 10.9% in the Study Area. The percentage of homes built prior to 1970 are similar (6.0% for the City of Dublin and 6.3% for the Study Area. See Table 5 shown on the following page). Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 11 Table 5: Age of Housing Stock, 2019 City of Dublin % Study Area % Built 2014 or later 679 4.0% 3,084 5.8% Built 2010 to 2013 784 4.7% 2,749 5.2% Built 2000 to 2009 3,747 22.3% 8,372 15.7% Built 1990 to 1999 5,153 30.6% 12,637 23.7% Built 1980 to 1989 4,319 25.7% 16,399 30.8% Built 1970 to 1979 1,132 6.7% 6,682 12.5% Built 1960 to 1969 418 2.5% 1,675 3.1% Built 1950 to 1959 367 2.2% 755 1.4% Built 1940 to 1949 45 0.3% 187 0.4% Built 1939 or earlier 186 1.1% 760 1.4% Residential Building Permits Issued in Dublin 1 Shown below in Figure 7 are the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development’s data on the number of authorized residential building permits in the City of Dublin. From 2000 to 2020, Dublin issued a total of 6,013 permits, equivalent to 300 units per year. The pace of permitting prior to the Great Recession (2000 to 2007) was approximately 440 units per year. During the Great Recession and the subsequent years of recovery (2008 to 2010), Dublin authorized as few as 81 building permits (in 2008). Aside from 2016-2017 when large numbers of multi-family units were permitted, Dublin has been permitting approximately 160 units per year since 2011. Figure 7: Building Permits Issued in Dublin (Total Units), 2000-2020 1 Though small portions of the City of Dublin are situated in Delaware and Union Counties, this analysis is limited to the Franklin County portion of the City. 353 396 434 493 505 756 406 185 81 99 94 205 172 170 202 120 630 288 199 117 108 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 12 Comparison of Dublin’s Permitting Activity to Franklin County’s Figure 8 shows Dublin’s share of the building permits issued in Franklin County. In 2020, building permits issued in Dublin represented just 1% of all residential permits issued in the county—which is significantly lower than the 5% average for 2000 to 2020. The two high points in 2005 (10%) and in 2016 (11%) mirror the issuance of large numbers of multi-family permits. Figure 8: Dublin’s Share of All Building Permits in Franklin County, 2000-2020 Figure 9 shows Dublin’s share of the single-family building permits issued in Franklin County. In 2020, single-family building permits issued in Dublin (a total of 108) represented 6% of all single- family permits issued in the county—slightly less than the 8% average for the analysis period. The high point was in 2017 when the 258 units issued in Dublin represented 15% of the county’s total. Figure 9: Dublin’s Share of Single-Family Building Permits in Franklin County, 2000-2020 10%11% 1% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 15% 6% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18% 20% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 13 For-Sale Housing Market Analysis Summary of Recently Sold Homes As evidenced by close to 8,000 home sales examined during the 5-year study period (January 2017 to December 2021), the Study Area’s homeownership market is very active. The median sale price during the 5-year study period was $320,000, or $154.02 per square foot, “SF” henceforth). Single- family detached is the dominant home type in the Study Area, representing 71.5% of the sales with a median sale of $378,500, or $159.14 per SF. The sale of 1,953 condominium units represented a quarter of all sales in the Study Area (with a median sale price of $174,000, or $141.34 per SF), while 288 homes categorized as duplex or triplex were sold for a median price of $190,000 or $121.53 per SF. Lastly, townhouse or rowhouse sales comprised less than 1% of all home sales in the Study Area, selling for a median sale price of $138,000, or $122.64 per SF (see Table 6). Table 6: Breakdown of Home Sales in Study Area (2017 to 2021) No. of Transactions % of Transactions Median Sales Price Median Square Footage Median Price Per SF Single-Family Detached 5,650 71.5% $378,500 2,335 $159.14 Condominiums 1,953 24.7% $174,000 1,232 $141.34 Duplex/Triplex 228 2.9% $190,000 1,470 $121.53 Townhouse/Rowhouse 71 0.9% $138,000 1,200 $122.64 Total 7,902 100.0% $320,000 2,021 $154.02 Home prices in the Study Area has been steadily increasing in the last five years, with a one-year exception from 2018 to 2019. In 2017, the median sale price was $286,000, or $138.30 per SF. Increasing at an annualized rate of 5.2%, the median sale price reported in 2021 was $350,000 or $182.13 per SF (See Figure 10). Figure 10: Median Sale Price by Year Home Sold (2017-2021) $286,000 $322,500 $305,900 $328,000 $350,000 $200,000 $220,000 $240,000 $260,000 $280,000 $300,000 $320,000 $340,000 $360,000 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 14 Table 7 illustrates the pricing variance between the City of Dublin and the portions of the Study Area located outside of Dublin. During the 5-year study period, homes within Dublin commanded prices that were 65.0% higher than Study Area homes outside the City (with a median sale price of $428,000 compared to $259,350). Upon closer examination, the sale price per SF in Dublin was just 9.0% higher ($161.59/SF compared to $148.22/SF) but the size of the homes was much more of a factor in the overall sale prices. The median home size for Dublin homes were 58.1% larger (2,610 SF compared to 1,651 SF). Table 7: Comparison of Home Sale Prices in Study Area, City of Dublin (2017 to 2021) No. of Transactions % of Transactions Median Sales Price Median Square Footage Median Price Per SF City of Dublin Single-Family Detached 2,415 78.3% $459,900 2,833 $164.43 Condominiums 596 19.3% $235,000 1,513 $152.38 Duplex/Triplex 69 2.2% $182,200 1,630 $122.70 Townhouse/Rowhouse 5 0.2% $280,000 1,649 $160.64 Total 3,085 100.0% $428,000 2,610 $161.59 Study Area (Outside the City of Dublin) Single-Family Detached 3,235 67.2% $294,600 1,918 $154.23 Condominiums 1,357 28.2% $162,000 1,152 $136.82 Duplex/Triplex 159 3.3% $190,000 1,376 $120.86 Townhouse/Rowhouse 66 1.4% $134,500 1,200 $117.68 Total 4,817 100.0% $259,350 1,651 $148.22 In Figure 11, the Study Area’s median home prices per year are disaggregated to compare Dublin to the portions of the Study Area located outside of the city. From 2017 to 2021, the median sale price rose by 31.6% in the City of Dublin and 27.2% in the Study Area outside of Dublin. In 2021, the median sale price of homes sold in Dublin was $500,000. Figure 11: Median Sale Price by Year Home Sold in Study Area, City of Dublin (2017-2021) Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 15 Single-Family Detached Homes Single-Family Home Sales within the Study Area Table 8 summarizes the sales transactions for single-family detached homes by the year homes were built. The median sale price per SF was strong for single-family homes of all ages, but the data shows that the size of the homes progressively became larger over the years, which is resulting in escalating home prices. The median interior living space for homes built before 1970 was 1,855 SF. At $175.37 per SF, these oldest homes commanded a median sale price of $335,000 in the 5- year study period. For homes that were built after 2010, the median interior living space was 3,478 SF—escalating the median sale price to $568,100, though the $163.66 per SF figure is 7% lowest than the oldest homes (see Figure 12). Table 8: Single Family Sales by Age of Home, Study Area (2017-2021) No. of Transaction s Median Sales Price Price Range Median Square Footage Median Price Per SF Home Built Before 1970 246 $335,000 $95,000 to $3,450,000 1,855 $175.37 Home Built 1970-1979 665 $282,000 $110,000 to $1,690,000 1,912 $148.36 Home Built 1980-1989 2,240 $293,000 $49,400 to $3,000,000 1,901 $157.09 Home Built 1990-1999 1,038 $423,000 $95,300 to $3,750,000 2,661 $161.21 Home Built 2000-2009 612 $540,000 $90,000 to $2,600,000 3,355 $160.83 Home Built After 2010 530 $567,900 $71,700 to $1,834,000 3,480 $163.52 No Home Age Information 319 $516,000 $43,000 to $2,400,000 3,154 $171.46 Total 5,650 $378,500 $43,000 to $3,750,000 2,335 $159.14 Figure 12: Median Sale Price/Size of Single-Family Detached Homes by Age of Homes, Study Area $259,450 $286,000 $289,000 $291,300 $330,000 $380,000 $410,000 $420,000 $439,950 $500,000 $0 $100,000 $200,000 $300,000 $400,000 $500,000 $600,000 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Study Area (Outside Dublin)City of Dublin SF Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 16 Single-Family Home Sales within the City of Dublin Table 9 summarizes the sales transactions within the City of Dublin for single-family detached homes by the year homes were built. Consistent with trends for the Study Area as a whole, the increasing size of the homes is a major factoring in escalating home sale prices. Homes built after 2010 are 47.0% larger than homes built in the 1970s (3,688 SF compared to 2,509 SF. See Figure 13). Table 9: Single Family Sales by Age of Home, City of Dublin (2017-2021) No. of Transaction s Median Sales Price Price Range Median Square Footage Median Price Per SF Home Built Before 1970 116 $390,000 $155,000 to $900,000 1,885 $194.65 Home Built 1970-1979 128 $415,000 $145,000 to $1,690,000 2,509 $175.20 Home Built 1980-1989 837 $405,000 $49,400to $3,000,000 2,598 $159.23 Home Built 1990-1999 694 $443,250 $107,400 to $3,750,000 2,822 $161.96 Home Built 2000-2009 435 $550,000 $90,000 to $2,600,000 3,253 $165.56 Home Built After 2010 193 $649,200 $77,100 to $1,834,000 3,688 $177.89 No Home Age Information 12 $747,975 $43,000 to $1,000,000 3,421 $183.91 Total 2,415 $459,900 $43,000 to $3,750,000 2,833 $164.43 Figure 13: Median Sale Price/Size of Single-Family Detached Homes by Age of Homes, Dublin $335,000 $282,000 $293,000 $423,000 $540,000 $568,100 1,855 1,912 1,901 2,661 3,355 3,478 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 $0 $100,000 $200,000 $300,000 $400,000 $500,000 $600,000 Home Built Before 1970 Home Built 1970-1979 Home Built 1980-1989 Home Built 1990-1999 Home Built 2000-2009 Home Built After 2010 Median Sale Price Median Home Size Price Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 17 Newly Constructed Single-Family Home Sales Figure 14 shows the size of newly built single-family homes (constructed in 2010 or later) in the Study Area. Four out of five homes built in this period were designed with interior living space of 2,700 SF or larger, with 239 (or 45.1%) homes with more than 3,600 SF. Figure 14: Size of Single-Family Homes Built 2010 or Later, Study Area Small (< 2,000 SF) Medium (2,000 – 2,699 SF) Large (2,700 – 3,599 SF) Very Large (> 3,600 SF) 42 sales 7.9% Median Price: $359,100 Median Price/SF: $200 60 sales 11.3% Median Price: $472,500 Median Price/SF: $207 189 sales 35.7% Median Price: $500,900 Median Price/SF: $162 239 sales 45.1% Median Price: $659,500 Median Price/SF: $159 $390,000 $415,000 $405,000 $443,250 $550,000 $649,200 1,885 2,509 2,598 2,822 3,253 3,688 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 $0 $100,000 $200,000 $300,000 $400,000 $500,000 $600,000 $700,000 Home Built Before 1970 Home Built 1970-1979 Home Built 1980-1989 Home Built 1990-1999 Home Built 2000-2009 Home Built After 2010 Median Sale Price Median Home Size Price SF Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 18 Condominiums Condominium sales represented 24.7% of the total number of residential transactions in the Study Area during the aforementioned 5-year period. Overall, the 1,953 condo units were sold for a median sale price of $174,000, or $141.34 per SF. There were 115 units sold by production builders at a median sale price of $480,900, or $208.50 per SF; while sales between owner-occupants were sold for a median sale price of $170,000, or $139.07 per SF (see Table 10). Table 10: Condominium Sales by Seller Type, Study Area (2017 to 2021) No. of Transaction s Median Sales Price Price Range Median SF Median Price Per SF Production Builder 115 $480,900 $301,700 to $1,690,200 2,390 $208.50 Small-Scale Builder/Investor 127 $156,000 $45,000 to $1,500,000 1,152 $129.78 Owner-Occupant 1,707 $170,000 $35,000 to $1,842,000 1,206 $139.07 Other 4 $150,078 $99,800 to $205,000 1,437 $103.70 Total 1,953 $174,000 $35,000 to $1,842,000 1,232 $141.34 The majority of the condominiums sold in the Study Area in the last five years were built in the 1980 and 1990s (a total of 1,358 units, or 69.5% of all condo sales) and command median sale prices of $158,000 and $165,700, respectively. Newly built condominiums (constructed in 2010 or later) are commanding strong prices—with median sale price of $432,150, or $192.54 per SF. The highest sale price of $1,842,000 was recorded for a three-bed/3.5 bath, 2-story penthouse at the Bridge Park West Condominiums in January 2021. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 19 Rental Housing Market Analysis This analysis involves the examination of 17,544 units offered in 72 market-rate, multi-family rental complexes located in the Study Area. As illustrated in Figure 15 below, most of the complexes in the Study Area are located to the south and east of the City of Dublin, with Dublin’s share of the supply as of this report at 21% (total of 3,592 units in 13 communities). Figure 15: Locations of Multi-Family Rental Complexes in the Study Area The following is a list of the 13 multi-family rental communities located in the City of Dublin: • Bridge Park 720 units (2017) • Asherton at Dublin 514 units (1987) • Tuller Flats 420 units (2017) • Britton Woods 352 units (1992) • Sycamore Ridge 270 units (1996) • The Crossings at Avery 223 units (2001) • Gage Crossing 196 units (2018) • Perimeter Lakes 189 units (1992) • The Residences at Scioto Crossing 174 units (2006) • Garden Farms 168 units (2005) • Hawthorne Commons 86 units (2017) • Turkey Run Village 80 units (1980) Multi-Family Rental Communities Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 20 • Tuttle Parke 200 units (1997) More than 34% of the multi-family rental complexes in the Study Area were built after 2010 (see Figure 16). The complex with the newest apartments as of this report is Bridge Park, the multi- phase, multi-building modern development along the Scioto River. While some buildings in Bridge Park began opening in 2017, others have opened more recently, including the 81-unit Waddell in 2020. Future phases of Bridge Park are still in the pipeline, including The Bailey—a proposed 88-unit senior independent living building slated to open in the fall of 2023. The Study Area appears to have an extremely competitive multi-family rental housing. At the time of this research (February 2022), a total of 213 units were available to rent out of 17,544 total units in the 72 Study Area multi-family rental communities, representing an overall vacancy rate of 1.2%. In terms of unit type available, there were 7 studio units, 72 one- bedroom units, 125 two-bedroom units, and 9 three-bedroom units. Figure 16: Age of Multi-Family Rentals, Study Area Rents at multi-family apartment complexes in the Study Area cover a variety of price-points— ranging from $0.64 to $2.50 SF (see Figure 17). The upper end of this scale can be found at Bridge Park, which offer high-end amenities such as a pool, bike storage, 24-hour maintenance, outdoor fireplace & grill stations, and immediate proximity to the commercial and recreational assets of the surrounding district. In most instances, rents per square foot remain largely consistent or even increase for the older buildings. This indicates that the newer units tend to be larger than the older ones but at the same time, older complexes are remaining comparable to, and competitive with, the newest complexes in terms of quality. Figure 17: Study Area Rental Price per SF Units 1970s 2%Units 1980s 32% Units 1990s 18% Units 2000s 14% Units 2010s 34% Units 2020s 0% 17,544 Rental Units in Study Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 21 Peer Communities Comparison To benchmark the City of Dublin to peer communities located in Central Ohio, as well as other suburban communities in other comparable metropolitan regions, various demographic and housing-related data were examined for the following 11 cities: Figure 18: Total Population, City of Dublin and Comparison Communities, 2020 Figure 19 illustrates the median household income for the comparison cities. Dublin ranks third on the list with $137,867, trailing only New Albany ($203,409) and Powell ($157,149). Figure 19: Median Household Income, 2019 New Albany, OH 10,825 Powell, … Worthington, OH 14,786 Marysville, OH 25,571 Mason, OH 34,792 Upper Arlington, OH 36,800 Hilliard, OH 37,114 Westerville, OH 39,190 Delaware, OH 41,302 Dublin, OH 49,328 Franklin, TN 83,454 Carmel, IN 99,757 - 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 $69,087 $75,116 $93,717 $96,959 $98,231 $100,594 $104,362 $112,765 $123,548 $137,867 $157,149 $203,409 $0 $50,000 $100,000 $150,000 $200,000 $250,000 Delaware, OH Marysville, OH Westerville, OH Hilliard, OH Franklin, TN Mason, OH Worthington, OH Carmel, IN Upper Arlington, OH Dublin, OH Powell, OH New Albany, OH Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 22 Housing Value and Affordability Dublin is a relatively expensive community in terms of the value of owner-occupied homes, with a median value of $377,500. Four communities report higher median values of owner-occupied homes: New Albany ($515,100), Franklin, TN ($438,800), Upper Arlington ($429,100), and Powell ($386,200, see Figure 20). For median gross rent, Dublin ranks fourth with $1,379 per month. New Albany has the highest median gross rent of $1,904 per month, followed by Powell ($1,677) and Franklin, TN ($1,481, see Figure 21). Figure 20: Median Value of Owner-Occupied Home, 2019 Figure 21: Median Gross Rent, 2019 Dublin reports one of the lowest percentages of low-income households at 10.5%, trailing only Powell (8.7%) and New Albany (10.2%).2 Communities with the highest percentage of low- income households are Marysville (39.7%) and Delaware (34.8, see Figure 22 on the following page) 2 The definition of “low-income” refers to households that earn less than 80% of the Area Median Income. For the Columbus Region in 2018, a household of four earning less than $61,100 is considered below 80% of the Area Median Income and thus “low-income.” Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 23 Figure 22: Percentage of Low-Income Households, 2018 Figure 23 illustrates the percentage of households with housing cost burden—defined as housing expenditures exceeding 30% of the total household income. 15.6% of Dublin households are cost burdened, which is the second lowest among the comparison communities behind Powell at 13.9%. Communities with the highest housing cost burden are Delaware (25.0%) and Marysville (24.6%)—two cities with the highest percentage of low-income households, as indicated in Figure 22. Figure 23: Percentage of Households with Housing Cost Burden, 2018 8.7% 10.2% 10.5% 14.9% 15.6% 20.2% 21.3% 22.5% 22.9% 24.4% 34.8% 39.7% 0.0%5.0%10.0%15.0%20.0%25.0%30.0%35.0%40.0%45.0% Powell, OH New Albany, OH Dublin, OH Upper Arlington, OH Carmel, IN Mason, OH Worthington, OH Franklin, TN Hilliard, OH Westerville, OH Delaware, OH Marysville, OH 13.9% 15.6% 16.1% 16.4% 18.3% 19.2% 20.1% 21.8% 22.1% 23.1% 24.6% 25.0% 0.0%5.0%10.0%15.0%20.0%25.0%30.0% Powell, OH Dublin, OH Carmel, IN New Albany, OH Mason, OH Upper Arlington, OH Worthington, OH Westerville, OH Hilliard, OH Franklin, TN Marysville, OH Delaware, OH Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 24 Jobs and Employment Figure 24 shows the number of jobs located in each of the comparison cities. With 48,007 jobs reported in 2019, Dublin ranks third among the peer communities, trailing only Franklin, TN (81,166 jobs) and Carmel, IN (73,607). Figure 24: Jobs Located in the City, 2019 Figure 25 illustrates the percentage of workers who also reside in the same city. In 2019, 7.4% of the workforce in Dublin were residents. Carmel, IN, and Franklin, TN—the two communities with larger workforces than Dublin—reported much higher percentage of workers living and residing in their cities, with 14.6% for Carmel, IN, and 13.6% for Franklin, TN. Figure 25: Percentage of Total Workforce Who Are Residents, 2019 2,990 11,490 15,948 16,174 18,453 18,835 19,558 22,410 37,582 48,007 73,607 81,166 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 Powell, OH Upper Arlington, OH Delaware, OH Marysville, OH Worthington, OH New Albany, OH Hilliard, OH Mason, OH Westerville, OH Dublin, OH Carmel, IN Franklin, TN 2.5% 3.1% 6.1% 6.4% 7.4% 7.6% 8.4% 10.8% 13.6% 14.6% 14.7% 21.6% 0.0%5.0%10.0%15.0%20.0%25.0% New Albany, OH Worthington, OH Powell, OH Westerville, OH Dublin, OH Hilliard, OH Mason, OH Upper Arlington, OH Franklin, TN Carmel, IN Marysville, OH Delaware, OH Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 25 Population Projections, Future Housing Needs Population Growth Assumptions & Housing Demand The Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission (MORPC) has developed population forecasts through 2050 for the region. The population forecasts were prepared for small geographic areas that can be aggregated to approximate the current boundaries of the City of Dublin (with some minor adjustments) and of the larger Study Area used for this report. These forecasts project that the population located within the current boundaries of the City of Dublin will grow by more than 11,000 persons to 60,500 by 2040. Similarly, the population of the larger Study Area is projected to grow by over 31,000 to 167,500 by 2040 (see Table 11). Table 11: Population Growth Forecasts, Dublin & Study Area, 2020-2040 City of Dublin (Current Boundary) Study Area 2010 Census Population 41,751 108,579 2020 Census Population 49,328 136,345 2025 Population Forecast 51,700 143,800 2030 Population Forecast 54,300 151,300 2035 Population Forecast 57,300 159,200 2040 Population Forecast 60,500 167,500 The projected number of Dublin households in 2030 will have grown to nearly 20,000 and by 2040 to 22,320, according to MORPC. This reflects a modest decline in average household size. Reported housing vacancy in Dublin in 2020 is a very low at 1.1%. For this analysis, we assume vacancy will increase slowly through 2040 to a still modest 3.4%. With those factors, we estimate that Dublin will need 1,200 additional housing units in the 2020 to 2025 period; 1,040 more between 2025 and 2030; then another 2,610 in the 2030s decade. Total additional housing units required in Dublin in the twenty-year period from 2020 to 2040 will be 4,850 (and a total of 13,870 units required for the Study Area as a whole. See Table 12). Table 12: Estimated Population in Households, Total Housing Need, 2020-2040 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 City of Dublin Population in Households 48,591 50,850 53,350 56,250 59,350 Estimated Households 18,064 18,970 19,930 21,040 22,320 Average Household Size 2.69 2.68 2.68 2.67 2.66 Estimate Housing Units 18,261 Vacancy 1.1% 2.5% 2.8% 3.1% 3.4% Housing Units Required 19,460 20,500 21,710 23,110 New Units Required: 2020-25 1,200 New Units Required: 2025-30 1,040 New Units Required: 2030-35 1,210 New Units Required: 2035-40 1,400 Total Units Required 2020-40 4,850 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 26 Study Area Population in Households 135,245 142,550 149,900 157,650 165,800 Estimated Households 55,247 58,900 62,450 65,700 69,100 Average Household Size 2.45 2.42 2.40 2.40 2.40 Estimate Housing Units 58,487 Vacancy 5.5% 5.3% 5.0% 4.8% 4.5% Housing Units Required 62,200 65,740 69,010 72,360 New Units Required: 2020-25 3,713 New Units Required: 2025-30 3,540 New Units Required: 2030-35 3,270 New Units Required: 2035-40 3,350 Total Units Required 2020-40 13,870 Population Growth by Age Group The manner in which the Study Area’s population age composition will evolve in the coming two decades will inform necessary components of the 13,870 total housing demand. The MORPC forecasts provide detail on growth in three broad population groups living in households: children under 18; adults 18 to 64, and seniors age 65+ (see Table 13). Table 13: Dublin Area Population in Households Forecast by Age 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 City of Dublin Under 18 Years 14,790 15,120 15,880 16,760 17,550 18 to 64 Years 29,670 29,970 30,950 32,580 34,860 65+ Years 5,030 5,760 6,520 6,910 6,940 Study Area Under 18 Years 33,980 35,600 37,820 40,240 42,380 18 to 64 Years 87,620 89,930 92,680 96,890 102,770 65+ Years 14,650 17,020 19,400 20,520 20,650 While growth is anticipated in all age groups, the most dramatic changes—following national trends—are in the age 65+ population, with a 41% increase in the Study Area and 38% increase in Dublin. This is in addition to the anticipated increase in seniors residing in group facilities (nursing home; assisted living facilities). Components of Housing Demand To utilize those age-specific forecasts, Urban Partners analyzed the 2019 ACS data for the Study Area to understand the demand for housing by age of householder and tenure. Factoring in various household trends and forecasts, we anticipate a net growth of 3,260 homeowners and 1,000 renters within the current boundaries of the City of Dublin (and 8,410 additional homeowners and 5,280 new renter households for the Study Area as a whole). Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 27 Finally, on Table 14 shown on the following page, we disaggregate this information by age of householder and tenure to identify how the increments of household demand will likely appear in the Dublin area in each five-year period and how this will impact housing construction requirements through 2040. Translating housing demand to housing construction requirements necessitates consideration of several factors: 1. Quality senior owner-occupied housing must meet several needs of those households including providing first floor owner’s suites, floor plans that can adapt to potential physical constraints on the owners’ mobility, low maintenance requirements, and outdoor and community amenities. Increasingly, these needs are being most effectively met by age-restricted and age-targeted developments. 2. As a result, quality previously owned housing is being made available by these senior homeowners to younger households, reducing the needs for new construction product to be directed at these younger households. 3. In each five-year increment over the forecast period, a segment of younger households headed by persons ages 60 to 64 will “graduate” to senior status. Many of those households (probably most) will remain in their current residences which will therefore by definition meet some of this growth in demand for senior housing. Considering all these factors, on Table 44, we note the demand for construction of 14,350 new housing units. Of those, 4,850 units is the projected number of units that Dublin can consider to address growth demands. These are land use considerations that each community will need to consider in their future land use patterns for their community. This demand is strongest in the 2020s, with 4,590 new units projected by 2025 and another 3,220 units in the 2025 to 2030 period. Another 6,540 units are projected during the 2030s. Demand for new housing construction in the City of Dublin over this 20-year period is diverse with needs for 840 new senior-oriented homeownership units, 2,850 other homeownership units, and 1,160 rental units—305 of them oriented to or meeting the needs of senior households. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 28 Table 14: Demand for Newly Constructed Housing (2020-2040) 2020- 2025 2025- 2030 2030- 2035 2035- 2040 Total City of Dublin Owner-Occupied Housing - Aggregate Increment of Demand 710 730 850 970 3,260 - Increment of Demand for Senior Housing Construction 410 350 200 30 990 - Net Impact of 60-64 Year-Old Homeowners Aging in Place 180 80 260 - Increment of Demand for Other Homeownership Construction 300 380 650 940 2,270 New Supply Required for Senior Homeownership 300 290 220 30 840 New Supply Required for Other Homeownership 630 490 710 1,020 2,850 Rental Housing - Aggregate Increment of Demand 200 230 260 310 1,000 - Increment of Demand for Senior Rental Construction 100 100 50 10 260 - Increment of Demand for Other Rental Construction 100 130 210 300 740 New Supply Required for Senior Rentals 135 110 50 10 305 New Supply Required for Other Rentals 135 150 230 340 855 Net New Supply Required in City of Dublin 1,200 1,040 1,210 1,400 4,850 Study Area Owner-Occupied Housing - Aggregate Increment of Demand 2,760 1,990 1,810 1,860 8,420 - Increment of Demand for Senior Housing Construction 1,330 1,140 530 70 3,070 - Net Impact of 60-64 Year-Old Homeowners Aging in Place 552 248 800 - Increment of Demand for Other Homeownership Construction 1,430 850 1,280 1,790 5,350 New Supply Required for Senior Homeownership 810 930 550 70 2,360 New Supply Required for Other Homeownership 2,060 1,140 1,330 1,860 6,390 Rental Housing - Aggregate Increment of Demand 1,620 1,080 1,200 1,380 5,280 - Increment of Demand for Senior Rental Construction 530 450 220 20 1,220 - Increment of Demand for Other Rental Construction 1,090 630 980 1,359 4,060 New Supply Required for Senior Rentals 560 480 230 20 1,290 New Supply Required for Other Rentals 1,160 670 1,040 1,440 4,310 Net New Supply Required in Study Area 4,590 3,220 3,150 3,390 14,350 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 29 Housing Strategies The following details the four action strategy themes that emerged from the quantitative analysis, as well as input and guidance from Dublin city staff, members of the Dublin City Council, and key stakeholders. For each theme, key takeaways are summarized along with a toolbox of potential action strategies that can be utilized as a guide for further community conversations, particularly as Dublin embarks on a process to complete a Community Plan. Theme 1: Enhancing the sense of community. A sense of place is essential based on the comments of the stakeholder interviews conducted as part of the Dublin Area Housing Study. This highlights efforts for mixed-use, walkable communities that provide public space for social gathering and open space that enhance quality of life. These efforts are based on consistent high-quality development that is indicative of the City of Dublin and creates “nodes” of activity throughout the community. The following key takeaways and toolbox for potential strategies have been compiled to promote these objectives. Key Takeaways: Dublin is a community of choice for families searching for high-quality housing in Central Ohio. Strict residential design standards have helped maintain the city’s aesthetic character, but they also contribute to higher home prices. From 2019 to 2020, Dublin added over 3,000 residents aged 25 to 34, and over 65. A growth of 44%. These population segments forecasted to grow the fastest have strong preferences for walkable, mixed-use neighborhoods. Toolbox of Potential Strategies: 1.1 Promote walkability throughout the city. Make stronger pedestrian connections from housing to shops, recreation amenities, public facilities, and healthcare providers through multi- modal trails and complete streets. 1.2 Encourage context-sensitive, mixed-use development (commercial and residential) that includes varied housing typologies. 1.3 Ensure that the City’s standards encourage features that promote interaction while maintaining high- quality design standards. 1.4 Focus future growth in intentional nodes of activity throughout the City. 1.5 Encourage sustainable building and energy conservation practices for all types of residential development. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 30 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 31 Theme 2: Ensuring economic competitiveness. The City of Dublin is a community that significantly promotes a balance of land use that strongly focuses on employment opportunities in the region. Continuing to promote these work force opportunities is essential to the fiscal health of our community. To continue to support these efforts, it is recommended that the City support transportation efforts that aid workers in commuting to the City of Dublin. The following key takeaways and toolbox for potential strategies have been compiled to promote these objectives. Key Takeaways: There is not enough housing in Dublin for young people starting their careers and families with modest incomes. Dublin has maintained its status as a key employment node in the region, employing 50,000 workers within the city limits. Though generally known as a hub for corporate and professional services jobs, Dublin has a sizable number of service- sector jobs with more than 10,000 employed in the following three sectors: Administrative & Support, Waste Management & Remediation; Accommodation & Food Service; and Retail Trade. At today’s mortgage interest rates, a 4- person middle income family can afford a maximum of $299,000 for a new home, while the median sale price for a home located in Dublin in 2021 was $500,000. Moderate-income housing options specifically for families are in short supply in the Dublin area, which impacts business recruitment and retention efforts. There is a need for housing in Dublin for young professionals starting their careers and families with modest incomes. Toolbox of Potential Strategies: 2.1 Regularly participate in discussions with employers, city staff, and housing professionals to understand housing needs to support our major employers. 2.2 Work with developers to encourage building a variety of housing types close to transportation and employment centers. 2.3 Preserve existing income-restricted rental housing stock within the Dublin Area. 2.4 Continue working with transit partners and employers to provide first- and last- mile connections for commuters. 2.5 Provide resources to the public about programs/ incentives to assist first-time homebuyers with down payment assistance, low-interest loans, and other financial assistance. 2.6 Promote the Dublin Connector and other potential first- and last-mile solutions for workforce mobility needs. 2.7 Continuously monitor and evaluate the mobility needs of the business and workforce community. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 32 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 33 Theme 3: Planning for future growth. Similar to national trends, the City of Dublin is projected to grow by approximately 11,000 persons by 2040. Thoughtful consideration of how the City will address this growth while maintaining the sense of place that Dublin has created will be needed. Ensuring a healthy balance of land uses including the City’s long-standing land use policy to target 60 percent residential development and 40 percent non-resident development will be a key component of this consideration. Innovative ways of addressing growth is proposed including considering infill development that benefits from existing infrastructure, as well as other zoning regulations that can assist in efforts for gentle density. The following key takeaways and toolbox for potential strategies have been compiled to address these objectives. Key Takeaways: Dublin is forecasted to grow by more than 11,000 persons to 60,500 by 2040. Dublin will need to build 4,850 housing units to keep pace with forecasted growth (185 for-sale homes and 56 rental units annually from 2020-2040). Communities walkable to shops, restaurants, and outdoor recreation amenities are highly desirable in Dublin. Bridge Park is a demonstrated success. Despite development impact analyses— and anecdotal evidence from the Bridge Park project—showing that apartments minimally impact schools, segments of the community fear that denser growth will compromise school quality. Most of Dublin’s developable land areas have been built out, leaving 1,090 acres of greenfield area available for residential development. Toolbox of Potential Strategies: 3.1 Educate the public on the benefits of adding “gentle” housing density into residential areas (e.g., duplexes, triplexes, townhouses, small-scaled condominiums). 3.2 Identify opportunities where infill development or redevelopment of underutilized office/commercial areas would benefit from residential development. 3.3 Examine and modify current zoning to identify areas where denser residential development is appropriate. 3.4 Work with regional partners to understand the availability of incentives or financing assistance for smaller-scale or infill housing products (MORPC). 3.5 Collaborate with adjacent municipalities (particularly jurisdictions that overlap with Dublin Schools) to ensure sustainable future growth. 3.6 Addressing how growth occurs is equally important as where growth occurs. Ensuring that residential land uses are sensitively placed in areas that do not compete with economically feasible corridors (including interstates), environmentally sensitive area or other similar considerations should be evaluated as part of future land use recommendations. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 34 Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 35 Theme 4: Expanding housing options for seniors. Demographic projections indicate that the highest segment of growth will be seniors 65+ in age. Considering housing needs and programs that support independent living is important for this initiative. There is also educational programs that assist families that are supporting aging family members, including mobility programs and financial assistance needed for necessary modifications to remain independent. The following key takeaways and toolbox of potential strategies have been compiled to address these objectives. Key Takeaways: Consistent with national demographic trends, Dublin is experiencing growth in both the size and the proportion of seniors. Dublin’s senior households will grow by 38% by 2040 (total of 6,940 households 65+). There is strong and growing demand for lower-maintenance housing in walkable, amenity-rich neighborhoods with design features suitable for seniors. Bridge Park is a demonstrated success. Housing suitable for seniors to downsize is limited in Dublin. Where they do exist, the new smaller, low-maintenance homes are very expensive. Seniors remaining in their homes longer interrupts the next generation of growing families from relocating to the next level of housing needs. Toolbox of Potential Strategies: 4.1 Increase the supply of new, lower- maintenance housing in walkable, amenity-rich neighborhoods with design features that are suitable for senior living. 4.2 Investigate opportunities for accessory dwelling units (ADUs) as a housing option for seniors. 4.3 Incorporate recommendations for innovative site design recommended in the Neighborhood Design Standards, as well as work with developers to integrate sensitive design for senior housing projects highlighting walkability, social interaction, and necessary structural accommodations. 4.4 Work with Forever Dublin and regional partners to identify senior home modification programs that offer grants, low-interest loans, and/or volunteer labor for a variety of items to help mobility-challenged seniors live safely in their current home. 4.5 Work with housing providers to build new homes for seniors with fixed incomes and retain the supply of such units. Prioritize areas serviced by public transit, social services, and medical facilities. 4.6 Promote the Senior Circulator service for older adults and individuals with disabilities. 4.7 Continuously monitor and evaluate the mobility needs of older adults and individuals with disabilities. Housing Study - City of Dublin, OH (Executive Summary) 36 Council Work Session February 6, 2023 Page 5 of 9 Ms. Alutto seconded. Vote on the motion: Ms. Kramb, no; Ms. Alutto, yes; Mr. Reiner, yes; Mayor Fox, yes; Vice Mayor De Rosa, yes; Mr. Keeler, yes. Dublin Area Housing Study Ms. Noble stated this Dublin Area Housing Study is an extension of the housing study that MORPC did a few years ago. She introduced Chris Lankenau and Isaac Kwon with Urban Partners to provide an update to Council on the status of the study. Mr. Kwon provided a map illustrating the area of the study. He stated that regarding demographic trends, Dublin has been growing in the last 10 years, and the segments of the population with the largest growth are school-age children and seniors. Employment growth shows that there is an increase of about 10,000 workers from 2002 to 2019 and that 92.6% of the workers who work in Dublin live outside of Dublin. The top employment sectors in Dublin are health and social care, professional, scientific and technical services jobs, as is the case nationally. The housing market analysis shows there were 7,901 home sales between January 2017 and December 2021. Of those home sales, the median sale price was $320,000, or 154.02 per square foot. The median living space was 2,021 square feet. Home prices have increased by 22% since 2017. Homes have been getting larger and more expensive as time goes on. Mr. Kwon shared the comparison between Dublin and the study area outside Dublin, which shows Dublin getting prices that are 52% higher than homes within the study area. There is much more diversity in pricing in the condominium market. Vice Mayor De Rosa asked about national trends. Mr. Kwon stated that in terms of single family residential, homes are larger and more expensive. He stated that “workforce housing”, meaning more modestly priced homes that are 1200-1500 square feet, are becoming harder to find. Mr. Lankenau stated that the rental market analysis shows 72 multi-family rental communities are within the study area, and about 13 of those are in the City of Dublin. There has been an increase in price, which is not surprising. The vacancy rate is 1. 2%. A “healthy” community has a vacancy rate of around 5%. The pressure of low rental availability is nota problem exclusive to Dublin. Mr. Lankenau stated that the population forecast and future housing needs assessment show that by 2040, there will be a little over 60,000 residents in Dublin. Based on past trends and growth projections, there will be a demand in Dublin for both owner-occupied units as well as rental units. It is estimated that a new supply of 4,850 units would be required to keep up with the growth. Vice Mayor De Rosa asked how the projected growth is calculated. Mr. Kwon stated that if a community decides to build no more housing, then they have effectively decided that there will be no more growth. Mr. Kwon stated that the region is always growing, so it is a matter of determining how much that growth will impact Dublin. Ms. Noble stated that the remaining residential land and building permit activity information she would be sharing is a result of some questions that Council Members had in September 2022. She provided a chart showing the building permits issued from 2000 to 2020. She then provided a map showing how much land is left for development. She also showed a map of possible infill development sites. Finally, she provided a map showing the complete potential for residential development, including greenfield development, infill development, annexation areas and sites identified for development. In total, these areas could produce approximately 9,500 units. Mayor Fox asked about how multi-family building permits are issued. Mr. Lankenau stated that one permit per unit is issued. Council Work Session February 6, 2023 Page 6 of 9 Mayor Fox asked about the number of units that were approximated on the previous map (9,500) and asked if that calculation took into consideration green space, connectivity, etc. Ms. Noble stated that the approximation was a gross number and did not take into account green space requirements. Mr. Lankenau compared the population growth of Dublin, Ohio to Carmel, Indiana and Franklin, Tennessee. Looking for the last 20 years, Dublin has grown 57%, Carmel 164% and Franklin 100%. He also shared some comparisons between the three cities in number of units and housing types added over the 20-year span. Draft Action Strategy Themes The four action strategy themes are: e Enhancing the sense of community; e Ensuring economic competitiveness; e Planning for future growth; and e Expanding housing options for seniors. Enhancing the Sense of Community Mr. Lankenau shared that Dublin is a community of choice for families searching for high quality housing in Central Ohio. Strict residential design standards have helped maintain the city’s aesthetic character, but they also contribute to high home prices. The population segments that are forecasted to grow the fastest have strong preferences for walkable, mixed-use neighborhoods. The toolbox of potential strategies are: e Promote walkability throughout the City. Make stronger pedestrian connections from housing to shops, recreation amenities, public facilities and healthcare providers through multi-modal trails and complete streets. e Encourage context-sensitive, mixed-use development that includes varied housing types. e Ensure that the City’s standards encourage features that promote interaction while maintaining high-quality design standards. e Focus future growth in intentional nodes of activity throughout the City. Mayor Fox stated that there was no mention of studying some newer, more innovative housing styles, such as home sharing, pocket neighborhoods or smaller senior-specific complexes. She has seen these as trends and was hoping to find the balance between what is needed in the community for seniors and strategizing how we could use what we already have to accommodate their needs. She suggested that there should be a strategy that explores existing residential neighborhoods and how we might adjust our planning and zoning to allow some of these newer ideas. Mr. Lankenau stated that some of these strategies may be covered in the fourth strategy, which focuses on housing options for seniors. Ensuring Economic Competitiveness For the second strategy, Mr. Lankenau noted that there is not enough housing in Dublin for young people starting their careers and families with modest incomes. Dublin has maintained its status as a key employment node in the region, employing 50,000 workers within the city limits. Though generally known as a hub for corporate and professional services jobs, Dublin has a sizable number of service sector jobs. At today’s mortgage interest rates, a '4-person, middle-income family can afford a maximum of $299,000 for a new home, while the median sale price for a home in Dublin in 2021 was $500,000. There is a need for housing in Dublin for young professionals starting their careers. The potential strategy tools for this theme are: Council Work Session February 6, 2023 Page 7 of 9 e Regularly participate in discussions with employers, City staff, and housing professionals to understand the housing needs to support our major employers. e Work with developers to encourage building a variety of housing types close to transportation and employment centers. e Preserve existing income-restricted rental housing stock within the Dublin area. e Continue working with transit partners and employers to provide first and last mile connections for commuters. e Provide resources to the public about programs and incentives to assist first-time homebuyers with down payment assistance, low-interest loans and other financial assistance. Planning for Future Growth/Optimizing Land Use Mr. Kwon stated that the key takeaways for this strategy theme are that Dublin is forecast to grow by more than 11,000 by 2040, so the City will need to build 4,850 housing units to keep pace with the growth. Communities that are walkable to shops, restaurants and outdoor recreation are highly desirable in Dublin. Despite development impact analyses showing that apartments minimally impact schools, segments of the community fear that denser growth will compromise school quality. Most of Dublin's developable land areas have been built out, leaving 1,090 acres of greenfield area available for residential development. He provided the following potential strategy tools for this theme: e Educate the public on the benefits of adding “gentle” housing density into residential areas. e Identify opportunities where infill development or redevelopment of under-utilized office/commercial areas would benefit from residential development. e Examine and modify current zoning to identify areas where denser residential development iS appropriate. e Work with regional partners to understand the availability of incentives or financing assistance for smaller-scale or infill housing projects. e Collaborate with adjacent municipalities to ensure sustainable future growth. Expanding Housing Options for Seniors Mr. Kwon shared the key takeaways of the fourth strategy. He stated that Dublin is experiencing growth in the senior population and will grow by 38% by 2040. There is a strong and growing demand for lower-maintenance housing in walkable, amenity-rich neighborhoods with design features suitable for seniors. Housing suitable for seniors wishing to downsize is limited in Dublin. The new smaller, low-maintenance homes that do exist in Dublin are very expensive. Seniors are remaining in their homes longer, which interrupts the next generation of growing families from relocating to the next level of housing needs. The potential strategy tools for this theme are: e Increase the supply of new, lower maintenance housing in walkable, amenity-rich neighborhoods with design features that are suitable for senior living. e Investigate opportunities for accessory dwelling units as a housing option for seniors. e Work with Forever Dublin and regional partners to identify senior home modification programs that offer grants, low interest loans, and or volunteer labor for a variety of items to help mobility-challenged seniors live safely in their current home. e Work with housing providers to build new homes for seniors with fixed incomes and retain the supply of such units. Prioritize areas serviced by public transit, social services, and medical facilities. Council Work Session February 6, 2023 Page 8 of 9 Mr. Reiner stated that mini-cities within the City, such as Bridge Park, are where we could meet some of the demand, but the City needs to determine the zoning, planning and design of the area first. Mr. Kwon agreed that having the little clusters around the City is beneficial. Ms. Kramb, referring to the third strategy and areas where denser residential development is appropriate, stated that Council has had discussions about where denser development is not appropriate; an example would be apartments along the freeway. Council has already determined that locating apartments along the freeway would not be appropriate. She also stated that incentives are not necessary for infill development. She explained that developers are more than willing to build residential without incentives. She agreed that it should be planned well first. Vice Mayor De Rosa stated that she was happy to see a slower growth rate than Dublin has been experiencing. She shared that previous Dublin Councils have required a balance between commercial and residential as a principle. She suggested adding this principle to the third strategy because available land needs to have rules around it. She explained that this is why Dublin has experienced slower growth than some cities. It was intentional, so that we would keep this balance. She stated that the discussion and consideration of sustainability was not represented in the themes as well. Finally, she shared the need to balance what is built with available support (transportation). Ms. Alutto stated that she appreciated the suggestion of adding the balance of the commercial versus residential. She agreed with Ms. Kramb’s comments. A comprehensive look is needed about what should be built and developed in the areas that are still available. The growth rate has been intentional and has been a result of good purposeful planning. She suggested that the principles that have guided the community up to now need to be in the Community Plan (such as the commercial versus residential ratio). Mr. Keeler stated that the maps were very helpful. The housing that seniors and young professionals want is very similar. There is some truth to what the development community says about multi- family not contributing to the school population, but not all multi-family is created equal (it depends on how many bedrooms each unit has). Mr. Kwon stated that there could be community conversations to see if the community wants to keep pace with what has been forecasted. He stated that the Community Plan update process will involve much of what he has heard Council members discussing. Mayor Fox stated that this points to what we have said we want. She agreed with Mr. Reiner’s comments about mini-cities or areas of the community to live, work, play. She suggested through the Community Plan update process mapping out the areas where we want to see these nodes. We will be redeveloping areas of the City to work for us now and in the future. There are many ways to create community and placemaking. Ms. Kramb stated that this document will be brought back to us for acceptance. These tools in the toolbox are suggestions. Ms. Noble stated that the intention was for these strategies to dovetail into the Community Plan update process. Council Work Session February 6, 2023 Page 9 of 9 Ms. Alutto expressed that the document was well done and reads as informational rather than instructional. Ms. Rauch stated that they will incorporate sustainability into the themes before it is brought back to Council for acceptance. She also offered to provide additional information in the tools about transportation and mobility, if Council so desires. Vice Mayor De Rosa stated that how the growth rate was calculated should be clarified, so as not to assume that is the will of the community. Ms. Kramb suggested putting caveats around the available land statistics, as well. Mr. Reiner stated that the City should take the lead on planning the areas that we have, and the developers should take their lead from us. | The meeting was adjourned at 8:12 p.m. ewe PL Presiding Officer - Maydr” / LQ) / hbClerkofCogacilO City Council Work Session April 5, 2021 Page 3 of 5 Ms. Alutto stated that changing it now would seem counterintuitive to what we are trying to do. Mr. Reiner would still like to fix the 20 year screw up. Ms. Alutto agreed that it should be fixed. Vice Mayor De Rosa agrees they had wonderful data for census, unfortunately, we just don’t have it today. She would be in favor of less change right now and then re-evaluate when the data is available. Ms. Fox agreed it should be revisited when we revisit the data, we don’t have to wait 10 years. It is important to make sure each ward is represented equally. Vice Mayor De Rosa clarified that an Ordinance keeping the ward boundaries the same for now would be coming forward in May. Housing Study Ms. Noble stated that the City of Dublin participated in the MORPC housing study that ended in the fall of 2020. She stated that the goal was to take the study a step further and address housing needs as it relates to Dublin. MORPC oversees seven counties, geographically a large area, all with varying needs. This study encompasses what we need to do to pose our efforts into more housing over next few decades. In addition, we need to protect populations (aging population and renters) that may be more prone to housing issues and rental practices that discriminate against certain populations. The housing study was helpful as a starting point. We now need to take that information and move forward into a study that is more specialized and a more refined analysis for the City of Dublin. Ms. Noble suggested the following would need to be included in this study: • Conduct specific demographics analysis to understand how demographic changes impact Dublin’s housing needs in the future; • Complete an inventory and analysis of Dublin’s housing supply to understand the City’s housing needs, including saturation limits of housing types, considerations of specific infill development opportunities, identification of specific groups for which our housing needs should focus (seniors, workforce, differently abled etc.). • Identify regulatory or zoning restrictions that could assist in meeting Dublin’s housing needs. • Provide recommendations to City Council as to how we move forward. Following Council’s feedback, staff will develop a detailed project scope and conduct a selection process to identify a consultant to conduct the Dublin Housing Study. Mr. Keeler stated that he would like to hear the feedback of other Council members in terms of what Council wants for the City. He is anticipating getting into the 2035 framework and housing component of that. Council is receiving a lot of input from staff and MORPC, but he has no idea how Council members feel. Is it multi-family rentals? Townhomes? What is the policy direction? We have received the input of information, but when will Council have the opportunity to discuss what we want? Ms. Noble stated that staff is in a similar difficult situation as developers come forward with applications. Staff needs direction for City Council. Ms. Alutto stated that it would be helpful to understand where we are on build out for residential. How much square acreage do we still have? What are the options for those spaces? All the information needs to be considered together instead of in pockets. Having an understanding of affordable housing and whether we are talking about affordable housing or cheaper products, also needs clarified. City Council Work Session April 5, 2021 Page 4 of 5 Mr. Reiner stated that he would like to explore conservation design. Mr. Peterson stated that the more land that is taken out of our income generating parcels and used for housing is a hit to our bottom line. He also recognizes that additional housing could mean stress on the school system as well. He agreed with Mr. Keeler, that he too, is trying to figure out what question we are trying to answer. Mr. Reiner agreed with Mr. Peterson’s comments that we have planned this City. Ms. Fox would like to have more specific demographics. Inventory of housing is also important to know and understand so we know what housing options we currently have. She mentioned the MORPC speaker from the State of the Region Luncheon who commented on housing. She stated it is not that people do not want different housing, it is that it negatively impacts what is already there. The kind of multifamily housing either is not aesthetically attractive or is too extremely different from what is already there it doesn’t fit in the neighborhood. We need to understand why people are not in favor of multi-family housing. We also need to understand where additional housing would be beneficial economically. We need to determine who are we building it for. What are the best trends and practices in housing? Mr. Reiner stated that Metro Place would be a nice place to bring in some housing options. Pioneering a new area to bring in a large, high quality housing. Dublin keeps high standards and high quality materials traditionally which keeps our values high. Vice Mayor De Rosa summarized comments for staff. Inventory is important and an inventory of the school district would be helpful to know as well with all the growth right around us. This would be a great use for the metrics that Mr. Brown was mentioning earlier. She stated that she is interested in understanding the interacting of data. “If we do this, then it will cause that” type of analysis. Ms. Noble stated that she is hearing that more data is needed. In terms of timeline, staff has not solidified a timeline just yet. Mr. McDaniel stated this was a great discussion. There is a lot of vernacular out there that needs to be defined. He will engage a consultant and take an incremental approach. Ms. Fox stated that it is important that we either bring in some people to talk to Council about different types of housing, conservation design, pocket neighborhoods, etc. What are some of the opportunities that we can begin to think about that could benefit us economically, aesthetically, and is accepted by the community as a positive. Mr. Keeler stated that he just wanted to reiterate the importance of who are we building it for. It is helpful to know what we have, but is more important to know what we need and who it’s for. Then once we understand that, we can evaluate is it something we want to pursue. Not all multi-family will attract families with children that will affect the schools. Mr. Reiner suggested that staff pull back the studies that the City had on conservation design in 1998-1999? Ms. Fox stated that it is about creating the environment. People want to live in environments. Vice Mayor De Rosa stated that there is some vernacular to define and from a policy perspective, what are some innovative things that other communities are looking at, what are options with limited geography and exploding costs, etc. She thanked staff for the work on this topic. The meeting was adjourned at 7:44 p.m. _____________________________________ Clerk of Council To: Members of Dublin City Council From: Megan O’ Callaghan, P.E., City Manager Date: January 31, 2023 Initiated By: Jennifer M. Rauch, AICP, Director of Planning Tammy Noble, Senior Planner Christopher Will, AICP, Planner II Re: Dublin Area Housing Study and Strategy Update Summary Staff and the consultant team, Urban Partners presented their analysis of the Dublin Area Housing Study and Strategy to City Council on September 26, 2022. The first phase included existing conditions, demographics, economic trends, peer communities benchmarks, stakeholder meetings, and a housing inventory. The second phase included a market demand analysis with population projections and an analysis of future housing needs. The Dublin Area Housing Study will help inform the Community Plan Update and provide a basis for land use decisions. As part of the previous work session, City Council requested additional information regarding the study that included a map that indicates the remaining properties identified for residential development, the number of residential permits approved each year and whether this would meet the projected needs of market analysis, and benchmarking with other communities that are similar to the City of Dublin. Planning staff has provided an overview of the Dublin Area Housing Study and addressed the requests and questions raised by City Council. Urban Partners has also provided a full draft report of the Dublin Area Housing Study in the packet materials, which provides more in-depth analysis of the data provided within the Executive Summary Council reviewed as part of the work session in September 2022. Within the draft report, key findings and potential strategies are provided for City Council’s consideration and comment prior to the acceptance of the final report at a future meeting. Background The City of Dublin has contracted with Urban Partners to conduct the Dublin Area Housing Study that began in December 2021. Dublin’s study is a result of the discussions and recommendations from the Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission’s (MORPC) Regional Housing Strategy. The Dublin Area Study is intended to provide data collection, analysis and strategies that will be a resource to help inform Dublin’s role in addressing the housing needs within Central Ohio regional and provide essential statistical baseline for the Community Plan Update. The Dublin Area Housing Study - Phase I The Phase I discussion highlighted how the boundaries of the study area were determined including areas outside the City boundaries based on the need to encompassing school boundaries for the Dublin City School District and the future service areas agreements for annexation. Urban Partners provided a demographic analysis that included the City’s population has grown 18% from 2010 to 2020 and the largest segment of the population growth is school-aged children ranging from 5 to 17 years old and the largest cohort of growth in the same decade is residents over 65 years of age which grew approximately 5%. In terms of economic trends, Dublin continues to be a preferred employer within the region and showed growth of 10,118 jobs from 2002 to 2019 to reach 48,007 within the City of Dublin. The data also indicated that a majority of our employees commute from Office of the City Manager 5555 Perimeter Drive • Dublin, OH 43017-1090 Phone: 614-410-4400 • Fax: 614-410-4490 Memo Memo re. Dublin Area Housing Study and Strategy Update January 30, 2023 Page 2 of 9 other parts of the region with only 7.4% of our population working and living in the City of Dublin. Urban Partners also analyzed existing housing supply and market analysis that included a comprehensive search of 7,901 home sale transactions over a five-year period ending in 2021 for the study area. During that time, median home sale prices were $320,000 and increased 22% in price during that period. The analysis included the average cost per square-footage for single-family homes based on categories of small (less than 2,000 square feet), large (more than 3,600 square feet of home) and very large (more than 3,600 square feet of home). The conclusion is a majority of the single-family residential homes sold were the large home size, comprising 45% of the homes sold. In addition to the 5-year search of transactions, the consultant also analyzed historical trends for the housing stock. This analysis found houses not only increased in price range, but also grew in square footage. In 1970, the median house size was 1,912 square feet, whereas after 2010 the median square footage of house was 3,478 square feet. Urban Partners also provided an analysis of our condominium market to include this variety of housing stock. The consultants analyzed a five-year sales period, similar to single-family homes, ending in 2021. They found that the condominium market comprised a fourth of all sales and most of the sales were owner-to-owner constituting 87% of all condominium sales. This analysis also found the demand for larger square foot condominiums is also a trend and from 1980 to 2010 the square footage increased from a median of 1,195-square-feet to 2,340-square-feet, nearly doubling in size. The final segment of the market analysis included higher density residential development, specifically multi-family, residential units. In the study area, there are 72 multi-family residential complexes with a total number of 21,136 units within the Study Area. A majority of the units, 79% or 17,544 units, were located outside the City of Dublin but remain in close proximity for shorter commutes. The remaining 21% or 3,592 units are within Dublin boundaries. Lastly, the analysis concluded that the vacancy rates for multi-family units was lower than average at 1.2% or 213 units. This would conclude that the demand for multi-family, residential units are high and the supply is low. A highlight to the presentation to City Council in September 2022 was a peer community comparison with other local suburban communities and excerpts from the extensive stakeholder interviews that were conducted as part of the Dublin Area Housing Study. Urban Partners compared Dublin to eight other local communities and three more regional communities. The local communities consisted of Delaware, Hilliard, Marysville, New Albany, Powell, Upper Arlington, Westerville and Worthington. The more regional comparisons were Mason, Ohio; Carmel, Indiana; and Franklin, Tennessee. With 49,328 residents, Dublin’s population is the largest in size of all of the local communities. Both Franklin, Tennessee and Carmel, Indiana were substantially larger with 83,454 residents and 99,757 residents, respectfully. A comparison to these communities show that the age of Dublin’s housing stock falls in the middle of the communities with six having an older median stock than Dublin (include Upper Arlington, Worthington, Westerville, Delaware, Carmel Indiana, and Marysville) and six communities with new median housing stock (Hilliard, Mason Ohio, Franklin TN, Powell and New Albany). In terms of median house prices, Dublin was in the top third tier of local communities with the median house sale price of $377,500, in 2019. Inversely, Dublin is in the lowest tier of households that experience housing cost burden (percent of households spending 30% or more of household income on housing and utilities) with only Powell (13.9%) being below Dublin (15.6%). In conclusion, Dublin has one of the largest populations in the central Ohio region, indicates significant growth in the younger populations, higher percentage of high wage households, has a higher inventory of expensive housing stock and higher numbers of jobs per resident. Memo re. Dublin Area Housing Study and Strategy Update January 30, 2023 Page 3 of 9 For public engagement, Urban Partners conducted key stakeholder interviews with a wide range of backgrounds and organizational affiliations, including home builders and developers, realtors, school district officials, employers, regional partners and neighboring municipalities, social service agencies and advocacy groups, and neighborhood associations. These interviews included over 70 organizations and individuals. Common themes from the stakeholder interviews included; a need for a variety of housing types, need to maintain quality of housing product, strong support for housing diversity and walkable communities such as Bridge Park, and that housing needs are a regional issue and need to be solved in a variety of ways, including the provision of mobility options. A full summary of these interviews is provided in Appendix I of the draft report. The Dublin Area Housing Study - Phase II Phase II of the Dublin Area Housing Study includes a market demand analysis, specifically population projects, and an analysis of future housing needs and concludes with preliminary housing strategies for Council’s consideration. The Market Demand Analysis projects the needs of our community and expands upon the analysis provided by MORPC. The analysis concludes that the current boundaries of the City of Dublin will grow by more than 11,000 persons to 60,500 by 2040. The analysis further outlines a potential total need of 4,850 units over a twenty year period of time to meet the demands of expanding populations. The analysis also projects population growth based on age groups. Consistent with the study by MORPC, the study evaluates three groups including children under 18, adults from 18 to 64, and seniors above the age of 65. The study finds that the most significant age group that will grow is the population above 65. This group will have a 41% increase in the Study Area and a 38% increase in the City of Dublin. To determine growth needs by age groups requires several considerations identified in the report but concludes the City of Dublin will require 4,850 units by 2040. Urban Partners has further dissected this twenty year projection into five year increments based on more specific population growth. September 26, 2022 Follow-up City Council requested additional information regarding the study that included a map that indicates the remaining property available for residential development, the number of residential permits approved each year and how these trends relate to the projected needs of our community, and additional benchmarking with other communities that are similar to the City of Dublin. Remaining Residential Land Council requested additional information regarding how much land is remaining to develop in the City of Dublin that is zoned for residential development. Staff has provided a series of maps that show what area of the city is remaining for residential development, including greenfield development as well as potential infill development. The analysis includes inherit assumptions and should be considered as a maximum build out for residential development. Approximately 1,090 acres are remaining undeveloped and either zoned or identified for future residential development according to the Future Land Use recommendations within the Community Plan. Most of this area is located on the southern boundary of the City and has been identified for residential development once utility service can be provided. This land use recommendation is further supported by the surrounding land uses associated with other municipal jurisdictions including the City of Columbus. To further this analysis, staff identified infill development that is either zoned for residential development or current projects that are being considered where there is capacity for residential development. These areas tend to provide residential development at higher densities and allow a Memo re. Dublin Area Housing Study and Strategy Update January 30, 2023 Page 4 of 9 potential for more diverse residential development including medium to higher density residential development. These areas have yielded maximum build out of potentially 5080 units. This does not account for design considerations and infrastructure needs such as open space, roadway construction or stormwater management but does provide a potential gross density for future growth. Lastly, staff expanded the potential for both green field development and infill development and included future annexation areas that are within the City’s expansion area. Utilizing general assumptions on density, this provides a total of potentially 9,500 additional residential units. Residential Permits Issued (Per Year) vs. Market Demand Urban Partners provided Phase II of the Dublin Area Housing Study which included a market demand analysis and a future housing needs analysis. The Market Demand Analysis projects the needs of our community and expands upon the analysis provided by MORPC. The analysis concludes that the current boundaries of the City of Dublin will grow by more than 11,000 persons to 60,500 by 2040 and will require a total of 4,850 units over the next twenty years. Urban Partners has dissected these needs assessments in five year increments which would require an additional 1,200 housing units from 2020 to 2025 (averaging 240 units per year); another 1,040 units between 2025 to 2030 (average of 208 units per year); and another 2,610 units from 2030 to 2040 (average of 261 units per year). This increase in unit production would allow the City of Dublin to capture the needs projects projected in Phase I. Total Required Units For 2040- 4,850 Units (242 units per year if evenly distributed over twenty years). More specific needs per year to keep up with population growth per five year timeframes is as follows: • 2020 to 2025 is 1,200 units per year (240 units per year) • 2025 to 2030 is 1,040 units per year (208 units per year) • 2030 to 2035 is 1,305 units per year (261 units per year) • 2035 to 2040 is 1,305 units per year (261 units per year) Urban Partners provided a history of building permit information to assess how past permitting activity aligns with the future Market Demand Analysis. The information they utilized is from the US Department of Housing and Urban Development from 2000 to 2020. These numbers indicate that from 2000 to 2020, the City of Dublin issued 6,013 permits over the two decades (see Figure 14 below). The number of residential permits issued showed significant activity in the early 2000’s which declined in 2000 to 2007 with the recession. Since the early 2000’s, permit activity has remained fairly consistent with the exception of 2016 which showed a significant increase primarily based on permits associated with Bridge Park. Based on the needs projected evenly over twenty year, 242 units per year are required. Memo re. Dublin Area Housing Study and Strategy Update January 30, 2023 Page 5 of 9 Benchmarking Comparison Communities City Council also requested that Urban Partner provide information of what type of residential units exist, what types of units are needed and how this compare to other communities which we specifically identified as benchmarks. Urban Partners provided an analysis from the most current year available 2019 by the ACS identifying a large majority of the housing stock in the City of Dublin is one-unit, attached or detached structures comprising of 70% detached and 12% attached equating to 82% of our housing stock constituting single-family residential development. Approximately 5% of our housing inventory is multi-family units (twenty units and above) and the remaining inventory is between two units and twenty units or gentle density residential. This analysis suggests that the housing inventory within the City of Dublin is heavily reliant on single-family, residential development. Urban Partners compared the City of Dublin to two communities that have common characteristics in terms of high quality development, economics and location to an urban city and includes Franklin Tennessee and Carmel Indiana. Although their populations are larger, they share similar community objectives as Dublin. In terms of size, Dublin is approximately 25 square miles, Carmel is 50 square miles and Franklin is approximately 42 square miles. In terms of patterns of development related to residential development, Urban Partner studies building permit activity for multi-unit development (above 20 units) for the three communities in two decades, 2000-2009 and 2010 to 2021. For the first decade, Dublin issued 371 permits, Carmel issued 909 permits and Franklin issued 562 permits meaning Carmel and Franklin issued three times the number of permits as Dublin and Carmel issued slightly less than double the number of units as Dublin. Urban Partners summarized that these two communities are intentionally focusing their construction activity on multi-family development to meet the needs of population increases and provides a needed residential product type. Implementation Strategies As part of the September Work Session, Council was presented themes that provide overarching categories for potential implementation strategies moving forward and were able to provide feedback which has been incorporated in the updated themes. The themes include Enhancing the Sense of Community, Ensuring Economic Competitiveness, Expanding Housing Options for Seniors, and Memo re. Dublin Area Housing Study and Strategy Update January 30, 2023 Page 6 of 9 Planning for Future Growth. Each draft theme is supported by key findings from the study’s analysis and stakeholder feedback, and includes potential strategies for implementation. Theme One- Enhancing the Sense of Community Key Findings: • Dublin is a community of choice for families searching for high-quality housing in Central Ohio. • Strict residential design standards have helped maintain the city’s aesthetic character, but they also contribute to higher home prices. • From 2019 to 2020, Dublin added over 3,000 residents aged 25 to 34, and over 65. A growth of 44%. These population segments are forecasted to grow the fastest have strong preferences for walkable, mixed-use neighborhoods. Stakeholder Comments: • “People want walkability…People want to be within walking distance to shops, restaurants, farmers markets, etc.” Realtor Industry • “Various standards-tree replacement, wood windows, minimum lots, asphalt driveways, etc. contribute to higher housing costs in Dublin”. Development Community • “Because it’s Dublin, they can demand more things. Other suburban cities have tried to adopt Dublin-style design standards”. Builder • “Employees need a place to live ideally as close to home as possible”. Employers. Potential Strategies: • Promote walkability throughout the city. Make stronger pedestrian connections from housing to shops, recreation amenities, public facilities, and healthcare providers through multi-modal trails and complete streets. • Encourage context-sensitive, mixed-use development (commercial and residential) that includes varied housing typologies. • Ensure that the City’s standards encourage features that promote interaction while maintaining high-quality design standards. • Focus future growth in intentional nodes of activity throughout the City. Theme Two- Ensuring Economic Competitiveness Key Findings: • Dublin has maintained its status as a key employment node in the region, employing close to 50,000 workers within the city limits. • Though generally known as a hub for corporate and professional services jobs, Dublin has a sizable number of service-sector jobs with more than 10,000 employed in the following three sectors: Administrative & Support, Waste Management & Remediation; Accommodation & Food Service; and Retail Trade. • At today’s mortgage interest rates, a 4-person middle income family can afford a maximum of $299,000 for a new home, while the median sale price for a home located in Dublin in 2021 was $500,000. Moderate-income housing options specifically for families are in short supply in the Dublin area, which impacts business recruitment and retention efforts. • There is a need for housing in Dublin for young professionals starting their careers and families with modest incomes. Memo re. Dublin Area Housing Study and Strategy Update January 30, 2023 Page 7 of 9 Stakeholder Comments: • “Need more workforce and first-time homebuyer housing”. Mobility Partners. • “All (communities) are relying on each other in the region”. Regional Partner. • “Building studio, 1-bed, 2-bed apartments will have minimal impact on school enrollment. What does impact school enrollment are larger 4-bedroom single-family homes. There seems to be a misplaced fear of multi-family development”. Developer. • “Employees need a place to live ideally as close to home as possible”. Employer. Potential Strategies: • Regularly participate in discussions with employers, city staff, and housing professionals to understand housing needs to support our major employers. • Work with developers to encourage building a variety of housing types close to transportation and employment centers. • Preserve existing income-restricted rental housing stock within the Dublin Area. • Continue working with transit partners and employers to provide first- and last-mile connections for commuters. • Provide resources to the public about programs/ incentives to assist first-time homebuyers with down payment assistance, low-interest loans, and other financial assistance. Theme Three - Expanding Housing Options for Seniors Key Findings: • Dublin is forecasted to grow by more than 11,000 persons to 60,500 by 2040. • Dublin will need to build 4,850 housing units to keep pace with forecasted growth (185 for-sale homes and 56 rental units annually from 2020-2040). • Communities walkable to shops, restaurants, and outdoor recreation amenities are highly desirable in Dublin. Bridge Park is a demonstrated success. • Despite development impact analyses—and anecdotal evidence from the Bridge Park project— showing that apartments minimally impact schools, segments of the community fear that denser growth will compromise school quality. • Most of Dublin’s developable land areas have been built out, leaving 1,090 acres of greenfield area available for residential development. • The key to accommodating new growth will involve strategic redevelopment initiatives and optimization of future land use patterns. Stakeholder Comments: • “Recommends denser infill construction in older neighborhoods”. Developer. • “Dublin is an ideal place for cottage homes”. Builder. • “For future growth, density has to be part of the conversation”. Realtor. Memo re. Dublin Area Housing Study and Strategy Update January 30, 2023 Page 8 of 9 • “Metro Place won’t be what is was especially after Covid. Giant office buildings are not the future. Maybe a Bridge-Park like development? May have less push back than other places”. Employers. • “Need to resolve supply and demand issues. Annexing is not the answer”. Advocacy group. Potential Strategies: • Educate the public on the benefits of adding “gentle” housing density into residential areas (e.g., duplexes, triplexes, townhouses, small-scaled condominiums). • Identify opportunities where infill development or redevelopment of underutilized office/commercial areas would benefit from residential development. • Examine and modify current zoning to identify areas where denser residential development is appropriate. • Work with regional partners to understand the availability of incentives or financing assistance for smaller-scale or infill housing products (MORPC). • Collaborate with adjacent municipalities (particularly jurisdictions that overlap with Dublin Schools) to ensure sustainable future growth. Theme Four - Planning for Future Growth Key Findings: • Consistent with national demographic trends, Dublin is experiencing growth in both the size and the proportion of seniors. • Dublin’s senior households will grow by 38% by 2040 (total of 6,940 households 65+). • There is strong and growing demand for lower-maintenance housing in walkable, amenity-rich neighborhoods with design features suitable for seniors. Bridge Park is a demonstrated success. • Housing suitable for seniors to downsize is limited in Dublin. Where they do exist, the new smaller, low-maintenance homes are very expensive. • Seniors remaining in their homes longer interrupts the next generation of growing families from relocating to the next level of housing needs. Stakeholder Comments: • “Regarding Baby Boomers retiring, these folks are trying to sell their homes but want to remain in Dublin. Need to accommodate that.” Employer. • “Finding something affordable for seniors is impossible-but very important”. Employer. • “Because of the drastic price increases, empty nesters don’t downsize into new homes. They are aging in place because they have nowhere to go”. Realtor. • “Bridge Park is beautiful and a lot of seniors live there. The high cost is prohibiting diversity of incomes to residing there”. Advocacy Leader. Potential Strategies: • Increase the supply of new, lower-maintenance housing in walkable, amenity-rich neighborhoods with design features that are suitable for senior living. Memo re. Dublin Area Housing Study and Strategy Update January 30, 2023 Page 9 of 9 • Investigate opportunities for accessory dwelling units (ADUs) as a housing option for seniors. • Work with Forever Dublin and regional partners to identify senior home modification programs that offer grants, low-interest loans, and/or volunteer labor for a variety of items to help mobility-challenged seniors live safely in their current home. • Work with housing providers to build new homes for seniors with fixed incomes and retain the supply of such units. Prioritize areas serviced by public transit, social services, and medical facilities. Recommendation The Dublin Area Housing Study and Strategy will help inform the Community Plan Update and provide a basis for land use decisions. Staff recommends City Council provide feedback on the draft themes and implementation strategies prior to adoption of the final report at a future meeting. Existing Land Use 42 33 270 270 Plain City Powell Hilliard Columbus Upper Arlington City of Dublin (24.9 SqMi) Dublin Exclusive Expansion Area (4.9 SqMi) Existing Land Use 42 33 270 270 Plain City Powell Hilliard Columbus Upper Arlington Civic, Education, or Faith Open Space Agriculture or Undeveloped Detached Residential Attached Residential Commercial Office Industral/Flex Roads, Utilities, or Other City of Dublin Boundary 42 33 270 270 Plain City Powell Hilliard Columbus Upper Arlington Greenfields (areas on previously undeveloped sites with limited or no existing infrastructure) Infill Areas (areas with existing streets and general nfrastructure) Potential Redevelopment (Special Area Plans or Recent Development Proposals) Active Sites (current construction or approved development) No Change (areas where no new development is expected) Development Area Propensity 42 33 270 270 Plain City Powell Hilliard Columbus Upper Arlington Residential Mixed Use Urban Core (Bridge Street District) Mixed Use Districts (where residential may be suitable) Mixed Use Village/Neighborhood Center Office/Institutional (Nursing and Senior Living may be suitable) Residential not Recommended No Future Land Use Recommendation Future Land Uses With Residential 42 33 270 270 Plain City Powell Hilliard Columbus Upper Arlington Less than 1.5 Units/Acre 1.5 to 3 Units/Acre 3 to 6 Units/Acre 6 to 8 Units/Acre 8 to 12 Units/Acre More than 12 Units/Acre Build-Out of Incorporated Greenfield and Infill Areas: 5,080 Units (Only greenfield and infill already incorporated with residential FLU) 42 33 270 270 Plain City Powell Hilliard Columbus Upper Arlington Less than 1.5 Units/Acre 1.5 to 3 Units/Acre 3 to 6 Units/Acre 6 to 8 Units/Acre 8 to 12 Units/Acre More than 12 Units/Acre Potential Residential Build-Out: 9,500 Units (Includes all potential future annexations and greenfields, infill, and redevelopment areas) DUBLIN AREA HOUSING STUDY Resolution 29-23 CITY COUNCIL April 10, 2023 Presenter: Jennifer M. Rauch, AICP, Director of Planning Case Manager: Tammy Noble, Senior Planner •In 2021, the City of Dublin commenced the Dublin Area Housing Study for the area surrounding Dublin. •Data analysis of our housing inventory in the Northwest region and includes housing projects into 2040. •Expands upon a regional housing study conducted by Mid- Ohio Regional Planning Commission. •Established vital information about housing needs proceeding into our Community Plan Update. •City Council had the foresight to have this study conducted and was one of the first suburban communities to undergo this process. INTRODUCTION OF HOUSING STUDY January to April 2022 May to December 2022 PROCESS AND TIMELINE MADISON CO. UNION CO. DELAWAR E CO. FRANKLIN CO. Worthington STUDY AREA •Similar to national trends, Dublin’s population is projected to grow significantly over the next decades. This was first presented in the Insight 2025 Plan by Mid-Ohio Regional Commission and affirmed in MORPC Regional Housing Study completed in 2020. •This is the basis for the City of Dublin to undergo a more local housing study. Statistics indicate the following trends: •Dublin’s population increased by 18% from 2010-2020 (compared to 26% for the Study Area). •Largest segment is school-aged children 5-17 (22% of population). •Biggest growth is from residents 65+ (7.5% in 2010 to 12.2% in 2019). DEMOGRAPHICS OVERVIEW EMPLOYMENT OVERVIEW HOUSING TRENDS HOUSING TRENDS-RENTAL MARKET HOUSING TRENDS-DEMAND ANALYSIS •The Dublin Area Housing Study was presented to City Council in two previous meetings – September 2022 and February 2023. •Council requested modifications to clarify housing demand projections, include clearer strategies regarding transportation and sustainability efforts, and memorialize policy issues related to land use strategies. •Final draft Dublin Area Housing Study presented for acceptance. CITY COUNCIL THEMES AND STRATEGIES STRATEGY 1: ENHANCING THE SENSE OF COMMUNITY Dublin is a community of choice for families searching for high-quality housing in Central Ohio. Strict residential design standards have helped maintain the city’s aesthetic character, but they also contribute to higher home prices. From 2019 to 2020, Dublin added over 3,000 residents aged 25 to 34, and over 65. A growth of 44%. These population segments forecasted to grow the fastest have strong preferences for walkable, mixed-use neighborhoods. 13 Key Takeaways “People want walkability…People want to be within walking distance to shops, restaurants, farmers markets, etc.” — Realtor. “Various standards-tree replacement, wood windows, minimum lots, asphalt driveways, etc. contribute to higher housing costs in Dublin” — Development Community. “Because it’s Dublin, they can demand more things. Other suburban cities have tried to adopt Dublin-style design standards” — Builder. “Employees need a place to live ideally as close to home as possible” — Employer. Stakeholder Comments STRATEGY 1: ENHANCING THE SENSE OF COMMUNITY 14 1.1 Promote walkability throughout the city. Make stronger pedestrian connections from housing to shops, recreation amenities, public facilities, and healthcare providers through multi-modal trails and complete streets. 1.2 Encourage context-sensitive, mixed-use development (commercial and residential) that includes varied housing typologies. 1.3 Ensure that the City’s standards encourage features that promote interaction while maintaining high- quality design standards. 1.4 Focus future growth in intentional nodes of activity throughout the City. Toolbox of Potential Strategies 1.5 Encourage sustainable building and energy conservation practices for all types of development, including residential development. There is not enough housing in Dublin for young people starting their careers and families with modest incomes. Dublin has maintained its status as a key employment node in the region, employing 50,000 workers within the city limits. Though generally known as a hub for corporate and professional services jobs, Dublin has a sizable number of service-sector jobs with more than 10,000 employed in the following three sectors: Administrative & Support, Waste Management & Remediation; Accommodation & Food Service; and Retail Trade. At today’s mortgage interest rates, a 4-person middle income family can afford a maximum of $299,000 for a new home, while the median sale price for a home located in Dublin in 2021 was $500,000. Moderate-income housing options specifically for families are in short supply in the Dublin area, which impacts business recruitment and retention efforts. There is a need for housing in Dublin for young professionals starting their careers and families with modest incomes. STRATEGY 2: ENSURING ECONOMIC COMPETITIVENESS 15 Key Takeaways “Need more workforce and first-time homebuyer housing” — Mobility Partner. “All (communities) are relying on each other in the region” — Regional Partner. “Building studio, 1-bed, 2-bed apartments will have minimal impact on school enrollment. What does impact school enrollment are larger 4- bedroom single-family homes. There seems to be a misplaced fear of multi-family development” — Developer. “Employees need a place to live ideally as close to home as possible” — Employer. Stakeholder Comments STRATEGY 2: ENSURING ECONOMIC COMPETITIVENESS 16 2.1 Regularly participate in discussions with employers, city staff, and housing professionals to understand housing needs to support our major employers. 2.2 Work with developers to encourage building a variety of housing types close to transportation and employment centers. 2.3 Preserve existing income-restricted rental housing stock within the Dublin Area. 2.4 Continue working with transit partners and employers to provide first- and last-mile connections for commuters. Toolbox of Potential Strategies 2.5 Provide resources to the public about programs/ incentives to assist first-time homebuyers with down payment assistance, low-interest loans, and other financial assistance. 2.6 Promote the Dublin Connector and other potential first-and-last mile solutions for workforce mobility needs. 2.7 Continuously monitor and evaluate the mobility needs of the business and workforce community. Dublin is forecasted to grow by more than 11,000 persons to 60,500 by 2040. Dublin will need to build 4,850 housing units to keep pace with forecasted growth (185 for-sale homes and 56 rental units annually from 2020-2040). Communities walkable to shops, restaurants, and outdoor recreation amenities are highly desirable in Dublin. Bridge Park is a demonstrated success. Despite development impact analyses—and anecdotal evidence from the Bridge Park project—showing that apartments minimally impact schools, segments of the community fear that denser growth will compromise school quality. Most of Dublin’s developable land areas have been built out, leaving 1,090 acres of greenfield area available for residential development. STRATEGY 3: PLANNING FOR FURTURE GROWTH 17 Key Takeaways “Recommends denser infill construction in older neighborhoods” — Developer. “Dublin is an ideal place for cottage homes” — Builder. “For future growth, density has to be part of the conversation” — Realtor. “Metro Place won’t be what is was especially after Covid. Giant office buildings are not the future. Maybe a Bridge-Park like development? May have less push back than other places” — Employers. “Need to resolve supply and demand issues. Annexing is not the answer” — Advocacy group. Stakeholder Comments . STRATEGY 3: PLANNING FOR FURTURE GROWTH 18 3.1 Educate the public on the benefits of adding “gentle” housing density into residential areas (e.g., duplexes, triplexes, townhouses, small- scaled condominiums). 3.2 Identify opportunities where infill development or redevelopment of underutilized office/commercial areas would benefit from residential development. 3.3 Examine and modify current zoning to identify areas where denser residential development is appropriate. 3.4 Work with regional partners to understand the availability of incentives or financing assistance for smaller-scale or infill housing products (MORPC). Toolbox of Potential Strategies 3.5 Collaborate with adjacent municipalities (particularly jurisdictions that overlap with Dublin Schools) to ensure sustainable future growth. 3.6 Addressing how growth occurs is equally important as where growth occurs. Ensuring the residential land uses are sensitively placed in areas that do not compete with economically feasible corridors (including interstates), environmentally sensitive area or other similar considerations should be evaluated as part of future land use recommendations. Consistent with national demographic trends, Dublin is experiencing growth in both the size and the proportion of seniors. Dublin’s senior households will grow by 38% by 2040 (total of 6,940 households 65+). There is strong and growing demand for lower- maintenance housing in walkable, amenity-rich neighborhoods with design features suitable for seniors. Bridge Park is a demonstrated success. Housing suitable for seniors to downsize is limited in Dublin. Where they do exist, the new smaller, low-maintenance homes are very expensive. Seniors remaining in their homes longer interrupts the next generation of growing families from relocating to the next level of housing needs. STRATEGY 4: EXPANDING HOUSING OPTIONS FOR SENIORS 19 Key Takeaways “Regarding Baby Boomers retiring, these folks are trying to sell their homes but want to remain in Dublin. Need to accommodate that” — Employer. “Finding something affordable for seniors is impossible-but very important” — Employer. “Because of the drastic price increases, empty nesters don’t downsize into new homes. They are aging in place because they have nowhere to go” — Realtor. “Bridge Park is beautiful and a lot of seniors live there. The high cost is prohibiting diversity of incomes to residing there” — Advocacy Leader. Stakeholder Comments STRATEGY 4: EXPANDING HOUSING OPTIONS FOR SENIORS 20 Toolbox of Potential Strategies 4.1 Increase the supply of new, lower-maintenance housing in walkable, amenity-rich neighborhoods with design features that are suitable for senior living. 4.2 Investigate opportunities for accessory dwelling units (ADUs) as a housing option for seniors. 4.3 Incorporate recommendations for innovative site design recommended in the Neighborhood Design Standards, as well as work with developers to integrate sensitive design for senior housing projects highlighting walkability, social interaction, and necessary structural accommodations. 4.4 Work with Forever Dublin and regional partners to identify senior home modification programs that offer grants, low-interest loans, and/or volunteer labor for a variety of items to help mobility-challenged seniors live safely in their current home. 4.5 Work with housing providers to build new homes for seniors with fixed incomes and retain the supply of such units. Prioritize areas serviced by public transit, social services, and medical facilities. 4.6 Promote the Senior Circulator service for older adults and individuals with disabilities. 4.7 Continuously monitor and evaluate the mobility needs of older adults and individuals with disabilities.